畢業(yè)論文中英文資料外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)

精選文庫(kù)畢業(yè)論文中英文資料外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)Heat Treatment of Die and MouldOriented Concurrent DesignLI Xiong,ZHANG Hong-bing,RUAN Xueyu,LUOZhonghua,ZHANG YanAbstract:Many disadvantages exist in the traditional die design methodwhich belongs to serial pattern. It is well known that heattreatment is highly important to the dies. A new idea of concurrentdesign for heat treatment process of die and mould was developedin order to overcome the existent shortcomings of heat treatmentprocess. Heat treatment CAD/CAE was integrated with concurrentcircumstance and the relevant model was built. Theseinvestigations can remarkably improve efficiency, reduce cost andensure quality of R and D for products.Key words:die design; heat treatment; mouldTraditional die and mould design,mainly by experience orsemiexperience，is isolated from manufacturing process.Before the design is finalized，the scheme of die and mould is usually modified time and again，thus some disadvantages come into being,such as long development period,high cost and uncertain practical effect.Due to strong desires for precision,service life,development period and cost,modern die and mould should be designed and manufactured perfectly.Therefore more and more advanced technologies and innovations have been applied,for example,concurrent engineering,agile manufacturing virtual manufacturing,collaborative design,etc.Heat treatment of die and mould is as important as design,manufacture and assembly because it has a vital effect on manufacture， assembly and service lifeDesign and manufacture of die and mould have progressed rapidly， but heat treatment lagged seriously behind themAs die and mouldindustry develops， heat treatment must ensure die and mould there are goodstate of manufacture，assembly and wearresistant properties by request.Impertinent heat treatment can influence die and mould manufacturing such asoverhard andsoft and assemblyTraditionally the heat treatment processwas made out according to the methods and properties brought forward bydesignerThis could make the designers of die and mould and heat treatment diverge from each other， for the designers of die and mould could not fully realize heat treatment process and materials properties， and contrarily the designers rarely understood the service environment and designing thought.These divergences will impact the progress of die and mould to a great extent.Accordingly， if the process design of heat treatment is considered in the earlydesigning stage，the aims of shortening development period，reducing cost andstabilizing quality will be achieved and the sublimation of developmentpattern from serial to concurrent will be realizedConcurrent engineering takes computer integration system as a carrier,at the very start subsequent each stage and factors have been considered such as manufacturing，heat treating，properties and so forth in order to avoid the errorThe concurrent pattern has dismissed the defect of serial pattern,which bring about a revolution against serial patternIn the present workthe heat treatment was integrated into the concurrentcircumstance of the die and mould development ， and the systemic and profound research was performed1 Heat Treatment Under Concurrent CircumstanceThe concurrent pattern differs ultimately from the serial pattern(seeFig 1).With regard to serial pattern， the designers mostly consider thestructure and function of die and mould， yet hardly consider the consequentprocess，so that the former mistakes are easily spread backwardsMeanwhile，the design department rarely communicates with the assembling ， cost accounting and sales departmentsThese problems certainly will influence the development progress of die and mould and the market