3-英語專業(yè)四級詞匯語法輔導(dǎo)--時(shí)態(tài)、代詞、情態(tài)動詞、形容詞副詞、句子成分.ppt

時(shí)態(tài),1、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),主要用來表示人、事物的現(xiàn)在狀況和特點(diǎn)；表示經(jīng)常或習(xí)慣性的動作，句子中常有often,always,fromtimetotime等時(shí)間狀語；表示客觀規(guī)律和永恒真理等。Heusuallygoestoworkat7oclockeverymorning.ShehasabrotherwholivesinNewYork.Theearthgoesaroundthesun.GuangzhouissituatedinthesouthofChina.,一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),考點(diǎn)一：表示永恒的真理，即使出現(xiàn)在過去的語境中，仍用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。IlearnedthattheearthgoesaroundthesunwhenIwasinprimaryschool.考點(diǎn)二：在時(shí)間和條件狀語從句中，代替一般將來時(shí)；常用的引導(dǎo)詞有：時(shí)間：when,until,after,before,assoonas,once,themoment/theminute,theday;條件：if,unless,provided.Ifheacceptsthejob,hewillgetmoremoneysoon.,一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),考點(diǎn)三：在makesure(certain),seetoit,mind,care,matter賓語從句，從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替一般將來時(shí)。Forexample:Solongasheworkshard,Idontmindwhenhefinishestheexperiment.只要他努力工作，我不介意他什么時(shí)候做完試驗(yàn),一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),考點(diǎn)四：在themorethemore(越越)句型中,若主句是一般將來時(shí),從句通常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。Forexample:Theharderyoustudy,thebetterresultsyouwillget.,2一般過去時(shí),表在過去某個(gè)特定時(shí)間發(fā)生且完成的動作，或過去習(xí)慣性動作，不強(qiáng)調(diào)對現(xiàn)在的影響，只說明過去。常跟明確的過去時(shí)間連用，如：yesterday;lastweek;in1945,atthattime;once;duringthewar;before;afewdaysago;when。,一般過去時(shí),注意：1.usedto+do，表示過去經(jīng)常但現(xiàn)在已不再維持的習(xí)慣動作。to為不定式，后接動詞原形。2.be/become/getusedto+doing,表示習(xí)慣于Heusedtosmokealot.Hehasgotusedtogettingupearly.,3、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí),表說話時(shí)或目前一段時(shí)間內(nèi)正在進(jìn)行的活動：或表感情色彩，加強(qiáng)語氣。與頻度副詞，如always，constantly，continually，again等連用表示說話人的某種感情色彩（贊嘆、厭煩、埋怨等）。WearehavingEnglishclass.Thehouseisbeingbuiltthesedays.Thelittleboyisalwaysmakingtrouble.,現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí),考點(diǎn)一：在時(shí)間狀語或條件狀語從句中表示將來正在進(jìn)行的動作。Lookoutwhenyouarecrossingthestreet.Dontwakehimupifheisstillsleepingat7tomorrowmorning.,現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí),考點(diǎn)二：表示在最近按計(jì)劃或安排要進(jìn)行的動作（這時(shí)多有表示將來的時(shí)間狀語）。具有這種語法功能的動詞僅限于過渡性動詞。即表示從一個(gè)狀態(tài)或位置轉(zhuǎn)移到另一個(gè)狀態(tài)或位置上去的動詞。常用的有：go,leave,come,arrive,land,meet,move,return,start,stay,stop,do,dine,give,have,pay,join,punish,spend,sleep,take,fly,change,work,wear,see,lunch,playMaryisleavingonFriday.,現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí),考點(diǎn)三：be的進(jìn)行時(shí)系動詞be的進(jìn)行時(shí)加動態(tài)形容詞表示暫時(shí)出現(xiàn)的某種情況或品質(zhì)。這種結(jié)構(gòu)為一種修飾手法，起強(qiáng)調(diào)作用，多含諷刺、厭煩、不滿意等。