初中英語(yǔ)常用名詞考點(diǎn)易錯(cuò)點(diǎn).doc

常用名詞考點(diǎn)名詞的難點(diǎn)在于名詞可數(shù)名詞與不可數(shù)名詞的實(shí)際應(yīng)用。不可數(shù)名詞不能用數(shù)字計(jì)算，通常只有單數(shù)形式。有專有名詞、物質(zhì)名詞、抽象名詞等，如：English,air,water,cotton,work可數(shù)名詞是可以用數(shù)量計(jì)算的名詞，有單數(shù)形式和復(fù)數(shù)形式兩種?？蓴?shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式的構(gòu)成規(guī)律是：1.一般情況加s,如：penpens, doctordoctors,boyboys,其讀音規(guī)則是在清輔音后讀s，在元音和濁輔音后讀z。如:mapmap ， boyboys.2. 在以s,sh,ch,x結(jié)尾的名詞后面加es，如：busbuses,classclasses,其讀音為iz。3. 以ce,se,ze,(d)ge結(jié)尾的名詞加s，其讀音為iz。4. 以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞，要將y變?yōu)閕再加es，讀作z，如：factoryfactories,countrycountries, familyfamilies.但要注意的是以元音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式只加s，如:boyboys,daydays。5. 以o結(jié)尾的名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式一般要加es，但如果o前面是元音字母或外來(lái)詞，縮寫詞以o結(jié)尾的則只加s，如：tomatotomatoes,heroheroes;photophotos,radioradios,pianopianos6. 以f或fe結(jié)尾的名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式要將f或fe變?yōu)関再加es，如：knifeknives, leafleaves, 但有些例外的詞如roof的復(fù)數(shù)形式是roofs。7. 不規(guī)則名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式是要單個(gè)記憶的，它沒(méi)有規(guī)律可循，如:manmen,womanwomen, childchildren, footfeet,toothteeth, mousemice8. 單復(fù)同形的名詞有：fish, sheep,deer9. 單數(shù)形式但其意為復(fù)數(shù)的名詞有:people,police等。名詞還有格的變化，分為主語(yǔ)，賓格，所有格，所有格用來(lái)表示人或物的所有，以及領(lǐng)屬關(guān)系。表示有生命的名詞的所有格其單數(shù)形式是加s其復(fù)數(shù)形式是s，如其結(jié)尾不是s的復(fù)數(shù)形式仍加s，如：a students room, students rooms, Childrens Day.在表示時(shí)間、距離、世界、國(guó)家名詞的所有格要用s，如：a twenty minutes walk.無(wú)生命名詞的所有格則必須用of結(jié)構(gòu)，如：the capital of our country, the colour of the flowers易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)：1. 不要認(rèn)為可以數(shù)的名詞就是可數(shù)名詞如：paper屬于物質(zhì)名詞是不可數(shù)名詞。而不可數(shù)名詞要表達(dá)數(shù)量時(shí)，要用與之相關(guān)的量詞來(lái)表達(dá).注意：paper作為報(bào)紙、考卷、文章，文件講時(shí)是可數(shù)名詞.2. glasses眼鏡，shoes鞋，trousers褲子等由兩部分組成的名詞一般+謂（復(fù)）。一副眼鏡a pair of glasses+謂（單）。3. 以o結(jié)尾的名詞+es表復(fù)數(shù)，o前面是一個(gè)元音字母或外來(lái)語(yǔ)+s如：zoo-zoos,piano-pianos，radio-radios4. 名詞前有指示代詞this, that, these those,及其他修飾詞our,some, every, which, 或所有格時(shí)，則不要再加冠詞。5. 可數(shù)名詞前應(yīng)用many, few, a few, a lot of 來(lái)修飾，people，police是可數(shù)名詞，且是復(fù)數(shù)名詞，6. 不可數(shù)名詞前可以用a little, little, a lot of, some來(lái)修飾7. 集合名詞如果指某個(gè)集合的整體，為單數(shù)，指某個(gè)集合體中的個(gè)體則為復(fù)數(shù)。family ，class, team8. 物質(zhì)名詞是不可數(shù)名詞，在使用中不可以加s，即它沒(méi)有復(fù)數(shù)形式。也不可加不定冠詞。但如果用于特指某一物質(zhì)時(shí)可以加定冠詞。如：I dont like drinking coffee, but the coffee in that cup is really good.9.物質(zhì)名詞如要加計(jì)量時(shí)，一定要加量詞，只有coffee可以用coffees來(lái)取代many cups of coffee.10.加s構(gòu)成所有格的名詞一般應(yīng)指有生命的人或物，在英文中對(duì)時(shí)間、距離等名詞的所有格多用s來(lái)構(gòu)成而不用of結(jié)構(gòu)。11.注意英語(yǔ)中更多的名詞是含有多種用法和多種含意的. room為可數(shù)名詞時(shí)為“房間”做空間講則不可數(shù)glass 玻璃glasses 眼鏡stone 石料a stone 一塊石頭time 時(shí)間two times 兩次wood 木頭woods 樹林12. 名詞除了在句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)外，還可以用來(lái)修飾另一個(gè)名詞，這時(shí)作修飾詞的名詞一般要用單數(shù)形式，如：shoe factory (鞋廠),post office(郵局),evening paper (晚報(bào)),night school (夜校),head master (校長(zhǎng)),a law school (法律學(xué)院)。但也有例外，如:a goods train(貨車),sports meeting (運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì))。13. 英語(yǔ)中有些名詞單復(fù)同形，如：fish, deer, sheep, Chinese (中國(guó)人), means (方法)。