foregroundWhereas in the concurrent pattern，the relations among departments are close，the related departments all take part in the development progress of die and mould and have close intercommunion with purchasersThis is propitious to elimination of the conflicts between departments，increase the efficiency and reduce the costHeat treatment process in the concurrent circumstance is made out not after blueprint and workpiece taken but during die and mould designing In this way， it is favorable to optimizing the heat treatment process and making full use of the potential of the materials2 Integration of Heat Treatment CADCAE for Die andMouldIt can be seen from Fig2 that the process design and simulation of heattreatment are the core of integration frameAfter information input viaproduct design module and heat treatment process generated via heattreatment CAD and heat treatment CAE module will automatically divide themesh for parts drawing，simulation temperature field microstructure analysisafter heattreatment and the defect of possible emerging (such asoverheat,over burning)， and then the heat treatment process is judged if theoptimization is made according to the result reappeared by stereoscopic visiontechnology Moreover tool and clamping apparatus CAD and CAM areintegrated into this systemThe concurrent engineering based integration frame can share information with other branchThat makes for optimizing the heat treatmentprocess and ensuring the process sound2.1 3-D model and stereoscopic vision technology for heattreatmentThe problems about materials，structure and size for die and mould canbe discovered as soon as possible by 3-D model for heat treatment based onthe shape of die and mould Modeling heating condition and phasetransformation condition for die and mould during heat treatment areworkable，because it has been broken through for the calculation of phasetransformation thermodynamics ， phase transformation kinetics ， phasestress,thermal stress，heat transfer，hydrokinetics etcFor example，3-D heatconducting algorithm models for local heating complicated impression andasymmetric die and mould， and M ARC software models for microstructuretransformation was used Computer can present the informations oftemperature，microstructure and stress at arbitrary time and display the entiretransformation procedure in the form of 3-D by coupling temperaturefield,microstructure field and stress field If the property can becoupled,various partial properties can be predicted by computer2.2 Heat treatment process designDue to the special requests for strength，hardness，surface roughness anddistortion during heat treatment for die and mould，the parameters includingquenching medium type， quenching temperature and tempering temperatureand time，must be properly selected，and whether using surface quenching orchemical heat treatment the parameters must be rightly determined It isdifficult to determine the parameters by computer fully Since computertechnology develops quickly in recent decades,the difficulty with largescalecalculation has been overcomeBy simulating and weighing the property，thecost and the required period after heat treatmentit is not difficult to optimizethe heat treatment process2.3 Data base for heat treatmentA heat treatment database is described in Fig3The database is thefoundation of making out heat treatment processGenerally， heat treatmentdatabase is divided into materials database and process database It is aninexorable trend to predict the property by materials and processAlthough itis difficult to establish a property database，it is necessary to establish thedatabase by a series of tests The materials database includes steelgrades,chemical compositions，properties and home and abroad grades paralleltablesThe process database includes heat treatment