尤其指主語的裝模作樣，有時(shí)也表示人們的一時(shí)行為。Youarebeingfoolish.Theboyisbeingnaughty.Heisbeingmodest.(他現(xiàn)在表現(xiàn)的很謙虛。只是作樣子),現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí),考點(diǎn)四：以下幾類動詞一般不能用于進(jìn)行時(shí)，同樣不用于完成進(jìn)行時(shí)：(1)表示感知的動詞：hear,feel,notice,recognize,see,taste,smell；(2)表示意愿、情感的動詞：desire,dislike,forgive,hate,like,love,prefer,refuse,want,wish,fear,love,hate；(3)表示思考、看法的動詞：believe,doubt,expect,forget,hope,feel,mean,know,agree,realize,mind,recall,recollect,remember,trust,suppose；(4)表示所有、占有的動詞：belongto,owe,own,possess,hold(容納)；(5)其他動詞：cost,appear,concern,contain,consist,deserve,matter,seem。；但是如果它們詞義改變，便也可用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)。例如：1）Tomlookspale.Whatswrongwithhim?（look在此為聯(lián)系動詞，意為“顯得，看上去”）2）Tomislookingforhisbooks.（look在此為實(shí)義動詞，意為“尋找”）,4.過去進(jìn)行時(shí),過去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示一個(gè)過去的動作發(fā)生時(shí)或發(fā)生后，另一個(gè)過去的動作正在進(jìn)行，或表示過去反復(fù)的習(xí)慣，常與always,continually，constantly等動詞連用。例如：1）Wewerediscussingthematterwhentheheadmasterentered.2）WheneverIvisitedhim,hewasalwayswritingatthedesk.,真題,1Jameshasjustarrived，butIdidntknowhe_untilyesterday(200554)AwillcomeBwascomingChadbeencomingDcame2Mr.Wells,togetherwithallthemembersofhisfamily,_forEuropethisafternoon(200451)AaretoleaveBareleavingCisleavingDleave3HowcanIeverconcentrateifyou_continually_mewithsillyquestions?(199741)AhaveinterruptedBhadinterruptedCareinterruptingDwereinterrupting,BCC,5、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),（1）表示動作發(fā)生在過去，完成在過去，但強(qiáng)調(diào)與現(xiàn)在情況仍有聯(lián)系，其結(jié)果或影響仍存在?，F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)有一些標(biāo)志性的時(shí)間狀語：考點(diǎn)一：for+時(shí)間段；since+時(shí)間點(diǎn)TheyhavelivedinBeijingforfiveyears.TheyhavelivedinBeijingsince1995.IhavelearnedEnglishfortenyears.,現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),考點(diǎn)二：常見的不確定的時(shí)間狀語：lately;recently,just,already,yet,uptonow;tillnow;sofar,thesedays,forHasitstoppedrainingyet?,現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),考點(diǎn)三：在表示“最近幾世紀(jì)/年/月以來”時(shí)間狀語中，謂語動詞用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。inthepastfewyears/months/weeks/days；overthepastfewyears;duringthelastthreemonths;forthelastfewcenturies,throughcenturies;throughouthistory等,現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),考點(diǎn)四：This(That,It)is(willbe)thefirst(second)time+定語從句；This(That,It)is(willbe)theonly(last)+n+定語從句；This(That,It)is+形容詞最高級+n+定語從句。如果主句的謂語動詞是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，從句的謂語動詞通常用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)；ThisismyfirsttimethatIhavevisitedChina.ThisisthemostinterestingfilmIhaveeverseen.Thatistheonlybookthathehaswritten.,真題,1._consciousofmymoralobligationsasacitizen.