虛擬語氣的語法.doc

虛擬語氣Subjunctive mood語氣及語氣種類（1）證氣，指的是一種動(dòng)詞的形式用來表示說話者的意圖或態(tài)度。（2）在英語中，語氣有三種： 直陳語氣：表示所說的話是個(gè)事實(shí)如：France lies on the wind-ward side of Europe. 祈使語氣：表示說話人所說的話是請求或命令。如：Make yourself at home 請別客氣！ Dont be late! 虛擬語氣：表示說話人所說的話是一種主觀的愿望，假想或建議等。如：1. We only wish ue wuld help2. Lf there were no graity （地心引力）we sheul not be able to walk.3. He suggests that ue shoald all go to see the film.一、虛擬語氣在條件句中（虛擬條件句）虛擬條件句所表達(dá)的是一種假設(shè)或者是不大可能發(fā)生的情況。（1）與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的虛擬條件句虛擬語氣用在與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的條件句中，條件從句的謂語動(dòng)詞要使用動(dòng)詞的過去形式（be用were），結(jié)果主句的謂語使用“shoulol（第一人稱）/would（第二、三人稱）V（動(dòng)詞原形）” eg: If we left now. we shoudd arrite in good limo If I uere you, I should refused the money. Euen if he had the money, he wouldnt buy it.（2）與過去事實(shí)相反的虛擬條件句虛擬語氣用在與過去事實(shí)相反的條件句中時(shí)，條件從句的謂語用“had+-ed”，結(jié)果主句的謂語用“should/would+Vhaoe+-ed”.如： We should have dmpped the by if we had had tim. If they hadnt gone on vacation, their house souldnt have been broken into.注：1. “Were”也可以用來表示與過去事實(shí)相反Eg: If I werent busy ,I would haoe gone.2.表示過去時(shí)間的假設(shè)也可用虛擬語氣，“should hace+-ed”這種虛擬式所表達(dá)的動(dòng)作并非完全不可能發(fā)生，它只表示一種偶然性，并且常和直陳語氣連用，但也可以與虛擬式連用。eg: You can imagine（設(shè)想）what would have happened to her if she should have told the truth.3.美國大眾常用“would have+-ed”來表示與過去事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)。eg: If these sleeplessness （失眠）would have been allowed to go on, she would have collapsed（崩潰）（3）與將來事實(shí)相反的虛擬條件句虛擬語氣用在與將來事實(shí)相反的條件句中時(shí)，條件從句的謂語動(dòng)詞使用動(dòng)詞的過去式形式（be的過去或用were），結(jié)果主句用“should / would+V”如： If you dropped the glass, if would break. What would happen if I put the paper on the fire?注：1. 在無上下文時(shí)，下面的“rained”e 歧意，可能是虛擬語氣，也可能是表示過去習(xí)慣的直陳語氣。eg：If it rained, we would stay indoors playing cards.2.在與將來事實(shí)相反的條件句中，其條件從句的謂語也可以用“were to +V”.這種虛擬形式比較正式，多用于書面語。eg： If he were to come, what would we sag to him? If you were to come tomorrow, I might have time to see you.3.在與將來事實(shí)相反的條件句中，條件從句的謂語也可以用“should+ V”這種形式不強(qiáng)調(diào)意愿，只強(qiáng)調(diào)一種有偶然實(shí)現(xiàn)的可能性。eg: If he should see me, he would know me. If we should catch the ringleaders, it would be a remarkable（卓越的）a chieoement（成就）4. 下面這種形式往往有不為人所歡迎的含義。eg: If it should rain tomorrow, we should have to put off the match. If he should go away, I shoud be grieoed （悲傷）5. 有時(shí)我們可以使用would代替should以避免重復(fù)。eg：If you would be interested, I should be very glad to send you a copy of my book.（4）虛擬條件句用于倒裝在書面用語中，條件從句可以省略“if”而將謂語中的過去式“werehad或should移到主語之前。如： Were you in my position（位置），you would do the same.（=If you were in my position, you would do the same） Had he been in your position, he woald probably have done the same.（If he had been in your position he would probably hace done the same） Should they attack（攻擊）us, we would wipe （消滅）them out completely（完全地）（If the should attack us）注：在虛擬形式中除了“were / had / should”可移至主語之有以外，“did / would /wuld”等也可移至主語之前構(gòu)成省略“計(jì)”的倒裝形式。（5）錯(cuò)綜虛擬條件句（條件從句與結(jié)果主句所表達(dá)的時(shí)間不一致）當(dāng)條件從句與結(jié)果主句表示的時(shí)間不一致時(shí)，虛擬語氣的形式，要做相應(yīng)的調(diào)整。如： If I had spoken to him yesterday , I should know what to do now. If father hadnt sent me , I shouldnt be here注：在條件句中如果使用“If I were”形式，結(jié)果主句可以使用表示任何時(shí)間的虛擬形式。eg: If I werent busy, I would have come were 用來表示過去。