延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞與非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞及其轉(zhuǎn)換.docVIP

延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞與非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞及其轉(zhuǎn)換 動(dòng)詞按其動(dòng)作發(fā)生的方式、發(fā)生過程的長短可分為延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞與非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。一. 延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞表示能夠延續(xù)的動(dòng)作,如：learn, work, stand, lie, know, walk, keep, have, wait, watch, sing, read, sleep, live, stay等。延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞可以與表示時(shí)間段的狀語連用。表示時(shí)間段的短語有: for+一段時(shí)間, 如 ：for 2 years; since從句, 如 since he came here; since+過去時(shí)間點(diǎn)名詞, 如 since last year, since 5 days ago. 例: He has lived here for 6 years. You can keep the book for 5 days. 二. 非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞也稱終止性動(dòng)詞、瞬間動(dòng)詞, 表示不能延續(xù)的動(dòng)作,這種動(dòng)作發(fā)生后立即結(jié)束。如: open, die, close, begin, finish, come, go, move, borrow, lend, buy等。非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞在肯定句中與表示時(shí)間點(diǎn)的狀語連用，如：two years ago; at 5 oclock;例: He died 5 years ago.三.延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞與非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞之間的轉(zhuǎn)換：例： He left five minutes ago. = He has been away for five minutes. 這句話的意思是指他離開的動(dòng)作是5分鐘之前發(fā)生的，是過去時(shí)。也就是說從他離開到現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)有五分鐘了，這個(gè)動(dòng)作是延續(xù)的，要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，并且要把原來的短暫性動(dòng)詞 改為延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。下面是一些短暫性動(dòng)詞及相應(yīng)的延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，須牢記。leave - be away, borrow - keep, buy - have, begin/start - be on, die - be dead, finish - be over, join - be in+組織機(jī)構(gòu), be a member of+組織機(jī)構(gòu), open sth - keep sth open, fall ill - be ill, get up-be up, catch a cold - have a cold, come here - be here, go there - be there, become - be, come back - be back, fall asleep - be asleep, get to/ arrive/reach - be (in), leave - be away from, get to know - know,go (get) out be out， put on wear； catch a cold have a cold等。 練習(xí): 1. The old man died 4 years ago. -The old man_for 4 years. 2. He joined the Party 2 years ago. -He _the Party for 2 years. 3. I bought the book 5 days ago. - I _the book for 5 days.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)（一）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)是初三教材中的一個(gè)重點(diǎn)語法項(xiàng)目，下面我們就來學(xué)習(xí)它的構(gòu)成。 1現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的基本句式是“have（has）過去分詞”。如： I have seen that film我已經(jīng)看過那部影片了。 We have just finished our homework我們剛剛做完家庭作業(yè)。 She has gone home她回家去了。 注意：1）該句式中的have或has是助動(dòng)詞，has用于第三人稱單數(shù)，其它人稱一律用have。2）該句式中have（has）和過去分詞之間可用just插入。3）把該句式譯成漢語時(shí)，往往用“已經(jīng)”、“剛剛”、“過”或“了”等。 2現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的一般疑問句式是把助動(dòng)詞have或has提到主語之前。如： Have you read this story book yet？你讀過這本故事書嗎？ Has he eaten that apple yet？他吃那個(gè)蘋果了嗎？ 注意：1）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的一般疑問句往往在句末加yet。2）把現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的一般疑問句譯成漢語時(shí)，往往譯成“過嗎？”、“還有嗎？”等。3）其肯定回答用：Yes，have（has）否定回答用：No，havent（hasnt）有時(shí)用：No，not yet或No，never 3現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的否定句式是“have（has）過去分詞”。如： We havent studied Unit 2yet我們還沒學(xué)習(xí)第二單元。 The train hasnt stopped yet火車還沒有停下來。 注意：1）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的否定句句末往往加yet。2）否定句常譯為“還沒有”等。 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)（二）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示過去發(fā)生或完成的某一動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果。如： Have you read that story？你讀過那個(gè)故事嗎？（“讀”這一動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去，對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響是：是否知道故事的內(nèi)容） I have bought two apples我買了兩個(gè)蘋果。（“買”這一動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去，對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的結(jié)果是：擁有兩個(gè)蘋果） 在學(xué)習(xí)這一概念的同時(shí)，還應(yīng)注意常與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用的幾個(gè)副詞：already，just，yet，ever，never等。already，just多用于肯定句中，yet，ever，never多用于疑問句和否定句中。