大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)寫(xiě)作 類(lèi)型與結(jié)構(gòu)分析

.,大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)寫(xiě)作,.,一、考核目的考核學(xué)生用英語(yǔ)進(jìn)行書(shū)面表達(dá)的初步能力二、考核要求1.時(shí)間：30分鐘2.字?jǐn)?shù)：120詞以上，180詞一下3.題型：1）對(duì)比選擇型2）原因解釋型3）利弊分析型4）問(wèn)題解決型5）記敘文6）應(yīng)用文,.,1作文題滿(mǎn)分為15分。閱卷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)共人為五等：2分，5分，8分，11分及14分。2分-條理不清，思路紊亂，語(yǔ)言支離破碎或大部分句子均有錯(cuò)誤，且多數(shù)為嚴(yán)重錯(cuò)誤。5分-基本切題，表達(dá)思想不夠清楚，連貫性差，有較多的嚴(yán)重錯(cuò)誤。8分-基本切題，表達(dá)思想比清楚，文字尚連貫，但語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤較多。11分-切題，表達(dá)思想清楚，文字連貫，但有少量語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤。14分-切題，表達(dá)思想清楚，文字通順，連貫較好，基本上無(wú)語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤。閱卷人員根根據(jù)閱卷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，對(duì)照樣卷評(píng)分，若認(rèn)為某一分?jǐn)?shù)文件次（如8分）相似，即定為（8分）；若認(rèn)為稍?xún)?yōu)或劣于該檔次，則可加一分（9分）或減一分（7分），但不得加減半分。字?jǐn)?shù)不足應(yīng)酌情扣分：,注：1、如題目中給出主題句、起始句、結(jié)束句，均不得記入所寫(xiě)字?jǐn)?shù)。2、只寫(xiě)一段者：04分，只寫(xiě)兩段者：09分（指規(guī)定三段的作文）3、白卷，作文與題目毫不相關(guān)，或只有幾個(gè)孤立的詞而無(wú)法表達(dá)思想,則給零分。2.設(shè)作文最低分，采用下列成績(jī)計(jì)算方法：1）作文分為0分者，總分即使高于60分，一律作不及格處理；2）作文分大于0分小于6分者，按下列方式計(jì)算成績(jī)：最后報(bào)道分=原計(jì)算總分6+作文實(shí)得分,三、評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：,.,二、全文(議論文)基本結(jié)構(gòu)：,第二部分四級(jí)作文的結(jié)構(gòu),KeytoSuccessInsuchacompetitivesociety,everyonehasastrongdesiretobesuccessfulandinhislife.Buthowtoachievesuccess?Inmyopinion,therearethreemainkeysaclearobjective,strongwillpoweranddiligence.First,itisveryimportanttosetupagoalbeforeyoustart.Noonecanbesuccessfulwithoutagoalinhismind.Besides,youneedastrongwillpowertokeepyougoahead.Therealwaysaretoughstonesineveryroadtosuccess.Whetheryoucangothroughitdependsonwhetheryouarepersistentenough.Lastbutnotleast,everyonewhowantstosucceedshouldbediligent.Thereisandoldsaying,“Nopains,nogains.”Mostsuccessfulpeopleowetheirsuccesstohardworking,suchasEinstein.Inconclusion,ifwewanttobesuccessful,wehavetomasterthethreemainkeysmentionedabove.Thereisnoshortcuttosuccess.Thethreekeyswillassureyoutorealizeyourbeautifuldream.,.,1.主題句主題句表明全段是關(guān)于什么及討論什么的段落中心句，即：明確地表示全段要展開(kāi)的中心點(diǎn),四級(jí)短文寫(xiě)作中最好是把主題句放在段首。2.擴(kuò)展句擴(kuò)展句是用來(lái)說(shuō)明，解釋?zhuān)辏蛘撟C主題句所表達(dá)的中心思想的句子。3.結(jié)尾句結(jié)尾句是用一句話(huà)對(duì)段落的主題進(jìn)行重述,評(píng)論,或總結(jié),借以強(qiáng)化主題,加深讀者的印象.Itisnotdifficulttomakearightchoicebetweenbuyingahouseinthelow-riseareaandbuyingoneinthehigh-risearea(主題句).Ifwewanttoeconomizeandgetmorepersonalarea,wecanchoosethelow-rise;butifwewanttolivemorecomfortably,wewillchoosethehigh-rise(擴(kuò)展句).Inaword,thekeyliesinthealternativeofeconomyandcomfort(結(jié)尾句).,一、四級(jí)作文的段落基本結(jié)構(gòu)：,.,第三部分常見(jiàn)的錯(cuò)誤和問(wèn)題注意方面：1切題2結(jié)構(gòu)（三段式）3落題快（主題句在每段句首，不要繞圈）4長(zhǎng)度（120150字，卷面第二頁(yè)中間或到三分之二處，不要過(guò)多）,語(yǔ)言方面須注意的問(wèn)題：1題目的大寫(xiě)AnEye-WitnessAccountofaTrafficAccidentItPaystoBeHonestHowtoSucceedinaJobInterview2句子錯(cuò)誤1）語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)態(tài)不正確Ireadthepassagecarefullyandseveralmistakeswerefound.