(2005-55)A.IwasandalwayswillbeB.IhavetobeandalwayswillbeC.IhadbeenandalwayswillbeD.Ihavebeenandalwayswillbe2.Thatwasnotthefirsttimehe_us.Ithinkitshightimewe_strongactionsagainsthim.(2005-60)A.betrayed.takeB.hadbetrayed.tookC.hasbetrayed.tookD.hasbetrayed.take,DB,現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí),現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)：have(has)+been+現(xiàn)在分詞現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)可以用來表示一個(gè)動作從過去某一時(shí)間開始，一直延續(xù)到說話時(shí)刻還在繼續(xù)或剛剛結(jié)束。常與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語連用，如：for+一段時(shí)間,for+一段時(shí)間+now;thesefewweeks，sinceearlymorning等。一般只適用于動作動詞。例如：IhavebeenwritingpapersallthismorningHehasbeenthinkingitover,現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),1.Shehasreadthisnovel她已經(jīng)讀完這本小說了。Shehasbeenreadingthisnovel她一直在讀這本小說。2.Haveyoumetherrecently?最近見到她嗎?Haveyoubeenmeetingherrecently?最近跟她在約會嗎?3.Hehasloved(known)Marysincehewasincollege(正)Hehasbeenloving(knowing)Marysincehewasincollege(誤),真題,4Jack_fromhomefortwodaysnow，andIambeginningtoworryabouthissafety.(200342)AhasbeenmissingB.hasbeenmissedChadbeenmissingD.wasmissed5Forsometimenow,worldleaders_outthenecessityforagreementonarmsreduction.(2002-43)AhadbeenpointingBhavebeenpointingCwerepointingD.pointed,AB,過去完成時(shí)had+done,1）A.過去完成時(shí)表示一個(gè)動作或狀態(tài)在過去某一時(shí)間或動作之前剛剛完或結(jié)束。也可能是早已完成或結(jié)束。例如：ThefilmhadbegunwhenwearrivedatthecinemaB.過去完成時(shí)表示一個(gè)動作或狀態(tài)在過去某時(shí)之前已開始，一直延續(xù)到這一過去時(shí)間，且仍有繼續(xù)下去的可能性。只適用于狀態(tài)動詞和表示持續(xù)性動作的動詞。常與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語連用。例如：Bytheendoflastyear,hehadworkhereforthirtyyears.,注意：,（2）動詞expect,hope,mean,intend,plan,suppose,wish,want,desire等用過去完成時(shí)，表示過去的希望、預(yù)期、意圖或愿望等沒有實(shí)現(xiàn)。例如：Ihadmeanttotakeagoodholidaythisyear,butIwasntabletogetaway.另外兩種表示“過去想做而未做的事”的表達(dá)方式是：1）was/were+tohavedonesth,例如：Weweretohavecomeyesterday,butwecouldnt.2）intended(expected,hope,meant,planned,supposed,wished,wanted,desired)+tohavedonesth,例如：Imeanttohavetoldyouaboutit,butIforgottodoso.,注意,（3）過去完成時(shí)常用于以下固定句型：1）hardly,scarcely,barely+過去完成時(shí)+when+過去時(shí)。例如：HardlyhadIgotonthebuswhenitstartedtomove.2）nosooner+過去完成時(shí)+than+過去時(shí)。例如：NosoonerhadIgoneoutthanhecametoseeme.3）by(theendof)+過去時(shí)間，主句中謂語動詞用過去完成時(shí)。例如：Theexperimenthadbeenfinishedby4oclockyesterdayafternoon.,真題,WhenIarrivedatthemeeting，thefirstspeaker_andtheaudience_(1992-47)Ahadfinishedspeaking，wereclappingBhadfinishedspeaking，hadclappedCfinishedspeaking，clappedDfinishedspeaking，wereclappingA,過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)had+been+現(xiàn)在分詞,A表示過去某個(gè)時(shí)間之前一直在進(jìn)行的動作。