one fish, two fish, one Chinese, two Chinese. There are five fishes in the pool.池中有五種魚而不是五條魚。14. 英語(yǔ)中有些名詞只有復(fù)數(shù)形式，如：thanks,而有些詞單數(shù)形式與復(fù)數(shù)形式有不同的詞意。如:clothes 為衣服，而cloth則是布， sand沙子，而sands是沙灘。15.英語(yǔ)中表示祝賀的詞雖有單數(shù)形式，但一般要用其復(fù)數(shù)形式。如握手為shake hands.16.英國(guó)人Englishman的復(fù)數(shù)形式為Englishmen，而German 則加s.17.在大寫字母縮寫形式的復(fù)數(shù)表達(dá)法中應(yīng)加s，但字母是A、I時(shí)，以及在小寫字母與數(shù)字的復(fù)數(shù)形式則要用s即As，Is，3s18.一般組合名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)形式時(shí)只將詞中心詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)如：half brother-half brothers(同父異母或同母異父的兄弟)daughter in law-daughters in law,(兒媳)boy student-boy students注意：man driver-men drivers woman doctor-women doctors grown up-grown ups(成年人) 19. 以s結(jié)尾但只能用作單數(shù)名詞有：科學(xué)，學(xué)科名字：Physics. Mathematics politics， 游戲名稱：bowls ，專有名稱：Niagara Falls(尼亞加拉瀑布) ，其他名詞：news(消息，新聞)20.people是復(fù)數(shù)名詞，不可用作單數(shù)，如要用來(lái)講一個(gè)人時(shí)應(yīng)用a person, a man, a woman。同樣的詞有police.要講一個(gè)警察時(shí)則要用a policeman, a policewoman。20. 只用作復(fù)數(shù)形式的詞trousers, pants, shorts(短褲)，socks(襪子),shoes, gloves(手套).但如果只找其中的一個(gè)則要指明，還應(yīng)用單數(shù)形式。21. 英語(yǔ)中便士有兩個(gè)復(fù)數(shù)形式pence用來(lái)表達(dá)一定數(shù)量的錢；而pennies是指一個(gè)個(gè)的硬幣22. 物質(zhì)名詞為不可數(shù)名詞，表示種類時(shí)則可以用作可數(shù)名詞如：fruit23. 有生命名詞的所有格，如果是單數(shù)名詞則加s；如果是以s結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞則只在s后面加；如果是復(fù)數(shù)名詞但不是以s結(jié)尾，則只加s；如名詞后有同位語(yǔ)時(shí)，則應(yīng)加在同位語(yǔ)的詞尾上如：It is my girl friend, Marys car；當(dāng)兩個(gè)名詞并列時(shí)，如表示歸兩人共同所有，則在最后一個(gè)名詞后面加s；如果表示分別所有則在兩個(gè)名詞后分別加s.24. 無(wú)生命名詞的所有格用of結(jié)構(gòu)。但是s形式的所有格可用于以下無(wú)生命的名詞 1.表示時(shí)間的詞：todays newspaper, a twenty minutes walk, an hours, rest 2.表示長(zhǎng)度的詞：three metres distance, a boats length， twenty miles journey 3. 表示重量的名詞：two pounds weight 4.價(jià)格名詞：two dollarsworth 5.擬人化的名詞：Natures work, natures lesson(大自然的教訓(xùn))6.國(guó)家、機(jī)關(guān)、團(tuán)體、城市等機(jī)構(gòu)性名詞：the universitys library25. 習(xí)慣用法：He is an old friend of my fathers.26.一般動(dòng)詞加上er后則轉(zhuǎn)意為執(zhí)行該動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，如:teach(教)teacher(老師),think(想)thinker(思想家),drive(開(kāi)車)driver(司機(jī)),sell(賣)seller(賣物者)但cook是動(dòng)詞“做飯”。而cook也可作為名詞“廚師”講，而cooker則為廚具。27.英文中用定冠詞加上形容詞表示一類人時(shí)+謂（復(fù)）如：the rich 富人，the poor(窮人),the wise 聰明人，但如果用定冠詞加形容詞來(lái)表示事物則要用作單數(shù)名詞，The beautiful is still here.美麗的風(fēng)景依舊。28.謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要和真正的主語(yǔ)一致。The stories of the book were written many years ago.29.one of意為“之一”，of后面的名詞要用復(fù)數(shù)形式。30.uncle Wangs 意為“王叔叔家”，doctors意為“醫(yī)院或私人診所”。31.make friends 為習(xí)慣用法，即交朋友32.不可數(shù)名詞，加了量詞之后則要用many來(lái)修飾量詞，因量詞是可數(shù)名詞，或可以說(shuō)I want to tell you some good news.因some 即可用在可數(shù)名詞前，也可用在不可數(shù)名詞前作形容詞，如：I want to tell you some pieces of good news.33.由with引出的介詞短語(yǔ)不是句子的主語(yǔ)，與連詞and有區(qū)別34.不可數(shù)名詞，代替它的詞要用it而不能用them.35.many a 加可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)，作主語(yǔ)時(shí)其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用單數(shù)形式.其意為許多.36.英文中cloth,clothes,clothing是易混之詞：cloth是物質(zhì)名詞，意為“布”，沒(méi)有復(fù)數(shù)形式，而clothing是指衣物的總稱，也沒(méi)有復(fù)數(shù)形式。clothes是指衣服，但沒(méi)有單數(shù)形式，如：This clothing is needed in warm countries. Her clothes are made of fine cloth.