(語(yǔ)態(tài)不一致)Ireadthepassagecarefullyandfoundseveralmistakes.Iamverygratefulifyoucouldhelpmewiththisproblem.(時(shí)態(tài)不一致)Iwillbeverygratefulifyoucouldhelpmewiththisproblem.2）主謂不一致Helikeplayingfootballverymuch.Helikesplayingfootballverymuch.3）中式英語(yǔ)MyEnglishhasmadegreatprogress.IhavemadegreatprogressinEnglish.Workmakesmefeelsatisfied.Workisasourceofsatisfactiontome.4)結(jié)構(gòu)不完整AlthoughhadmanydifficultiesinstudyingEnglish,Ifinallypassedtheexam.AlthoughIhadmanydifficultiesinstudyingEnglish,Ifinallypassedtheexam.,.,Supposeyouhavetwooptionsupongraduation,2016年12月CET4作文題,對(duì)比觀點(diǎn)/原因解釋題型/利弊分析,Oneistotakeajobinacompanyandtheothertogotoagraduateschool.,Oneistoworkinastate-ownedbusinessandtheotherinjointventure.,Oneistofindajobsomewhereandtheothertostartabusinessofyourown.,Youaretomakeadecision.Writeanessaytoexplainthereasonsforyourdecision.,.,對(duì)比開(kāi)頭,Takeajobinacompanyv.sgotoagraduateschool,Upongraduation,someofmyclassmateswillfurthertheireducationatagraduateschool,butIwillchoosetotakeupajobimmediately.Agraduateeducationdoeshaveitsadvantages.Armedwithmoreknowledge,youmaysurvivebetterinthecontextofaknowledge-driveneconomy.Nevertheless,.,對(duì)比開(kāi)頭,workinastate-ownedbusinessv.sworkinajointventure,Aftergraduation,Iprefertoworkatastate-ownedenterprise(SOE)insteadofasino-foreignjointventureorawhollyforeign-ownedcompany.Itistruethatajointventureonceofferedmanyadvantages.Intheirearlystages,theydidenjoypreferentialpoliciessuchastaxcutsoreventaxexemptions,thusallowingtheiremployeestoearnsalarieshigherthanthoseatSOEs.Butnowforeigncompaniesareentitledtoonly“nationaltreatment”thesameasourdomesticcompaniesare.Ontheotherhand,.,對(duì)比開(kāi)頭,findajobsomewherev.sstartabusinessofyourown,Whilemoststudentswilltrytolandajobinacompany,inagovernmentagency,orataschool,Iwouldprefertostartabusinessofmyown.Itistruethatastablejoboffersyousomebenefits.Forexample,youdonthavetoshouldertheheavyresponsibilityofmakingoverallarrangementsforthecompany,andyouhaveastableincome,modestasitmaybe.However,.,開(kāi)門(mén)見(jiàn)山，點(diǎn)明觀點(diǎn)。小分句鋪陳要討論的問(wèn)題。退一步，闡述二選一中另一項(xiàng)的優(yōu)勢(shì)。話(huà)鋒一轉(zhuǎn)，繞回主題，陳述個(gè)人的原因。