如： I have already finished my homework我已經(jīng)做完家庭作業(yè)了。 He has just had his meal他剛吃過飯。 Have you ever sung this English song？你曾唱過這首英文歌嗎？ They havent started yet他們還沒有動(dòng)身。 We have never heard of it我們從來沒有聽說過這件事。 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)（三）1現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)既涉及過去，又聯(lián)系現(xiàn)在，它可表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)過去已經(jīng)開始一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，和由for或since引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語連用。例如： We have lived here for five years我們在這里住了五年了。 I have known him since he was a boy我從他還是個(gè)孩子的時(shí)候就認(rèn)識(shí)他了。 注意：現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與一般過去時(shí)的區(qū)別：現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)過去發(fā)生的事對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響；一般過去時(shí)指過去發(fā)生的事實(shí)。請看下面對(duì)話中一般過去時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的不同。 A：Have you seen the film？ B：Yes，I have A：When did you see it？ B：I saw it a year ago 2延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞與非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞在現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)中的使用。 （1）延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞：be，have，know，live， work，study，learn，teach，speak，talk，draw， wait，wear，walk，sleep等，這些動(dòng)詞可以和表示一段時(shí)間的狀語連用。例如：Uncle Wang has worked in this factory for ten years王伯伯在這家工廠工作十年了。 （2）非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞：come，go，arrive， reach，see，hear，close，leave，begin，start，lose， buy，fall，join，die等，這些動(dòng)詞可用于完成時(shí)態(tài)，說明某個(gè)動(dòng)作的結(jié)果還存在，但不能和表示一段時(shí)間的狀語連用。例如： 【正】The play has begun戲開演了。（戲正在演著） 【誤】The play has begun for half an hour戲開演半小時(shí)了。 3非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞表示狀態(tài)有三種方法： （1）用相應(yīng)的延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞來替換非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。句中的謂語動(dòng)詞一般用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，時(shí)間狀語為“for 時(shí)間段”或“since 時(shí)間點(diǎn)（過去某一時(shí)刻或非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的一般過去時(shí)從句）”或用在how long的問句中。例如： They have been here for five years他們來這里已經(jīng)五年了。（這里come這一非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞改成了be。） 常見的非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞與延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)換如下：comebe，come tobe in at， go outbe out，leavebe away，begin startbe on，buyhave，borrowkeep， joinbe a member of be amember， diebe dead，put onwear，catch a cold have a cold，get to knowknow，become a teacherbe a teacher，fall asleepbe asleep，go to sleepsleep等。 （2）用“非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的一般過去時(shí)一段時(shí)間ago”這一句型（即用一般過去時(shí)）。例如： They came here five years ago他們是五年前來這里的。 （3）用“It is（has been）時(shí)間段since從句（從句的謂語動(dòng)詞用非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的過去式）”這一句型。例如： It is five years since they came here自從他們來到這里已經(jīng)有五年了。 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與中考題 選擇填空。 1I_ a letter from him since he left（天津市） Adidnt receive Bhavent got Cdidnt have Dhavent heard 2Where have you _ these days？ I have to Dazhu with my friends（重慶市） Abeen；gone Bbeen；been Cgone；been Dgone；gone 3How long have you _ this book？（哈爾濱市） Abought Bborrowed Chad Dlent 4Wheres Peter？ He _ to Nanjing（沈陽市） Ais going Bhas been Chas gone Dwent 5Youve never seen such a wonderful film before，_ ？（河北省） Ahavent you Bhave you Cdo you Ddont you 6We have lived here _ five years ago（河南?。?Awhen Bsince Cbefore Dafter7I have watched the game When you _ it？（長沙市） Ahave；watched Bdo；watch Cdid；watch Dwill；watch 8How do you like Beijing，Mr Black？ Oh，I _ such a beautiful city（江西?。?Adont visit Bdidnt visit Chavent visited Dhadnt visited 9The old people _ lonely at all since we began to visit them once a week（廣州市） Adont feel Bhasnt felt Chavent felt Ddidnt feel 10My grandfather_ in the small town all his lifeHe always says he likes the town（四川?。?Alived Bhave lived Chas lived Dis living 11Miss Brown _ to the Great Wall twice（貴陽市） Ahave been Bhas been Chave gone Dhas gone 12His brother has been to Stone Forest twice _ he came to Yunnan（昆明市） Aafter Bbefore Csince Dfor 13His grandpa _ for two years（廣西） Awas died Bhas been dead Cwas dead Dhas died 14