該動作可能延續(xù)下去，可能不延續(xù)下去。例如：Theheavysnowhadbeenfallingforthreedays一連下了三天大雪B表示反復(fù)的動作、企圖、情緒、最緊的情況等。例如：Shehadbeentellingyouthis他多次跟你說這件事。,將來時(shí)間表示法,shall句型S+V(原形)will,將來時(shí)間表示法,1begoingto+V（即將會；打算將)在現(xiàn)在英語中，特別是在口語中，一般更傾向于使用“begoingto+動詞原形”這一句型，但兩者主要區(qū)別還不在此。“begoingto+動詞原形”表示一個(gè)事先考慮好的意圖，相當(dāng)于中文的“打算”、“計(jì)劃”、“準(zhǔn)備”等?！皐ill/shall+動詞原形”則表示未經(jīng)事先考慮而將要發(fā)生的情況，但是如果不清楚是否須先考慮還是未考慮的意圖時(shí)，兩者都可用。,將來時(shí)間表示法,2.beaboutto+V（即將，指緊接著要發(fā)生的動作。）例：Letswaitaminute.Heisabouttoarrive.3be+V-ing（定于，指接近的將來動作。）例：HeisleavingforHongKongtomorrowmorning.（他定于明天早晨到香港去。）4be+toV（定于，指預(yù)定的將來動作。具有“必要”的強(qiáng)制性意義）例：Sheistobehereat9:00a.m.tomorrow.（她定于明晨九時(shí)到達(dá)這里。）5V-（e）s（定于，指接近的將來動作，但不如第3項(xiàng)主觀。）例：HeleavesforHongKongtomorrowmorning.（他定于明天早晨到香港去。與（3）項(xiàng)的區(qū)別在于（3）項(xiàng)的動作是出自主語的決定，（5）項(xiàng)則不一定是出自主語的決定。）,將來時(shí)間表示法,6.bedueto+v表示預(yù)先確定了的事，必定發(fā)生的事。例如：Thetrainisduetodepartintenminutes.7.beonthepoint/vergeof+ving強(qiáng)調(diào)即將發(fā)生的某種事態(tài)。例如：Thebabywasonthepointofcryingwhenhermotherfinallycamehome.,將來進(jìn)行時(shí),表將來某個(gè)時(shí)間正在發(fā)生的動作，或按計(jì)劃一定會發(fā)生的事情。Illbedoingmyhomeworkthistimetomorrow.明天這會我正在寫作業(yè)。ThePresidentwillbemeetingtheforeigndelegationattheairport.,將來完成時(shí),將來完成時(shí)：shallwill+havedoneA將來完成時(shí)表示將來某時(shí)刻之前或某一行為發(fā)生之前所完成的動作，常和by或bythetime等結(jié)構(gòu)連用。IshallhavefinishedreadingthebookbytheendofthisweekB.表示將來某時(shí)刻為止動作的持續(xù)時(shí)，也可用將來完成時(shí)。Theywillhaveworkedinthecompanyforfiveyearsbynextmonth.,將來完成進(jìn)行時(shí),shall(will)havebeen+現(xiàn)在分詞表示將來某時(shí)、某事之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生的動作，一直延續(xù)到將來某一時(shí)間，是否延續(xù)下去，視上下文定。常同表示將來某一時(shí)間的狀語連用。例如：Itwillhavebeensnowingforawholeweekifitsnowsagaintomorrow如果明天還下雪的話，就要下整整一周了。,特定結(jié)構(gòu)和句型中的時(shí)態(tài),This(That/It)isthefirst(second)+名詞+定語從句This(That/It)istheonly(last)+名詞+定語從句This(That/It)isthe+形容詞最高級+名詞+定語從句如果主句的謂語動詞是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，從句謂語動詞通常用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)；如果主句謂語動詞是一般過去時(shí)，從句謂語動詞通常用過去完成時(shí)。（1）Thisisoneoftherarestquestionsthathaveeverbeenraisedatsuchameeting.（2）Therewasaknockatthedoor.Itwasthesecondtimesomeonehadinterruptedmethatevening.ExamplesThisisoneoftherarestquestionsthat_atsuchameeting.A.haseverbeenraisedB.israisedD.haveeverbeenraisedC.areraisedTherewasaknockatthedoor,itwasthesecondtimesomeone_methatevening.A.hadinterruptedB.wouldhaveinterruptedC.tohaveinterruptedD.tobeinterrupted,by/between/upto/till+過去時(shí)間、since、bythetime/when+表示過去發(fā)生情況的從句，主句用過去完成時(shí)。