西方文化歷史簡(jiǎn)答題.doc

1. Give a brief account of the major achievements of Greek culture, such as those in religion, philosophy, literature and science.Greek religion is an important origin of Greek mythology which was fully developed by the religious tales of the Homeric epic and thus affected the later development of all kinds of Greek culture. 希臘宗教文化是希臘神話的重要起源，而希臘神話又全部是由菏馬史詩(shī)中的宗教故事發(fā)展而來(lái)，希臘宗教還影響了后來(lái)希臘各種文化的發(fā)展。The core Greek philosophers are Socrates, Plato and Aristotle.希臘哲學(xué)的三大核心是蘇格拉底，柏拉圖和亞里士多德。蘇格拉底不喜金銀珠寶，一心致力于探求行為問(wèn)題和倫理的定義，如 友誼 和 勇氣。柏拉圖建立了希臘的第一個(gè)高等教育機(jī)構(gòu)，學(xué)院。亞里士多德的哲學(xué)成就主要在于形而上學(xué)論，他試圖達(dá)到物質(zhì)于與神學(xué)間的妥協(xié)。Literary representation centered round the two epic poems of the Iliad and the Odyssey, those works combined Greek myths and social life and won much appreciation and enthusiasm from the public. 在文學(xué)方面的成就主要表現(xiàn)在伊利亞特奧德賽這兩部史詩(shī)。這兩部作品結(jié)合了希臘神話的現(xiàn)實(shí)生活，獲得了大眾的贊賞和喜愛(ài)。In science the mathematician Euclid established plane geometry 在科學(xué)方面，數(shù)學(xué)家歐幾里德建立了平面幾何。2. What do you think of the influence Greek culture has exerted on Western civilization as a whole? Give examples.希臘文化對(duì)西方文明的影響Greek culture is often termed the cradle of the Western civilization and has a enormous impact on Western culture. The specific contributions are found in the area of politics,philosophy,literature and art ,the development of society ,and so on.希臘文化經(jīng)常被認(rèn)為是西方文明的搖籃，對(duì)西方文化有極大影響。主要的貢獻(xiàn)在于政治 哲學(xué) 文學(xué)和藝術(shù),社會(huì)的發(fā)展等Greek politics was one of the greatest influences on the Western civilization. The Greeks were the first to successfully create a government based on the consensus of the people and thus provided a foundation for Western democracy.希臘政治對(duì)西方文明產(chǎn)生的影響最大。希臘第一個(gè)成功建立了以人民的共識(shí)為基礎(chǔ)的政府，為西方的民主政治提供了基礎(chǔ)。The second significant influence was that of philosophy. The Socratic idea about ethics and knowledge helped the Westerners care more for the effect of knowledge and value of morality, 第二個(gè)最重要的影響是哲學(xué)。蘇格拉底的對(duì)于道德和知識(shí)的觀點(diǎn)幫助西方人更多關(guān)注于知識(shí)的影響和道德的價(jià)值。In literature and art, later generations of Westerners have benefited a lot from Greek culture, such as those in painting, sculpture, architecture, drama, poetry and historical works. 在文學(xué)和藝術(shù)方面，后一代的西方人從希臘文化中受益匪淺，例如繪畫，雕塑，建筑，戲劇，詩(shī)歌，歷史著作。In the development of society,Classicism is one of the crucial sources of Greek culture, westerners regard it as the origin of the Renaissance. This changed the intellectual condition of the later medieval period and open the way to the modern era in West. 古典主義是希臘文化的重要來(lái)源，而西方人將古典主義認(rèn)為是文藝復(fù)興的起源，而這改變了中世紀(jì)后期的知識(shí)的條件，在西方打開(kāi)了一條通往現(xiàn)代的途徑。3. In what sense do you think Roman culture owed its accomplishments to the benefits obtained from Greek culture? Give examples. 在何種程度上你認(rèn)為羅馬的成就是歸功于希臘文化呢It is universally acknowledged that Roman culture learned and inherited a lot from Greek culture. those are demonstrated in religion, philosophy and literature.眾所周知，羅馬文化學(xué)習(xí)和繼承了許多希臘文化，這可以體現(xiàn)在宗教，哲學(xué)和文學(xué)。