criterions，classes，heatpreservation time and cooling velocityBased on the database，heat treatmentprocess can be created by inferring from rules2.4 Tool and equipment for heat treatmentAfter heat treatment process is determined，tool and equipment CADCAE system transfers the information about design and manufacture to thenumerical control deviceThrough rapid tooling prototype，the reliability oftool and the clamping apparatus can be judgedThe whole procedure istransferred by network，in which there is no manmade interference3 Key Technique3.1 Coupling of temperature，microstructure， stress andpropertyHeat treatment procedure is a procedure of temperature-microstructurestress interaction The three factors can all influence the property (seeFig4)During heating and cooling，hot stress and transformation will comeinto being when microstructure changes.Transformation temperature-microstructureand temperaturemicrostructureand stress-property interact on eachother Research on the interaction of the four factors has been greatlydeveloped,but the universal mathematic model has not been builtManymodels fit the test nicely， but they cannot be put into practiceDifficultieswith most of models are solved in analytic solution，and numerical method isemployed so that the inaccuracy of calculation existsEven so， comparing experience method with qualitative analysis，heattreatment simulation by computer makes great progress3.2 Establishment and integration of modelsThe development procedure for die and mould involvesdesign,manufacture，heat treatment，assembly，maintenance and so onTheyshould have own database and mode1They are in series with each other bythe entity relation modelThrough establishing and employing dynamicinference mechanism ，the aim of optimizing design can be achievedTherelation between product model and other models was builtThe productmodel will change in case the cell model changes In fact，it belongs to therelation of data with die and mouldAfter heat treatment model is integratedinto the system，it is no more an isolated unit but a member which is close toother models in the systemAfter searching，calculating and reasoning fromthe heat treatment database,procedure for heat treatment，which is restrictedby geometric model,manufacture model for die and mould and by cost andproperty，i s obtainedIf the restriction is disobeyed， the system will send outthe interpretative warningAll design cells are connected by communication network3.3 Management and harmony among members The complexity of die and mould requires closely cooperating amongitem groupsBecause each member is short of global consideration for die andmould development， they need to be managed and harmonizedFirstly,eachitem group should define its own control condition and resource requested,andlearn of the request of up-and-down working procedure in order to avoidconflict Secondly ， development plan should be made out and monitormechanism should be establishedThe obstruction can be duly excluded incase the development is hinderedAgile management and harmony redound to communicating information，increasing efficiency，and reducing redundancyMeanwhile it is beneficial forexciting creativity， clearing conflict and making the best of resource4 Conclusions(1) Heat treatment CAD CAE has been integrated into concurrentdesign for die and mould and heat treatment is graphed,which can increaseefficiency， easily discover problems and clear conflicts(2) Die and mould development is performed on the same platformWhenthe heat treatment process is made out， designers can obtain correlativeinformation and transfer self-information to other design departments on theplatform(3) Making out correct development schedule and adjusting it in time canenormously shorten the development period and reduce costReferences：1 ZHOU Xiong-hui，PENG Ying-hongThe