如：Wehadjusthadourbreakfastwhenanoldmancametothedoor.Between1897and1919atleast29motionpicturesinwhichartificialbeingswereportrayedhadbeenproduced.(表示1919年時(shí)已發(fā)生的情況),特定結(jié)構(gòu)和句型中的時(shí)態(tài),(2)by+將來時(shí)間、bythetime/when+謂語動詞是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的從句，主句用將來完成時(shí)。如：BythetimeyouarriveinLondon,wewillhavestayedinEuropefortwoweeks.Ihopeherhealthwillhaveimprovedgreatlybythetimewecomebacknextyear.(3)bynow、since+過去時(shí)間、in/during/for/over/thepast/lastfew(或具體數(shù)字)years/days/months，主句用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),但在itis+具體時(shí)間since/before這一句型中，主句更多的時(shí)候不用完成時(shí)。如：Thechangesthathadtakenplaceinairtravelduringthelastsixtyyearswouldhaveseemedcompletelyimpossibletoeventhemostbrilliantscientistsattheturnofthe19thcentury.ItisfouryearssinceJohnleftschool.,特定結(jié)構(gòu)和句型中的時(shí)態(tài),特定結(jié)構(gòu)和句型中的時(shí)態(tài),Itis/hasbeen+時(shí)間段since+從句（一般過去時(shí)）Itwillbe+時(shí)間段before+從句（現(xiàn)在時(shí)）Itwas+時(shí)間段before+從句（一般過去時(shí)）Itislikely/unlikelythat+從句（一般將來時(shí)）ExamplesIt_2weekssinceshefelldownthestairs,butyoucanstillseethebruises.A.wasB.isC.willbeD.wereLastnightamanescapedfromprison.Itwasalongtime_theguardsdiscoveredwhathadhappened.A.sinceB.whenC.beforeD.that,特定結(jié)構(gòu)和句型中的時(shí)態(tài),“祈使句+and”結(jié)構(gòu)中,and引導(dǎo)的并列分句謂語動詞用一般將來時(shí)。Hardly/scarcelywhen,nosoonerthan句型中主句常用過去完成時(shí)，從句用一般過去時(shí)。Examples_whenshestartedcomplaining.A.NotuntilhearrivedB.HardlyhadhearrivedC.NosoonerhadhearrivedD.ScarcelydidhearriveTurnontheradiooropenamagazineandyou_advertisementsshowinghappyandbalancedfamilies.A.areoftenseeingB.oftenseeC.haveoftenseenD.willoftensee,用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的特殊結(jié)構(gòu)：1.在Idontcare,Idontmind,itdoesntmatter,itsnotimportant等結(jié)構(gòu)后，多用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，通常不用將來時(shí)。例如：Idontcarewhetherhecomesornot.Itdoesntmatterwhogoesthereinhisplace.2.As,than等后的從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替一般將來時(shí)。主將從現(xiàn)的規(guī)則同樣適用于as,than,whether,where等引導(dǎo)的從句中。例如：HellprobablybeonthesameplaneasIamtomorrow.Illgowhereshegoes.IwillhaveagoodtimewhetherIwinorlose.3.如果主句謂語是一般將來時(shí)，句中賓語從句或定語從句的謂語用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來。例如：Ifyoudontcometomorrow,Iwillgotoyourhouseandfindoutwhyyourenotatwork.Themanwhomarrieshisdaughterwillneedtobetough,fast-moving,andquick-thinking.4.在makesure,makecertain,see(toit)后的that從句中，謂語動詞用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替將來時(shí)，如：Seetoitthatyouincludeinthepaperwhateverquestionstheydidntknowtheanswertolasttime.(include不能用willinclude或其他形式),特定結(jié)構(gòu)和句型中的時(shí)態(tài),副詞的位置,在時(shí)態(tài)測試中，根據(jù)某些副詞在句中的特殊位置這一特點(diǎn)，也有助于判斷選項(xiàng)的正誤。