某些名詞的復(fù)數(shù)或加后綴s后的意義變化.doc

名詞的復(fù)數(shù)或加后綴s的意義變化1. 由動詞轉(zhuǎn)化來的行為抽象名詞?？梢赞D(zhuǎn)化為可數(shù)名詞被事件化或物化.而成為可數(shù)名詞，常用其復(fù)數(shù)。如:(1) experience-experiences 經(jīng)驗(yàn)-經(jīng)歷Generally speaking, the human race has the information and experience to do this.一般說來,人類有知識和經(jīng)驗(yàn)作這件事.The interview went on well and I told the company my experiences.面試進(jìn)行順利,我向公司講述了我的經(jīng)歷.Our journey by camel was quite an experience.我們騎駱駝的旅行真是一次了不起的經(jīng)歷.(2) exercise-exercises 鍛煉-練習(xí),操練They eat too much fat and sugar and dont take enough exercise.他們食用太多的糖和脂肪,而且鍛煉不夠.In competitions women perform some of their exercises to music.在比賽中她們和著音樂完成一些動作.(3) relation-relations 關(guān)系-交往活動The relation between wages and prices is important.物價(jià)與工資間的關(guān)系是重要的.Manners are important to happy relations among people.人與人之見的交往活動中禮貌是重要的.(4) congratulation-congratulations 祝賀-道喜Dont waste time on self-congratulation; there is still work to do.不要浪費(fèi)時(shí)間自我恭維,還有工作要做.“Hooray!” shouted Class 3 “Well done, everyone! Congratulations ,Lin Tao!” “烏拉!”三班的同學(xué)們叫嚷道, “好球,同學(xué)們!林濤,祝賀你們.”greetings, thanks, wishes, praises, regards, cheers, many happy returns,等常用復(fù)數(shù)形式表示友好,問候,祝愿用語.(5) explanation-explanations 解釋-解釋(的語言,內(nèi)容)What did he say in explanation of his lateness?對他的遲到他作何解釋?English lessons are broadcast every day on the radio with explanations in English and other languages.每天電臺上播出的英語課程都有用英語或其它語言所作的講解.(6) instruction-instructions 教導(dǎo)-教導(dǎo)(的內(nèi)容)Hes not trained, but still under instruction.他還沒有訓(xùn)練出來,繼續(xù)受訓(xùn).Follow your teachers instructions.按你的老師的話去做.(7) contribution-contributions 貢獻(xiàn)-貢獻(xiàn)(的業(yè)績)Payment is by contribution.按貢獻(xiàn)付給報(bào)酬.Before he died, he was honored in a number of ways for his contributions to the film industry.在他逝世之前,他由于在電影事業(yè)方面所作出的貢獻(xiàn)獲得多項(xiàng)榮譽(yù).(8) objection-objections 反對-反對(的言語)To the suggestion that he gave in to the treatment, however, Mr Edison showed a strong objection.然而,對他要接受治療的建議,愛迪生表示出一種強(qiáng)烈的反對.You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting.你膽子真大,敢再會上唱反調(diào).preparation-preparations, repair-repairs,等都有類似的變化用法.(9) possession- possessions 擁有-擁有(的財(cái)產(chǎn))Does the possession of wealth bring happiness?擁有財(cái)富會帶來幸福嗎?Kooris do not believe in owing possessions or land.古利人不相信占有財(cái)產(chǎn)和土地那一套.savings, expenses, belongings, damages, funds, riches, stores, debts, goods, costs, supplies. ( supply -a supply of nicotine, enough supply of electricity, Toms father cut off the supplies.)( in support of somebody-prices supports價(jià)外補(bǔ)貼)這些表示財(cái)產(chǎn),金錢等的詞語常如此.(10) pain-pains 痛苦-努力 The boy was in pain after he broke his arm.那個(gè)男孩折斷了手臂,痛苦不堪.No pains, no gains.沒有努力就沒有收獲.(11) effortefforts 努力-努力 He is strong enough to lift the heavy box without effort. 他力氣大不費(fèi)力就提起了這個(gè)重箱子. His efforts were successful. 他的努力是成功的.(12) attraction un. 吸引力, 吸引 cn. 指吸引人的事物 The film has little attraction for young people.這部電影對年輕人沒有吸引力。 What are the chief attractions of tonights performance? 今晚上演出的主要看點(diǎn)是什么？2. 