Tourism and cultural heritage譯文.doc

Tourism and cultural heritage旅游與文化遺產(chǎn)（abridge）Tourism to sites of cultural and natural significance has existed at least since the time of Greek Antiquity, as reflected by Hellenistic worlds invention of the Seven Wonders of the World. In more recent times, 157 countries have ratified the World Heritage Convention of 1972 (protecting the worlds cultural and natural heritage), and 582 sites are inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List. UNESCOS Director General F. Mayor expressed it this way:早在古希臘時代，就興起了去人文和自然風(fēng)光景點的觀光，希臘人發(fā)現(xiàn)世界七大奇跡就反映了這一點。到了近代，157個國家通過了1972年世界遺產(chǎn)公約（用來保護文化與自然遺產(chǎn)）并且有582個景點被列入聯(lián)合國教科文組織（UNESCO）的世界遺產(chǎn)名錄。該組織總監(jiān)F.Mayer 這樣表述：“The potential benefits of World Heritage extend far beyond the sites which have been listed, since these areas can play a leadership role in setting standards for protected areas as a whole, can bring resources for training which will be of wider application, and can be” flagships “in terms of raising public awareness of conservation issues.” “世界遺產(chǎn)的潛在價值遠遠超出了名單內(nèi)的這些景點，而這些景點在為所有受保護區(qū)域樹立標(biāo)準(zhǔn)方面起著領(lǐng)軍作用，帶出具有更廣泛用途的培訓(xùn)資源，并成為培養(yǎng)公眾關(guān)注保護問題的旗幟?！盩ogether with other culture and nature areas, these World Heritage Sites are important tourism attractions and form the backbone of the tourism industry. Indeed, inscription on the World Heritage List can quickly cause a site to become a major tourist attraction. There is some debate regarding the exact size and growth of tourism, but it clearly is one of the largest industries in the world, if not the absolute largest. The World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC) estimates that tourism generated 192 million jobs and $3.6 billion in GDP in 1999, which is 12% of the world total. WTTC forecasts continued growth, with annual rates of 3% between 1999 and 2010 for the world as a whole. 這些世界遺產(chǎn)景觀和其他人文自然景點都是重要的旅游熱點，成為旅游業(yè)的支柱。的確，名列世界遺產(chǎn)名錄能使景點迅速變成一大熱門景觀。盡管對于旅游業(yè)的確切規(guī)模和增長還存在異議，但是，即使旅游業(yè)不是全球最大的行業(yè)，它也顯然是其中之一。據(jù)世界旅游業(yè)管理委員會（WTTC）估算：1999年旅游業(yè)創(chuàng)造了1.92 億個工作崗位和36億美金的國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值，這占世界GDP總值的12%。WTTC預(yù)測，在1999到2010年間，這個數(shù)值將在全球范圍內(nèi)以每年3%的速度繼續(xù)增長。In short, tourisms economic impact is significant and still growing. Moreover, much of the employment and associated income involves foreign exchange earnings. In addition, though there is wide variability across destinations and regions, tourism generally provides jobs of various types (from unskilled to skilled, part-time to full-time) and for both genders. Thus, tourism can make an important contribution to economic development. Tourism also generates a variety of other impacts, both positive and negative. For example, it can help keep traditions alive and finance the protection of cultural and natural heritage, as well as increase visitor appreciation of that heritage. Conversely, tourism can damage heritage when not well managed. Thus, there is a tension between tourism and cultural and natural heritage management, indeed between tourism and broader societal values. Tourism is a double-edged sword. As noted by UNESCO: 簡而言之，旅游業(yè)的經(jīng)濟效益巨大并在持續(xù)增長。而且很多就業(yè)機會和相關(guān)收入包擴外匯交易收益。另外，盡管不同的目的地和地區(qū)存在極大的變動，但總體而言，旅游業(yè)為男女都提供了多種類型的崗位（從非技術(shù)工到熟手，從兼職到全職），因此為經(jīng)濟發(fā)展做出了巨大貢獻。同時旅游業(yè)也產(chǎn)生了許多其他影響，有正面的也有負(fù)面的。例如，旅游有助于保持傳統(tǒng)長存并為保護自然人文遺產(chǎn)提供資金，也能增進游客對于遺產(chǎn)的了解。反之若管理不善，旅游也可能毀壞遺跡。因此旅游和自然人文遺產(chǎn)管理之間實質(zhì)上是旅游業(yè)和社會總體價值觀之間存在微妙的平衡。旅游業(yè)仿佛一把雙刃劍。正如聯(lián)合國教科文組織所述：Cultural tourism can encourage the revival of traditions and the restoration of sited and monuments. But unbridled tourism can have the opposite effect. Here there is a real dilemma. Is there not a risk that the boom in cultural tourism, by the sheer weight of numbers involved, may harbour the seeds of its own destruction by eroding the very cultures and sites that are its stock in trade? 人文觀光可促進傳統(tǒng)文化的復(fù)興以及景點遺址的重建。但不加管理的旅游也能導(dǎo)致相反的作用。這確實是個兩難的選擇。如果只顧增加和擴大來追求人文觀光的興盛，就會破壞用于商業(yè)的文化和景點，這其中是否蘊藏著自我毀滅的風(fēng)險呢？Or, as stated by Egyptologist Rainer Stadelman, “Tourism is already a catastrophe. But we have to admit that without tourism there would be no public interest, and without that there would be no money for our work.” The tension between symbiosis and conflict has been repeated in many contexts and provides the motivation for this report. On the one hand, cultural heritage can serve as a tourism attraction, while tourism can lead to financial and political support for management of this heritage. On the other hand, there is also potential conflict insofar as tourism can damage cultural heritage, and limits on visitation can damage tourism (or hinder its expansion). 