頻率副詞always,often,frequently,seldom,never,ever,usually,rarely,occasionally,nosooner,hardly,scarcely等以及just,shortly等其他副詞必須放在助動詞、情態(tài)動詞或be動詞與實(shí)義動詞之間。在省略結(jié)構(gòu)中，這些副詞必須放在助動詞、情態(tài)動詞或be動詞之前。ExamplesWe_ourbreakfastwhenanoldmancametothedoor.A.justhavehadB.havejusthadC.justhadhadD.hadjusthadSanFranciscoisusuallycoolinthesummer,butLosAngeles_.A.israrelyB.rarelyisC.hardlyisD.isscarcely,代詞,指示代詞用法,This,that,these,those1.為避免重復(fù)可用that,those代替前面提到的名詞2.用來指上文提到的事物，常用that，但若用來指下問題到的事情，常用this.3.This,that還可以用作副詞，來修飾形容詞或者副詞，相當(dāng)于so,Thefollowingareallcorrectresponsesto“whotoldthenewstotheteacher?”EXCEPT_.(2008)A.Jimdidthis.B.Jimdidso.C.JimdidthatD.Jimdid.Mydaughterhaswalkedeightmilestoday.Weneverguessedthatshecouldwalk_far.(2006)A./B.suchC.thatD.as,Other,theother,another,others,單數(shù)時(shí)，泛指用another,特指用theother;復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，泛指用other+復(fù)數(shù)名詞，或others(后面不能接名詞)，特指用theother+復(fù)數(shù)名詞或theothers(后不接名詞)注意：Another后一般要用單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，但若其后的名詞有數(shù)詞或few來修飾，也可以接復(fù)數(shù)名詞。,Noone,nobody,none,Noone,nobody指人不指物，后不能接of短語，作主語時(shí)謂語動詞用單數(shù)；none可以指人也可以指物，后常接of短語，作主語時(shí)，若指不可數(shù)名詞，謂語動詞用單數(shù)，若指復(fù)數(shù)名詞，謂語動詞可單可復(fù)。,Whenonehasgoodhealth,_shouldfeelfortunate.(2010)A.youB.theyC.heD.weOurassociation,whichhasconsistentlypressedforgreateremploymentopportunitiesforthedisabled,willpublish_proposalsinthenearfuture.(2008)A.theirB.ourC.hisD.its66.Whyareyoustaring?Iveneverseen_treebefore.(2005)A.kindofB.thatkindofC.suchkindD.such,CDB,53.Hisremarkswere_annoyeverybodyatthemeeting.(2005)A.soastoB.suchastoC.suchtoD.asmuchasto58.Iknowhefailedhislasttest,butreallyhes_stupid.(2005)A.somethingbutB.anythingbutC.nothingbutD.notbutBB,59.DoyouknowTimsbrother?Heis_thanTim.(2005)A.muchmoresportsmanB.moreofasportsmanC.moreofsportsmanD.moreasportsman64.Itwas_wehadhoped.(2006)AmoreasuccessthanBasuccessmorethanCasmuchofasuccessasDasuccessasmuchas48.Hewas_totellthetrutheventohisclosestfriend.A.toomuchofacowardB.toomuchthecowardC.acowardenoughD.enoughofacowardBCA,情態(tài)動詞,1.Someoneisknockingatthedoor._itbeVenis？No,it_beher；sheleftforNewYorkthismorning.A.Can;mustntB.Might;cantC.May;doesntD.Can;cantIsthereamovieoninthecinematonight？There_be.Iwillphonethecinemaandfinditout.A.mightB.shouldC.canD.couldDAcan/could可以用在肯定句，疑問句和否定句中，表示可能性的推測。cant/couldnt表示“不可能”。may或might用在肯定句中，表示可能性的推測。,Hedidntagreewithmeatfirst,butI_persuadehimtosigntheagreementlater.A.couldB.mightC.shouldD.wasableto情態(tài)動詞can和beableto都可表示能力。當(dāng)表示“過去成功地做了某事”時(shí)，常用was（were）ableto。