If I were you, I would go （were用來表示現(xiàn)在）（6）含蓄條件句虛擬條件從句中的從句有時(shí)省略或只暗含在上下文中，這種句子叫做含蓄條件句。含蓄條件句大體可分為兩類：1.條件句暗含在短語中如：條件暗含在介詞短語中：without gravityBut for your help we couldnt have succeeded in the experiment（實(shí)驗(yàn)）暗含條件是：but for your helpI am really very busy, otherwise（否則）I would certainly go there with you條件暗含在“other wise”中2. 條件暗含在上下文中如：I wouldnt have done it （可能暗含“If I were you”） I would have bought it （暗含條件是“If I had had the monay”）注：在不少情況下虛擬式已成為習(xí)慣用法eg: I could go on for another two hours（7）省略結(jié)果主句的虛擬條件句虛擬條件句如果省略結(jié)果主句，則常表示一種不可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望，這種條件句常用“if only”來引導(dǎo)。如：If only you would to listen reason 你要是講理就好了 If only he were here 他要是在這兒就好了 If only I had never married If only I could smash the ground with my fist and make the oil flow（8）情態(tài)動(dòng)詞用于虛擬語氣有不少情態(tài)動(dòng)詞也可用于虛擬語氣如： If I hadnt wonder you, you could have been killed I couldnt be angry with him if I tried May you live a long and happy life May 用于表示祝愿（9）虛擬語氣用于when 等引導(dǎo)的條件從句虛擬條件句中的條件句，除了用“if”外，還可以用when /unless/suppose /as if （就像一樣）/ for fear / in case等引出。如： The peasants prepared to feed the city When it should be freed（解放） Unless I were well I couldnt be at school Suppos you uere given a choice to study in America, would you aceept?二、虛擬語氣用在主語從句虛擬語氣除了用在狀語從句之外，也可用在主語從句中，虛擬語氣的形式應(yīng)該是“should+V. /shoutd+have+-ed”（在美國英語中should 可省略）, “should”在此是時(shí)態(tài)助動(dòng)詞，本身無實(shí)際意義，這樣的主語從句一般由“that”引導(dǎo)，常用在以“it”作為形式主語的“it+is / was+important / necessary / desirable（稱心的，直得向往的）/imperative（絕對必要的）/ advisable（可取的，行當(dāng)?shù)模﹖hat句型中如： It is important that we should speak politely It is imperative that we （should）practise critictsm and self-criticism. It isnt necessary that everyone be a scientist.注：這種結(jié)構(gòu)中也可用陳語氣eg：It was important that he made a successful experiment last week.三、虛擬語氣用于賓語從句中虛擬語氣用于賓語從句中，有三種情況：（1）用于動(dòng)詞“wish”之后，這樣的句子常省略that來表示愿望。賓語從句的謂語用過去時(shí)，表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反，使用過去完成時(shí)，表示與過去事實(shí)相反。如： I wish I were you （與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反） She wishes she hadnt said that （與過去事實(shí)相反） I wish you would stay a little longer（would表示一種希望或請求）注：“would rather （寧愿）/sooner”可以代替wish表示愿望來引出虛擬語氣。eg: I would rather you came tomorrow I would sooner she left the hoaoy end of the cork to someone else（2）用于demand（要求）/ suggest /propose（提議）/ order（命令）/arrange（安排）/insist（堅(jiān)持）/ command（指揮）/ require / requst（請求）/ desire（希望）等動(dòng)詞的賓語。這種虛擬語氣一般由that所引導(dǎo)，謂語動(dòng)詞使用“should+V”（should可省略）如： I desire the patient （should）have a bath every day He suggested that we （should） leave early The detective insisted that he （should）have a look They require that I （should）go at once注：1.有些動(dòng)詞如think/expect/believe,其否定形式的賓語，從句也可用“should+V”eg：I never thought he should refused He dient expect that you should come2.有關(guān)should/would 的使用要注意以下四點(diǎn)： should+V可用在when引導(dǎo)的賓語從句中eg: A few maids were seen waiting in the hall for whon they should be wanted 賓語從句也可用“should+be+Ving”eg: Sometimes she would suggest I should be saving some of the money 賓語從句有時(shí)也有人用would代替shouldeg: Some people suggest that it would be better to start teaching English in kindergarten（幼兒園） 賓語從句現(xiàn)有時(shí)可用直陳語氣He suggested that we studied English together（3）虛擬語氣用在某些adj或相當(dāng)于adj，使用的“ed”形式之后的由“that”引出的