The computer and job displacement 原文+翻譯.docx

The Computer and the Job DisplacementBack in the early1960s there was fear and unjustified concern over job displacement due to a new technological invention called the Computer. Today, although many people have learned to adjust to the terrific impact the computer has had on society, there are still many who fear that the computer will replace them in their jobs and undermine the labor force as a whole. Nonsense! Instead of replacing people, their computer is developing more positions for employees.1、追溯到上世紀60年代，人們對于電腦這種新科技發(fā)明在工作上對人工的替代性充滿了恐懼和不當的擔憂。如今，雖然很多人已經學者去適應了這種由電腦作用在社會上而帶來的巨大沖擊，但仍然有許多人擔心電腦作為一個體系將在工作中取代他們并且破壞勞動力，然而，事實是電腦非但沒有替代人工，反而給受雇者創(chuàng)造了更多的職位。 The computer industry has grown from one of the least understood to one of the most understood and applicable industries the world has ever seen. Much of the growth in computer operations will result in the future from advances in the capabilities of computers. The growth in computer technology, such as the change from transistors to the use of silicon chips, has also caused the industry to change from a specialized field with a small percentage of employees to a verydiversified industry that is constantly meeting new applications and uses. To supplement this change, there has been a demand for an influx of people to fill ever-increasing job openings.2、在過去的這些年，全球已經見證了電腦工業(yè)已經從最不被理解的行業(yè)之一發(fā)張為最被理解和可應用性最高的行業(yè)之一，電腦運營的許多發(fā)展將決定于未來電腦性能的發(fā)展上。電腦科技的發(fā)展，就像晶體管到硅片的發(fā)展轉變也已經使得工業(yè)從一個只擁有小部分雇工的特殊領域轉變?yōu)橐粋€需要不斷迎合新應用新用途的多樣化工業(yè)體系。為了適應這種轉變，一種對人才匯集的訴求便應運而生，從而去填補不斷增加的工作缺口。 One reason for this fantastic growth in employment is that the computer workers are in every industry. Eighty percent of these workers are employed in four major divisions of industry: Services, Finance, Insurance, and Real Estate. For example, Services, which includes wholesale, manufacturing, and retail trade, experienced an increase of 34 percent in computer employment between the years 1970 and 1978, according to Occupation Outlook Quarterly.3、在雇傭關系中發(fā)生這種不可思議的發(fā)展，一種解釋便是每個行業(yè)都需要計算機工作者，這些員工中有八成受雇于四個主要的產業(yè)分支：服務業(yè)，金融業(yè)，保險業(yè)和房地產業(yè)。例如，由職業(yè)前景季刊的數據顯示，在1970年到1978年的時間段內，服務業(yè)，其中包括批發(fā)業(yè)、零售業(yè)和制造業(yè)在計算機方向的員工招聘數量增加了34%。 Statistics from this decade prove beyond a doubt that computers have developed a wealth of job opportunities. Of the five faster-growing jobs in the 1980s, Department of Labor statistics show that three are in the computer industry. These three include: computer service technicians, systems analysts and computer programmers. Although all three of these fields require an educational background that goes beyond the secondary school level, there are many other jobs which require only a high school degree. Some examples of these jobs are computer operators, whose profession has doubled in employment since 1970 and has the largest growth rate of any one field in the computer industry; computer salesmen, who make 10 percent more per year than the average salesman; and data entry personnel, who have experienced great increases in pay and now average $ 245 per week. These are but a few of the many jobs created by the computer.4、通過這十年的資料數據證明，計算機在被質疑的情況下，依然創(chuàng)造了大量的工作機會。由勞動部提供的數據顯示，在20世紀80年代的五個發(fā)展最迅速的行業(yè)中，三個都是計算機行業(yè)，這三個行業(yè)包括：計算機服務技師，系統(tǒng)分析師和計算機編程人員。雖然這三個領域都對應聘者有中學以上學歷教育背景的要求，但仍有許多工作只要求高中學歷即可。這類工作包括計算機操作員，這個職業(yè)從1970年到現在從業(yè)人員已經增長了一倍，這在計算機行業(yè)的所有領域中是發(fā)展最快的；計算機銷售員，他們相對于一般的銷售員每年會有多出10%的工資；數據錄入人員，他們的工資增長速度最快，現在每周平均工資245，這些都是由計算機創(chuàng)造的，而不是幾個大眾型工作。 According to Scholastic writer Andrew Calkins, 75 percent of our work force will be using a computer in some way on the job by 1990. Employment of computer workers increased dramatically over the years from 1970-78, rising about two and one-half times as much as did total employment in the economy. This growth rate is expected to continue at an exponential rate. As you can well see, the computer industry is supplying more jobs than any other single industry. Occupation Outlook Quarterly predicts that by 1990, 2,140,000 people will be employed in computer operations, a rise of 85 percent over 1978.5、根據Scholastic 作者Andrew Calkins所提，到1990年75%的勞動力將在工作中通過某種方式使用電腦。從1970年到1978年的八年間計算機專業(yè)就業(yè)率增長顯著，受雇人數比金融業(yè)總受雇人數高出2.5倍，這種增長速率期望可以繼續(xù)以指數增長速率增長。正如你所看到的，計算機行業(yè)比起其它任何一個單獨的行業(yè)能提供更多工作機會，職業(yè)前景季刊預測到1990年將有2,140,000的人受雇于計算機操作行業(yè)，同比1978年將上升85%。 It is clear that there are many jobs waiting for qualified workers or people who are willing to learn. However, an argument often expressed is that older people who have been trained in semiskilled positions and have lost their jobs to computers will not be able to adapt or retrain to accommodate a job relating to computers. Undoubtedly this has become of major concern to the industry. Many companies have taken on the task of retraining or simply initiating their personnel or customers to computers. Such quotes as Honeywell offers a 20-hour introduction are becoming commonplace in magazines and newspapers. What these ads mean is that companies are confronting the problem by teaching. Control Sata Corporation, for example, has an entire organization devoted to teaching; their software, termed Plato, is being used by many other companies to train personnel in the use of computers. In addition, the most common type of supplementary training includes in-hour education, on-the-job training, reimbursement for college courses, and vocational school. There are but a few of the ways companies are helping to retrain and initiate training. In other word, even though the problem of adaptation to new ideas exists, it is recognizable and surmountable.6、 毫無疑問，有很多工作崗位等待著那些技能合格的工人和那些愿意學習提高的人。但是，常常存在一個爭議-那些在工作崗位上被培養(yǎng)成半熟練而因計算機而失去工作年邁的人們，他們將不能適應與計算機相關的職業(yè)，或者被再教育來適應這些職業(yè)。毫無疑問，這將成為工業(yè)中主要涉及到到問題。許多公司已經著手于員工到再教育和客戶的導向，從而使之適應計算機。有關“霍尼韋爾公司提供來二十小時的介紹”的言論在雜志和報紙上司空見慣。言外之意，這些廣告意味著這些公司正在通過培訓來面對這個問題。例如，數據控制公司有一個組織來教員工使用plato軟件，其他公司用這種軟件來培訓員工使用計算機。除此之外，最常見的繼續(xù)教育，包括在校教育，在職教育，大學和職業(yè)院校的課程補充學習。這些有利于再教育和啟蒙教育，但這