,You_outlastnight.Icalledyouseveraltimes,butnobodyanswered.A.musthavebeenB.mustbeC.mighthavebeenD.couldbeOh,Jane,youvebrokenanotherglass.Youought_whenyouwashedit.A.becarefulB.tocareC.havecaredD.tohavebeencarefulWe_booked.Look,thisrestaurantisalmostempty.A.musthaveB.canthaveC.shouldhaveD.neednthave,DoyoustillrememberthedaywhenwewenttotheGreatWall？Icantrememberitwell，but_sometimelastautumn？A.mightitbeB.couldithavebeenC.coulditbeD.mustithavebeenMum，IclimbedtogettheTeddyBearfromthetopoftheshelf.Mygoodness！You_yourself.Youmustntdothatnexttime.A.musthavehurtB.shouldhavehurtC.mayhavehurtD.canhavehurtBC,1.Icantgetthroughtothegeneralmanagersofficeanyhow.Thelineisbusy.Someone_thetelephone.A.mustuseB.usesC.musthavebeenusingD.mustbeusing2.Itisrathercoldhere.Shallwelightafire？No,we_becausethingsareeasytocatchfire.A.wontB.cantC.mustntD.neednt3.Listen!Thefireengineisroaring.There_beafiresomewhere.A.shouldB.mustC.willD.oughtto,DCB,1.“Theinterest_bedividedintofiveparts,accordingtotheagreementmadebybothsides,”declaredthejudge.A.mayB.shouldC.mustD.shall2.Whoisthegirlstandingoverthere？Well，ifyou_know，hernameisMabel.A.mayB.canC.mustD.shall3.Thedriverhasdrunktoomuchwineanddangerousthings_happenatanytime.A.shouldB.canC.mustD.need4.Youlooksoupset.Whatswrongwithyou？Thedoor_.Canyouhelpme？A.wontopenB.wontbeopenedC.cantopenD.cantbeopenedDCBA,CA,Whydoyoumakemedoso？Iamsorrythatyou_saysuchathing.A.wouldB.canC.shouldD.mayItsstrangethatthey_nothingaboutthismatter.A.shouldknowB.wouldknowC.hadknownD.knew,5.CouldIborrowyourdictionary?Yes,ofcourseyou_.A.mightB.willC.canD.should6.MightIwatchTVaftersupper?Yes,you_.A.mayB.mustC.mightD.can,C,A,情態(tài)動詞完成式表推測總結(jié),1.musthavedone表示對過去某事的肯定猜測，不存在mustnthavedone的形式。其否定或疑問形式須用can(could)來表示.may/mighthavedone表示“過去可能做了某事”。may比might表示的可能性在說話人看來稍大些。may/mightnothavedone表示“過去可能沒有做某事。注意：may/mighthavedone表推測不能用于疑問句中。,情態(tài)動詞完成式表推測總結(jié),can/couldhavedone表推測一般用在否定句和疑問句中，表示不相信或懷疑的態(tài)度。注：表示推測過去某動作發(fā)生的可能性時(shí)，就表示的可能性程度而言，must最大，could其次，may更次之，might最小。“IwonderhowTomknewaboutyourpast.”“Hemust/could/may/mighthaveheardofitfromMary.”“他肯定/很可能/可能/興許（沒準(zhǔn)兒）已從瑪麗那兒聽說此事了?！?情態(tài)動詞完成式表虛擬總結(jié),1.shouldhavedone表示“過去本應(yīng)該做某事卻未做。”其否定結(jié)構(gòu)shouldnthavedone表示“過去本不該做某事卻做了。”2.oughttohavedone表示“過去本應(yīng)該做某事卻未做。”其否定結(jié)構(gòu)oughtnttohavedone表示“過去本不該做某事卻做了。”3.needhavedone表示“過去本有必要做某事卻未做。”其否定結(jié)構(gòu)neednthavedone表示“過去本沒必要做某事卻做了。”,情態(tài)動詞完成式表虛擬總結(jié),4.could(不能用can)havedone表示“過去本能夠做某事卻未做。”注意：其否定形式couldnthavedone沒有虛擬語氣的用法，couldnthavedone只能表推測，相當(dāng)于canthavedone，意為：“過去不可能做了某事?！?.might/mayhavedone表示“過去本可以做某事卻未做?！弊⒁猓浩浞穸ㄐ问絤ightnothavedone沒有虛擬語氣的用法，mightnothavedone只能表推測，相當(dāng)于maynothavedone，意為：“過去可能沒有做某事?！?幾個(gè)情態(tài)動詞?？嫉木湫?(1)may/might(just)aswell“不妨，最好”，與hadbetter相近。如：Sincetheflightwascancelled,youmightaswellgobytrain.