Theory and Technique of ModernDie and Mould Design and ManufactureMShanghai：Shanghai JiaotongUniversity Press 2000(in Chinese) 2 Kang M， Park& Computer Integrated Mold ManufacturingJ Int JComputer Integrated Manufacturing，1995，5： 229-2393 Yau H T，Meno C HConcurrent Process Planning for Finishing Millingand Dimensional Inspection of Sculptured Surface in Die and MouldManufacturingJ Int J Product Research，1993，31(11)：270927254 LI Xiang，ZHOU Xiong-hui，RUAN Xue-yuApplication of Injection MoldCollaborative Manufacturing System J JournaI of Shanghai JiaotongUniversity， 2000，35(4)：1391-13945 Kuzman K， Nardin B， Kovae M ,et a1 The Integration of RapidPrototyping and CAE in Mould Manufacturing JJ Materials ProcessingTechnology， 2001， 111：2792856 LI Xiong，ZHANG Hong bing，RUAN Xue-yu， et a1Heat TreatmentProcess Design Oriented Based on Concurrent EngineeringJJournal of Ironand Steel Research， 2002，14(4)：2629文獻(xiàn)出處：LI Xiong,ZHANG Hong-bing,RUAN Xueyu,LUO Zhonghua,ZHANG Yan. HeatTreatment of Die and Mould Oriented Concurrent DesignJ. Journal of Iron and SteelResearch， 2006,13(1):40-43， 74模具熱處理及其導(dǎo)向平行設(shè)計(jì)李雄，張鴻冰，阮雪榆，羅中華，張艷摘要：在一系列方式中， 傳統(tǒng)模具設(shè)計(jì)方法存在許多缺點(diǎn)。眾所周知,熱處理對(duì)模具起著非常重要的作用。為了克服模具熱處理工藝存在的缺點(diǎn)，一種新的模具熱處理工藝并行設(shè)計(jì)方法已經(jīng)被開發(fā)出來(lái)了。熱處理CAD/CAE 技術(shù)是集成了并行環(huán)境和有關(guān)模型而建立的。這些調(diào)查研究可以顯著提高效率， 降低成本， 并保證產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量達(dá)到R 和D 級(jí)。關(guān)鍵詞：模具設(shè)計(jì)；熱處理；模具傳統(tǒng)模具設(shè)計(jì)主要是依照自身實(shí)踐經(jīng)驗(yàn)或依照部分實(shí)踐經(jīng)驗(yàn)，而不是制造工藝。在設(shè)計(jì)完成之前， 模具方案通常要被一次又一次的改進(jìn)，于是有些缺點(diǎn)便出現(xiàn)， 例如開發(fā)時(shí)期長(zhǎng)，成本高和實(shí)際效果不明顯。由于對(duì)精確性、使用壽命、開發(fā)期和費(fèi)用的嚴(yán)格要求， 先進(jìn)的模具要求設(shè)計(jì)和制造得十分完善。因此越來(lái)越先進(jìn)的技術(shù)和創(chuàng)新方法被應(yīng)用其中， 例如并行工程、敏捷制造業(yè)、虛擬制造業(yè)、協(xié)同合作設(shè)計(jì)等。模具的熱處理與模具設(shè)計(jì)，制造和裝配同樣重要。因?yàn)樗鼘?duì)模具的制造裝配和使用壽命又及其重要的影響。模具設(shè)計(jì)與制造發(fā)展十分迅速，但是熱處理發(fā)展卻嚴(yán)重滯后它們。隨著模具工業(yè)的發(fā)展， 熱處理必須保證模具有良好的制造裝配和磨損耐熱性能。不切實(shí)際的熱處理將導(dǎo)致模具材料過(guò)硬或過(guò)軟， 同時(shí)影響模具裝配性能。傳統(tǒng)的熱處理工藝是按照設(shè)計(jì)師提出的方法和特性制作出來(lái)的。這樣會(huì)使模具設(shè)計(jì)師和熱處理工藝師意見產(chǎn)生分歧， 而模具設(shè)計(jì)師卻不能充分地了解熱處理工藝和材料的性能，相反熱處理工藝師卻很少了解模具的使用環(huán)境和設(shè)計(jì)思路。這些分歧將在很大程度上影響模具的發(fā)展。因此，如果把熱處理工藝設(shè)計(jì)放在設(shè)計(jì)階段之前，則縮短開發(fā)周期， 減少花費(fèi)和保證質(zhì)量等目標(biāo)將會(huì)被考慮， 而且從串行到并行的發(fā)展模式也將會(huì)實(shí)現(xiàn)。并行工程是以計(jì)算機(jī)集成系統(tǒng)作為載體，在開始以后，每個(gè)階段和因素都被看作如制造、熱處理、性能等等， 以避免出現(xiàn)錯(cuò)誤。并行模式已經(jīng)摒除了串行模式的缺陷， 由此帶來(lái)了一場(chǎng)對(duì)串行模式的革命。在當(dāng)前的工作中，熱處理被集成到了模具開發(fā)的并行環(huán)境中，同時(shí)也正在進(jìn)行這種系統(tǒng)性和深入性的研究。1.熱處理下的并行環(huán)境并行模式與串行模式存在根本的不同（見圖1）。對(duì)于串行模式，設(shè)計(jì)者大多考慮的是模具的結(jié)構(gòu)與功能，但很難考慮相關(guān)的工藝， 以致前者的錯(cuò)誤很容易蔓延到后面。與此同時(shí)，設(shè)計(jì)本門很少與裝配， 預(yù)算會(huì)計(jì)和銷售部門溝通。這些問題當(dāng)然會(huì)影響模具的開發(fā)進(jìn)度和市場(chǎng)前景。然而在并行模式中，不但以上部門關(guān)系聯(lián)系密切， 所有參加模具開發(fā)的部門都與買家有密切的交流。這有助于協(xié)調(diào)各部門消除矛盾， 提高工作效率， 同時(shí)降低成本。并行環(huán)境下的熱處理工藝不是在方案和工件確定以后，而是在模具設(shè)計(jì)的時(shí)候制定出來(lái)的。這樣的話， 將有利于優(yōu)化熱處理工藝， 充分利用材料。2.模具熱處理 CAD/CAE 一體化從圖2 中可以看出， 熱處理工藝的設(shè)計(jì)與模擬是一體化模式的核心。在信息輸入產(chǎn)品模塊中后，經(jīng)熱處理工藝過(guò)程產(chǎn)生的熱處理CAD 和熱處理CAE 模塊將對(duì)于零件圖，熱處理以后模擬溫度場(chǎng)的微觀結(jié)構(gòu)分析和可能出現(xiàn)的缺陷（ 例如過(guò)熱， 燒傷）自動(dòng)劃分網(wǎng)絡(luò)，如果優(yōu)化是根據(jù)立體視覺技術(shù)的結(jié)果重新出現(xiàn)則這項(xiàng)熱處理工藝已經(jīng)被審核。而且工具與夾具的CAD 和CAE 也集成于這種系統(tǒng)中。以并行工程為基礎(chǔ)的集成模式可以與其它類似模式共享信息。這樣使熱處理工藝得到優(yōu)化，并確保改工藝準(zhǔn)確。2.1 采用三維模型和立體視覺技術(shù)的熱處理在形成模具的基礎(chǔ)上，材料，結(jié)構(gòu)和尺寸的問題能通過(guò)熱處理三維模型盡快發(fā)現(xiàn)出來(lái)。在熱處理過(guò)程中，模具加熱條件和相變條件是切合實(shí)際的， 因?yàn)橥ㄟ^(guò)計(jì)算相變熱力、相變動(dòng)力、相應(yīng)力、熱應(yīng)力、傳熱速度、流體動(dòng)力等已經(jīng)取得重要突破。例如，能進(jìn)行局部復(fù)雜表面和不對(duì)稱模具的三維熱傳導(dǎo)模型計(jì)算，和能進(jìn)行微觀結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)變的MARC 軟件模型。計(jì)算機(jī)能夠在任何時(shí)間提交溫度，微觀結(jié)構(gòu)和應(yīng)力的信息，并通