某些不可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式詞義變化很大.如:(1) value-values 價(jià)值-價(jià)值觀Instead they are writing once more about things that are common for everyone: feeling alone in the modern society, the values of having good friends and so on.而現(xiàn)在他們再一次寫常人常事-現(xiàn)代社會的孤獨(dú)感,交上好朋友的價(jià)值,等等.Some writers are no longer writing about the modern values of the USA-money, success or expensive things to buy.歌曲作者不再寫美國的價(jià)值觀-金錢,成功或購買昂貴物品.(2) condition-conditions (自身的)條件-(外界的)條件You can improve your condition by running everyday.你可以通過天天跑步增強(qiáng)體質(zhì).Coral needs certain conditions to live.珊瑚生長需要一定的條件.(3) interest-interests 興趣-興趣,利潤Talk about a visit to a place of interest near your home or school談?wù)劦侥慵一驅(qū)W校附近的名勝游覽的事.He shows a great interest in this subject.他對這題目有濃厚的興趣.Flower arrangement is one of her many interests.插花是她的諸多愛好之一.He traveled in Asia in the interests of a business firm.為了公司的利益他奔波在亞洲.I still have large business interests.我還有很大的商業(yè)利潤.(4) word-words 消息，諾言，口令-話語I just got word he is not coming this evening.我剛得到消息說他今晚上要來.Upon my word, Ill land you safe in Liverpool我保證,我要把你們安全送到利物浦.He gave the word and they let him in.他答出了口令,他們把他讓進(jìn)去. Before I could get in a word he had measured me.我還沒來得及開口他就給我量了身材.(5) appearance-appearances 出現(xiàn)-外表My appearance at the party was not very welcome.我在聚會上不大受歡迎.Dont judge by appearances.不要以貌取人.look-looks, spirit-spirits, air-airs, expression-expressions, feeling-feelings, time-times,等等都屬于此類情況.(6) brain-brains 大腦-腦子(智慧)The brain is the center of higher nervous activity.大腦是高級神經(jīng)活動的中心.For those who work with their brains most of the day, the practice of such skills is especially useful.對那些以腦力勞動為主的人,這種訓(xùn)練活動尤其有用.He wants brains.他不聰明.(7) right-rights 權(quán)利They have no right to vote.他們沒有選舉權(quán).There black people had equal rights and were more free to live.在那里黑人享有平等的權(quán)利而且更自由地生活.(8) part-parts 部分-地區(qū)BBC English is part of the BBC World Service.BBC英語是英國廣播公司的組成部分.In parts of Asia you must not sit with your feet pointing at another person.在亞洲的一些地區(qū)人們不可以坐著把腳對著別人.(9) mean-means 中間,中部;中庸-辦法,工具,手段;財(cái)產(chǎn);財(cái)力;收入We must strike a mean and find a house thats not too big or too small. 我們得采取折衷辦法,找一所不太大也不太小的房子。 It is all a means to an end. 這只是達(dá)到目的的一種手段。 He is living beyond his means. 他入不敷出。 They talk a great deal by this means.用這種方式他們大量交流.All possible means have been tried without any result.所有的辦法都試了.毫無結(jié)果.與means一樣的單復(fù)數(shù)同形的名詞如 :works (工廠)等.3. 物質(zhì)名的復(fù)數(shù)形式含有“極大的量”或“域”的概念.(1) water-waters Still waters run deep.大智若愚.(2) rock-rocksIt took us a long time to get over the rocks.我們花很長時(shí)間才翻過懸崖.(3) ruin-ruinsThe ruins were soon covered by thick forests.廢墟很快被森林覆蓋.(4) flood-floods 洪水The town was destroyed by the floods after the storm.這座小鎮(zhèn)被風(fēng)暴后的洪水毀了.sands, woods, wastes, mountains, remains, ashes,等都表示類似的意義.(5) chain-chains 鏈條-鎖鏈Born a freeman, he was now in chains.出生時(shí)是自由人,現(xiàn)在戴上了鐐銬.take turns, take sides, take up arms, 等用法中的名詞復(fù)數(shù)與此類似.4還有一些名詞的復(fù)數(shù)會產(chǎn)生意義變化: advice建議 advices行情; dama