,開(kāi)頭前兩段,.,Weallknowthat/asweallknowThereismuchdiscussionabout/attentiontoTherearemanyarguments/opinions/viewsaboutNowadays/atpresentManypeoplebelievethatItisgenerallybelievedthat依我看來(lái)，我認(rèn)為AsfarasIamconcernedasforme/asIseeitfrommyperspectiveformypart/personallyspeaking,開(kāi)頭句式,.,Selectoneheadingamongthethreeofferedbeforeandusetheexpressionsinthelastppttowriteyourownheading(onlythe1stparagraph)onthistopic.,改寫(xiě)練習(xí),.,一、開(kāi)頭常用語(yǔ)式(主題段的引入)AproverbsaysAstheproverbsaysSomepeoplesaythatManypeoplebelievethatItisgenerallybelievedthatWeallknowthatAsweallknowItisquiteclearthatVariousviewsexistasto,butTherearemanyarguments/opinions/viewsabout,Thereismuchdiscussionabout/attentiontoItiswellknownthatItissaidthatIthasbeenfoundthatItiseasytoseethatThepiegraphshowsArecentsurveyprovidesThechart/graph/tableshowsNoonecandenythatNowadays,.Atpresent,.,原因解釋型,2015年12月真題,Youareallowed30minutestowriteanessaycommentingonthesaying,Nevergoouttoseewhathappens;goouttomakethingshappen.,Learningisadailyexperienceandalifetimemission.,Listeningismoreimportantthantalking.,.,BeParticipantsRatherthanOnlookersAsasayinggoes,“neverjustgoouttheretoseewhathappens;goouttheretomakethingsreallyhappen.”clearly,itencouragesustoactinsteadofstandingbywithfoldedarms.Istronglysupportthispointofview,andinreallifewecanfindnumerousexamplestoillustratethispoint.,Observethebeginningsofmodelessays,.,ThesignificanceofLifelongLearningWhenhearingthesaying“Learningisadailyexperienceandalifetimemission”wecaneasilyperceiveitsconnotation.Apparently,thissayingcanbenaturallyassociatedwiththesignificanceoflifelonglearning.Inourdailylife,itisacommonphenomenonforustolearnsomethingforavarietyofpurposes.Meanwhile,ahostofintelligentpeoplearelesslikelytosucceediftheyhaventkeptthehabitoflifelonglearning.Takingalookaround,wecannoticeagreatmanyexampleslikethis:,.,ThesignificanceofLifelongLearningAnotherversion:Learningisadailyexperienceandalifetimemission.Thisisaproverbfulloflogic.Inotherwords,learningissignificantinourwholelife.Indeed,wecanlearnmanythingsfromit.Ifyouunderstanditandapplyittoyourstudyorwork,youllnecessarilybenefitalotfromit.Therearemanyreasonswhichcanexplainthisphenomenonandthefollowingarethetypicalones.,.,復(fù)述引言，簡(jiǎn)要解析引言主題選取角度（基本都是擁護(hù)），圍繞主題闡釋例子。,.,步驟：1.闡釋現(xiàn)象/解釋題意（舉例）2.分析原因a,b,c3.指出利害（舉例）/得出結(jié)論（解釋、提出論點(diǎn)/某種現(xiàn)象）Thereasonarelistedasfollows:First,_(原因1).Additionally,_(原因2).Third,_(原因3)./Foronething,_(原因1).Foranother,_.(原因2)/Forinstance,_.(事例1)Anotherinstance/Acaseinthepointisthat_(事例2)Therefore,/Fromtheaboveexamples,/Inconclusion,/Inshort,/Inaword(結(jié)論或建議),Writingmodel:,.,對(duì)比利弊型,Forfreshmen,thefirstlessontheyattendinuniversitiesismilitarytraining.Writeanessayentitled“Ismilitarytrainingnecessary?”Somepeoplethinkmilitarytrainingisverysignificant.Othersthinkmilitarytrainingisnotnecessary.Yourownviews.,.,IsMilitaryTrainingNecessary?Inmostcollegeanduniversities,thefirstlessonforthefreshmenismilitarytraining.Asforthisissue,differentpeoplehavedifferentviews/peoplesattitudesarevarious