(2)cannot/canttoo“越越好，怎么也不過分”。注意這個(gè)句型的變體cannotover。如：Youcannotbetoocarefulwhenyoudriveacar.Thefinalchaptercoversorganizationalchangeanddevelopment.Thissubjectcannotbeoveremphasized.(3)usednt或didntuseto為usedto(do)的否定式。(4)should除了“應(yīng)該”一層意思外，大綱還規(guī)定要掌握其“竟然”的意思。如：Ididntexpectthatheshouldhavebehavedlikethat.,英語專業(yè)四級真題,199555.Themeetingsbeencancelled.Ann_allthatwork.A.needtodoB.needhaveC.neednthavedoneD.needednottodo199649.Asitturnedouttobeasmallhouseparty,we_soformally.A.neednothavedressedupB.mustnothavedressedupC.didnotneedtodressupD.mustnotdressup,CA,DA,199747.Theteamcanhandlewhatever_.A.thatneedshandlingB.whichneedshandlingC.itneedshandlingD.needstobehandled199852.You_Markanything.Itwasnoneofhisbusiness.A.neednthavetoldB.neednttellC.mustnthavetoldD.mustnttell,AA,199948.He_unwisely,buthewasatleasttryingtodosomethinghelpful.A.mayhaveactedB.musthaveactedC.shouldactD.wouldact200048.You_Jimanythingaboutit.Itwasnoneofhisbusiness.A.neednthavetoldB.neednttellC.mustnthavetoldD.mustnttell,CC,200557.Iwenttherein1984,andthatwastheonlyoccasionwhenI_thejourneyinexactlytwodays.A.musttakeB.musthavemadeC.wasabletomakeD.couldmake200656Loudspeakerswerefixedinthehallsothateveryone_anopportunitytohearthespeech.AoughttohaveBmusthaveCmayhaveDshouldhave,ADD,57Iamsurprised_thiscityisadullplacetolivein.AthatyoushouldthinkBbywhatyouarethinkingCthatyouwouldthinkDwithwhatyouwerethinking200753.You_borrowmynotesprovidedyoutakecareofthem,Itoldmyfriend.A.couldB.shouldC.mustD.can56.She_fiftyorsowhenIfirstmetherattheconference.A.mustbeB.hadbeenC.couldbeD.musthavebeen,B,200865.Whichofthefollowingsentencesexpressesprobability?A.Youmustleaveimmediately.B.Youmustbefeelingrathertired.C.Youmustbeherebyeightoclock.D.Youmustcompletethereadingassignmentontime.,A,He_the8:20busbecausehedidntleavehomeuntil8:25.(1994-64)A.couldnthavecaughtB.oughttohavecaughtC.shouldnthavecaughtD.mustnothavecaught,BC,-Shemustbeinthedormitorynow.-No,she_bethere.Isawherintheclassroomaminuteago.(1994-59)A.mustntB.cantC.couldntD.wouldnt-Thedoorwasopen.-It_open.Ihadlockedmyselfandthekeywasinmypocket.(1992-48)A.cantbeB.mustntbeC.canthavebeenD.mustnthavebeen,形容詞、副詞,比較結(jié)構(gòu),1.asas,notso(as)as既可以表示同一個(gè)人或物不同性質(zhì)的比較，意為“既又”還可以表示兩個(gè)人或物不同性質(zhì)的比較，意為“,而”2.表示“越越”的比較級結(jié)構(gòu)比較級+and+比較級Moreandmore+原級Lessandless+原級ThemorethemoreThemoretheless,3.All/muchthe+比較級+原因(for,because,as或that從句)，表示“因?yàn)楦印盜tisallthemoredangerousfornotbeinggenerallyrecognizedassuch.一般不認(rèn)為危險(xiǎn)的，反而更加危險(xiǎn)。4.morethan意為非常，其反義詞為lessthan,worsethanIndoingscientificexperiments,onemustbemorethancarefulwiththeinstruments.IassureyouIammorethangladtohelpyou.,5.比較級的修飾語:一般由程度副詞修飾much,far,still