英文中的dress則指較正規(guī)的服裝，如：a school dress 校服，an evening dress晚禮服。37.作為一種學(xué)科名詞前不要用冠詞，而作為某一特指學(xué)科則要加冠詞，如：I like to study history. I like to study the history of America.38.定冠詞加姓加s，則意為“某先生一家人”。應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。39.road是指較寬闊的大道，意為“鄉(xiāng)間公路”，street意為道路兩邊的建筑物較高，為街道之意，而way則多為要到達(dá)某地所要經(jīng)過(guò)的途徑，還可引深為方式、方法。address則為“地址”。40.英文的表達(dá)法與中文時(shí)有不同，中文講，快點(diǎn)，時(shí)間不多了，而英文要講，快點(diǎn)，沒(méi)時(shí)間了。Hurry up!There is little time left.41.用How many提問(wèn)時(shí)，其名詞要用復(fù)數(shù)形式42.就價(jià)格提問(wèn)用how much.43.英文中姓在最后，其第一個(gè)名字是由父母所起的，中間的名字可能是父母、教父所起的，但都可稱作given name,而姓是family name.44.any用于否定句與疑問(wèn)句，但如果要表達(dá)說(shuō)話者真心實(shí)意希望得到肯定答復(fù)時(shí)，問(wèn)句中要用some而不用any. 糾錯(cuò)：1. Please give me a paper.2. Please give me two letter papers.3. My glasses is broken4. I want to buy two shoes.5. May I borrow two radioes?6. This is a Marys dictionary.7. There are much people in the garden.8. I want a few water.9. Thank you very much. Your family is very kind to me.10. Toms and Marys family are waiting for us.11. Im sorry. I have to go. Toms families are waiting for me.12. Dont eat too much meats.13. Food in that restaurant is very good.14. Please give me two waters.15. Ill tell you a good news.16. Can you give me the newspaper of today?17. Please make a room for the lady in the school bus.18. There is a flowers garden behind my house.19. My mother bought two fishes for supper this morning.20. Mary expressed her thank to her boy friend.21.I offered my son my congratulation on his success.22.We have five German in this meeting.23.There are two As in this word.24.There are three 6s and two 3s in my telephone number.25.We have many woman teachers in our school.26.Physics are very difficult to learn.27.There is a people in the room.28.Where is my shoe?29.I paid five pennies for the sweet.30.There are many fruit in the shop.31.There is a new car. It is Jones and Marys.32.It is really beautiful. It is a work of nature.33.He is an old friend of my father.34.My father is a good cooker.35.The young is dancing there.36.The stories of the book was written many years ago.37.This is one of the EnglishChinese dictionary.38.Lets go to uncle Wang for supper.39.I think we will make a friend with each other.40.I want to tell you much pieces of good news.41.The teacher with five students are coming here.42.There are a lot of information here, but we dont need them.43.Many a student make the same mistake in the exam.44.The children wear very good cloth to go to school today.45.I like to study the English.46.The Browns is going to visit China.選擇：1. Lucy and Lilyin the same class. A. am B. is C. are D. be 2.Which is the to the bus stop， please?A road B way C street D address 3. Hurry up!There is time left.A little B a little C few D a few4. How many can you see in the picture?A tomatos B tomatoes C tomato D the tomato 5. is the meat. Please?Ten yuan a kilo.A How much B How many C How old D How long6 The boys name is James Allen Green. So his given name is.A James Allen B Allen Green C James Green D Mr. Green7. Shanghai is one of the biggestin our country.A city B citys C citys D cities8. Would you please pass me?A two paper