或如埃及古物學(xué)者 Rainer Stadelman 所說，“旅游已經(jīng)成為一種災(zāi)難。但我們不得不承認(rèn)，沒有旅游就不會引起公眾關(guān)注，我們也不會有研究經(jīng)費?！惫泊媾c矛盾的平衡在上下文中已經(jīng)反復(fù)提及，也是我寫這篇報告的主要目的。一方面文化遺產(chǎn)作為名勝，旅游能為遺產(chǎn)的管理引進財政收入和政治支持；另一方面，由于旅游可能破壞文化遺產(chǎn)而限制觀光進而影響旅游業(yè)（或是妨礙其發(fā)展），這就是其中的潛在矛盾。What is clear is that tourism is growing and will have an increasing impact on cultural heritage. In its forecast Tourism: 2020 Vision, the World Tourism Organization (WTO) predicts that cultural tourism will be one of the five key tourism market segments in the future, and notes that growth in this area will present an increasing challenge in terms of managing visitor flows to cultural sites. The focus of this report is how to promote symbiosis rather than conflict, and particularly how development cooperation can facilitate achievement of this objective. 顯而易見的是旅游業(yè)在增長，并且對文化遺產(chǎn)產(chǎn)生越來越大的作用。世界旅游組織（WTO）在其2020年旅游業(yè)展望中預(yù)言，人文觀光將成為將來的五大旅游關(guān)鍵市場分支中的一支，并表示該領(lǐng)域的增長將對管理人文景點的游客流量提出挑戰(zhàn)。本報告的重點就在于如何促進共存減少矛盾，尤其是如何發(fā)展協(xié)作促進這一目標(biāo)的實現(xiàn)。The means to achieve symbiosis is to pursue well-managed tourism in cultural and natural heritage settings. Although members of the tourism industry may oppose specific measures or management in specific settings, industry organizations note that “the challenge is to manage the future growth of the industry so as to minimize its negative impacts on the environment and host communities whilst maximizing the benefits it bright in terms of jobs, wealth and support for local culture and industry protection of the built and natural environment.” 達到共存的方法是堅持一定規(guī)則，有序地管理人文自然遺產(chǎn)游覽。盡管旅游業(yè)界成員可能會反對特定規(guī)則下的特殊措施或管理，但行業(yè)協(xié)會強調(diào)，“管理未來行業(yè)增長，降低對環(huán)境和周邊的負(fù)面影響，并通過就業(yè)，資金，對地方文化的支持，人工修建以及自然環(huán)境的產(chǎn)業(yè)保護實現(xiàn)旅游業(yè)的最大收益，這就是挑戰(zhàn)?！盜t is worth noting several limitations, assumptions, and definitions in the context of this report. First the focus is on cultural heritage. However, cultural and natural heritage often overlap, such that issues, examples, and experiences from nature tourism can also be relevant in the present context (and vice versa). Second, the focus is on tourism, but it is recognized that the involvement of development agencies in cultural heritage clearly goes beyond tourism. Culture, like nature, can be an important component of economic development generally, not just in tourism. Moreover, cultures provide benefits internationally to those who have not visited, and may never visit, sites. Such “existence” and “option” values helped motivate funding for environmental programs such as the Global Environment Facility (a multi-billion dollar fund for environmental projects), and similar values in the culture context also justify development cooperation. 本報告上下文中提及的一些限制，設(shè)想和定義值得注意。首先，焦點是人文遺產(chǎn)。然而人文和自然遺產(chǎn)通常是相互交疊的，例如人文遺產(chǎn)這個術(shù)語，自然觀光的經(jīng)歷也可能與現(xiàn)在討論的人文遺產(chǎn)相關(guān)（反之亦然）。其次，重點是在于旅游，但是眾所周知，開發(fā)商介入文化遺產(chǎn)顯然超越了旅游的范疇。同自然一樣，文化不僅是旅游業(yè)，它同時也可以作為整體經(jīng)濟發(fā)展中的重要組成部分。此外，文化對那些沒有來過可能永遠不會來參觀該景點的人大有裨益。這些“存在性”和“選擇性”的價值有助于為環(huán)境工程如全球環(huán)境基金（一個資產(chǎn)數(shù)十億的環(huán)境保護項目基金）提供資金，文化范疇內(nèi)的類似價值也有助于合作發(fā)展。Third, for purposes of this report, cultural heritage tourism (CHT) is viewed as travel concerned with experiencing cultural environments, including landscapes, the visual and performing arts, and special lifestyles, values, traditions and events. It is important to stress that CHT involves not only tangible or visible heritage such as sites, colors, materials, and settlement patterns, but also intangible heritage such as societal structures, traditions, values, and religion. 第三點，關(guān)于本報告的目的，文化遺產(chǎn)的觀光 (CHT) 被視為一種體驗文化氛圍，包括風(fēng)景，視覺和表演藝術(shù)，特殊生活方式，價值觀，風(fēng)俗活動的游覽。有一點特別值得強調(diào)：CHT 包含的不僅是切實可見的遺產(chǎn)如景點，色彩，物質(zhì)和部落模式，更涵蓋了抽象范圍的社會結(jié)構(gòu)，傳統(tǒng)，價值觀和信仰。However, the primary focus of this report will be on tangible culture. Tourism can be, and often is defined quite broadly to include business and other forms of travel. The present focus is on recreational travel, the “l(fā)aymans” concept of tourism. Likewise, the focus will not be on volunteer tourism, in which “tourist” work on projects, though this can be a