.Theadvocatesholdtheviewthat,withthebasicmilitarytraining,studentswilllearndiscipline,teamworkandpatriotism.Theirexperienceofcooperatingwitheachothertosolveaproblemwillinformthemofthesignificanceofcooperation,whichisvitaltotheircollegestudy,eventheirfuturecareer.,Openingsentence,Thesisstatement,Topicsentence1,.,Theprotestors,however,arguesthatthisisagreatwasteoftheyoungpeoplestime.IntodaysChina,thesoldiersinthearmycandefendourcountry.Therefore,itisnotnecessarytoforceindividualstoparticipateinmilitarytraining,nottomentionfreshmenwhosemajortaskincollegeisstudyandwhoarehardlyanyuseinrealbattle.Iagreethatthiskindoftrainingwillneverproduceanyqualifiedsoldierinthewar.Nevertheless,throughhardandarduoustraining,thefreshmenaretransformedfromnaiveteenagersintoyoungadults.Thespiritsofunity,toughnessandbraverywillinfluencetheirlifeforever.,conclusion,Topicsentence2,.,二、中間常用句式（擴(kuò)展段的連接）通常按重要程度排列，我們習(xí)慣于先說(shuō)最重要的，西方人則相反，但都得符合邏輯順序。1表示“首先”first,firstly,firstofall,tobegin，但不可用atfirst。2表示“第二”、“此外”“其次”、“況且”second,secondly,and,besides,moreover,additionally,furthermore,whatsmore,inaddition,besides+名詞短語(yǔ)，inadditionto+名詞短語(yǔ)，another+名詞短語(yǔ)3表示“最后”finally,last,lastly,lastbutnotleast最后但并非最不重要的是。但不可用atlast或intheend。4表示“最重要的是”aboveall,mostimportantofall5.表示“更嚴(yán)重的是”、“更糟糕的是”moreserious,evenworse,tomakematterworse6.表示“最為嚴(yán)重的是”、“最糟糕的是”mostseriousofall,worstofall,.,二、中間常用句式（擴(kuò)展段的連接）例如：1）Firstofall,論據(jù)1.Moreimportantly,論據(jù)2.Mostimportantofall,論據(jù)3.Insummary,總結(jié)觀點(diǎn).2)Theadvantagescanbelistedasfollows：First,好處1.Besides,好處2.Mostimportantofall,好處3.Buteverycoinhastwosides.Thenegativeaspectsarealsoapparent.Tobeginwith,壞處1.Tomakematterworse,壞處2.Worstofall,壞處3.Fromtheaboveanalysis,Ibelieve觀點(diǎn).3）Foronething,論據(jù)1.Foranother,論據(jù)2.Lastbutnottheleast,論據(jù)3.Toconclude,總結(jié)觀點(diǎn)或Fromabove,wecanpredictthat預(yù)測(cè).4）Firstofall,論據(jù)1。Furthermore,論據(jù)2。Amongallofthesupportingevidences,oneisthestrongest.Thatis,論據(jù)3。Anaturalconclusionfromtheabovediscussionisthat總結(jié)觀點(diǎn)?；騀romabove,wecanpredictthat預(yù)測(cè).,.,二、中間常用句式（擴(kuò)展段的連接）其他詞語(yǔ)或句式：1）用于強(qiáng)調(diào)：afterall,anyway,infact,indeed,apparently,clearly,obviously,especially,2）用于對(duì)比：however,ononehand,ontheotherhand,incontrast,bycontrast,onthecontrary,while,whereas,instead,but,differentfrom,3）用于比較：similarly,likewise,like,inthesameway,4）用于列舉：forexample,forinstance,suchas,takeforgranted,except(for)5）表示時(shí)間：later,then,next,finally,atlast,eventually,meanwhile,afterthat,fromnowon,atthesametime,forthetimebeing,aftersometime,intheend,immediately,inthemeantime,recently,soon,nowandthen,during,nowadays,presently,since,assoonas,afterwards,sometimelater,temporally,inthemeanwhile,afterawhile,6）用于解釋?zhuān)篿notherwords,asamatteroffact,thatis,7)用于讓步：although,inspiteof,despite,eventhough,evenif,though,nomatterhow8)用于結(jié)果：consequently,thus,asaresult,asaconsequence,hence,so,therefore,accordingly9)其他：notonlybutalso,asfarasIamconcerned,whenitcomesto,inpractice,inprinciple,anotherkeyaspectofis,itistruethat,whatismoreseriousis,thereisnodoubtthat,butitisapitythat,butthetrouble/problem/pointis,.,Nowadays,_(討論主題)playsanimportantpartinpeopleslife.Likeeverythingelse,_(討論主題)hasbothfavourableandunfavourableaspects.Generally,theadvantagescanbelistedasfollows.First,_(好處1).Besides,_(好處2).Mostimportantofall,_(好處3).Buteverycoinhastwosides.Thenegativeaspectsarealsoapparent.Tobeginwith,_(壞處1).Tomakematterworse,_(壞處2).Worstofall,_(壞處3).Fromtheaboveanalysis,Ibelievethattheadvantagesoutweighthedisadvantages.Therefore,(結(jié)論)./Ibelievethemanagementof_(主題)dependon(個(gè)人建議),Writingmodel:,.,問(wèn)題解決型,HowIFinanceMyCollegeEducation1.大學(xué)的費(fèi)用（tuitionandfees）可以通過(guò)各種途徑解決；2.哪種途徑適合我/我可以采取哪些方法解決我的大學(xué)費(fèi)用問(wèn)題。,.,Nowadays,tuitionandfeesforcollegearemuchhigherthaneverbefore.Howtofinancetheircollegeeducationhasbecomeamatterofconcernformanystudents,especiallythosewhofromremoteareas.Infact,therearemanywaystosolvethisproblem.Generallyspeaking,wecangetmostourtuitionfeesfromourparents.Ifourfamilyisshortageofmoney,wecanapplyforaloanespeciallysetupforcollegestudentsfromsomebanksorfromgovernments.Moreover,bytakingaparttimejobinoursparetimeandsummerorwintervacations,wecanearnthemoneyweneedfordinners,textbooksandtransportationfees.Lastbutnotleast,ifwekeepawonderfulacademicrecords,wecanevenwinscholarshipsfromuniversities,whichcanlargelyameliorateourlivingconditionandrelievetheburdenoftuitionandfees.,.,AsfarasIamconcerned,Iprefertoobtainmostofmytuitionfrommyparentsbutstilltakepart-timejobstoimprovemyfinancialcondition.Ontheonehand,Idontwanttodependentirelyonmyparents,whichmayputthemundergreatpressure.Ontheotherhand,toobusyworkingpart-timemayreducemystudyingtimeandaffectmyacademicperformance.Therefore,acombinationofthesetwomethodscanenrichmycollegelife,encouragemetomaintainmyindependencebutstillhelpmebalancemylifeandstudy.,.,解決問(wèn)題要講究方法，可按時(shí)間先后，也可按輕重緩急等排列。基本模式為：（目前的現(xiàn)象及存在的問(wèn)題）.Manywayscancontributeto_（要解決的問(wèn)題）,butthefollowingonesmaybemosteffective.Firstofall_(方法1).Besides,_(方法2).Finally,_(方法3).Thesearenottheonlythreepointsyoushouldpayattentionto.Butitshouldbenotedthat_(使用這些方法時(shí)要注意的事項(xiàng))/(展望)/(總結(jié)上述三種方法).,.,三、結(jié)尾常用句式（終結(jié)段的連接）1表示“總之”、“總而言之”、“簡(jiǎn)言之”inconclusion,insummary,toconclude,tosummarize,tosumup,inshort,inbrief,inaword,onthewhole2“綜上所述”fromtheforegoing,fromwhathasbeendiscussedabove,fromwhathasbeenmentionedabove,fromtheaboveanalysisObviously（此為過(guò)渡短語(yǔ)）,wecandrawtheconclusionthatThus,itcanbeconcludedthat,Therefore,wecanfindthatObviously,itishightimethatwetooksomemeasurestosolvetheproblem.Accordingly,Irecommendthatsomemeasuresbetaken.Consequently,tosolvetheproblem,somemeasuresshouldbetaken.,.,三、結(jié)尾常用句式（終結(jié)段的連接）例1Vacation,LongorShortOnethewhole,eitherlongorshortvacationhasitsadvantagesanddisadvantages.Whatmattersishowtomakeuseofit.例2GoodHealth1身體健康的重要性。2保持健康的途徑。3我自己的實(shí)踐。Asforme,Ilikeplayingtennisinthemorning.Ialsoattachmuchimportancetoenoughsleepandrelaxation.Ibelievethiswillensuremygoodhealthfortherestofmylife.例3HopeProject希望工程Inmyopinion,thisprojectisofgreatimportancetoourcountryatthepresenttime.Anditalsowillhaveaprofoundeffectonthefutureachievementsofourcountry.Isuggestthatmoreworkbedonesothateverychildinthecountrysidecanreceiveelementaryeducation.練習(xí)：IsFailureaBadThingInmyopinion,failureisnotabadthing,thereallybadthingistakingafailureasfailureorevenloseourheartafterfailure.,.,社會(huì)熱點(diǎn)問(wèn)題常用開(kāi)頭,.,.,.,.,.,一、圖表作文常見(jiàn)出題形式圖表作文一般在題目中給出作文的標(biāo)題和一個(gè)或幾個(gè)統(tǒng)計(jì)表格、圓形圖、曲線(xiàn)圖或條形圖，有時(shí)還用英文或中文提綱的形式給出提示，要求我們：1)用文字描述圖表，客觀解釋圖表中所傳遞的信息，并找出某種規(guī)律或趨勢(shì);2)就圖表中所反映的某種趨勢(shì)或問(wèn)題分析其原因或后果。圖表作文著重說(shuō)明事實(shí)，常常是通過(guò)對(duì)圖表中所反映的具體數(shù)據(jù)的說(shuō)明、分析、比較，對(duì)某種事物或現(xiàn)象的事實(shí)或變化情況等加以說(shuō)明，并提出結(jié)論或看法。因此，圖表作文常常采用議論文體的寫(xiě)作方法。寫(xiě)好圖表作文，關(guān)鍵在于能否讀懂圖表中所提供的信息，把握各信息間的聯(lián)系，用準(zhǔn)確流暢的語(yǔ)言把這一信息表達(dá)出來(lái)，并就這一信息發(fā)表自己的看法。,圖表作文,.,寫(xiě)圖表作文時(shí)，要注意遵循以下步驟：1)認(rèn)真分析圖表的含義，弄清圖表中所含的信息及不同信息間的關(guān)系;2)確定文章的主題思想，構(gòu)思出文章的基本框架，篩選出能說(shuō)明圖表主題思想的典型數(shù)據(jù);3)編列文章的提綱;4)根據(jù)文章的提綱，將各段的提綱內(nèi)容擴(kuò)展成段落，然后將各個(gè)段落組成文章，注意段與段之間的銜接與過(guò)渡;5)檢查與修改。,二、圖表作文的寫(xiě)作步驟,.,圖表作文,Directions:Studythefollowinggraphcarefullyandwriteanessayinwhichyoushould1)analyzethegraph,and2)giveyourcommentsonthetrend.,.,圖表作文,.,Inrecentyearstherehasbeenadramaticriseinthecellphones,whicharenowessentialtomillionsofpeopleasaconvenientformofcommunication.In2004thenumberreached315,000,000,withanaverageannualincreaseat57,500,000.Somepeoplecannownolongerimaginelifewithouttheircellphones.Thefactthattheyaresopopularprovesthattheyareusefulandconvenient.Mobilephonesnecessarilyalsoharbordisadvantages.,Example1,.,Asisshowninthechart,cellphonesarebecomingmoreandmorepopularwithinChina.In2000,thenumberofcellphonesinusewas85,260,000;in2001,thenumberwas180,000,000;in2002206,600,000;in2003269,000,000.In2004,thenumberis315,000,000.Fromthesestatistics,wecanseetheincreasinguseofcellphones.Whyhavecellphonesgainedsomuchdominanceinourlives?Therearemanyfactorscontributingtothisdevelopment.Firstly,Thewideuseofcellphoneshasmadethemmoreandmoreindispensableinpeoplesdailylife.Themanyfunctionsofthecellphonehavemadecertainpeoplereluctanttoseparatethemselvesfromtheircellphone.