In religion, most of the gods in Roman myths came from Greek legends in terms of function and contribution to their myths. The parallel arrangement of gods provide accurate evidence to show the similarity of the two religions and Roman wisdom in borrowing fine elements from an external culture is obvious.在宗教方面，在作用和對(duì)他們神話的貢獻(xiàn)上，羅馬神話中的大部分神都是來(lái)自希臘神話。眾神的平行安排提供了這兩個(gè)宗教間相似點(diǎn)，而羅馬人借用外來(lái)文化的好元素的智慧是顯露無(wú)疑的。In philosophy,we can find examples to demonstrate Greek influence on their Roman counterpart. The best example is perhaps Stoicism and Epicureanism originated from Greece and were further developed and modified in Rome.在哲學(xué)方面，我們也可以找到例子去證明希臘對(duì)羅馬的影響。最好的例子就是禁欲主義和享受主義在羅馬的發(fā)展和改進(jìn)。In literature, Roman men of letters also borrowed a great deal from Greek culture. For example, one could find lots of traces of Greek tragedy in Roman drama. 在文學(xué)方面，羅馬人的信件也從希臘文化中借鑒了不少。例如，在羅馬戲劇中可以找到大量的希臘悲劇色彩All in all, the two cultures are closely linked partly because Greek culture is so illustrious that no one could leave it out without picking up something from it. The Roman people were sufficiently intelligent that they could not refuse to take such an opportunity to learn something when the opportunity was available.總之這兩種文化聯(lián)系緊密，其中一部分原因就是因?yàn)橄ＥD文化如此著名，以至于沒(méi)有人可以不帶痕跡得離開(kāi)這個(gè)文明。羅馬人足夠睿智他們不能拒絕抓住機(jī)會(huì)學(xué)點(diǎn)什么，尤其這機(jī)會(huì)唾手可得。4. What would you say about the Jewish contribution to Christianity and Western culture? Give examples to show how Jewish culture relates to and differs from Greek culture. 猶太文化對(duì)基督教和西方文化的貢獻(xiàn)是什么，猶太文化與希臘文化的聯(lián)系和不同有哪些1.The Jewish has done much for the foundation of Christianity and the transmission of western culture. One of the example is Jewish assistance to the establishment of Christianity.猶太人對(duì)基督教的建立和西方文化的傳播起到了很大的作用。其中一個(gè)例子就是猶太人對(duì)基督教的建立的幫助。2.Roman persecution of Jews.1.It was the Jews who worked as the early organizers and participants in the underground activities of the Christians. 早期基督教地下活動(dòng)的組織者和參與者是猶太人。3.Also some of the principal ideas in Christian beliefs came from Jewish culture, like the concept of the Messiah, which first came out of the Babylonian Captivity when the imprisoned Jews longed for someone to save them. 而且基督教信仰的一些主要觀點(diǎn)也來(lái)自猶太教。例如彌賽亞，最早來(lái)自于猶太人被關(guān)押在巴比倫監(jiān)獄時(shí)所祈求的救世主。4.Christianity had been nourished from Jewish culture by the plus of other ideas. especially from the Old Testament. This plus helped provide a fairly/quite large body of influence to the eventual establishment and development of Christianity. 基督教通過(guò)與其他文化的融合從希臘文化中汲取了營(yíng)養(yǎng)，尤其是舊約。這種融合也給基督教的建立和發(fā)展帶來(lái)了相當(dāng)大的影響。5.Overall, the original difference between Greek culture and Jewish culture resides in the fact that the Greeks were concerned with the rational aspect of the world while the Jew cared more about the human spirit. Hence both sides have benefited from each other with the cultural communication since then.總之，希臘與猶太最原始的不同在于希臘人關(guān)心世界的理性部分，而猶太人關(guān)注人的精神部分。因此，從那以后雙方都受益于彼此的文化交流。 5.Why could Christianity be accepted as the official religion first by the Roman Empire and then by the following kingdoms or empires in Europe?為什么羅馬帝國(guó)認(rèn)定基督教為國(guó)教？a. For the common people in the empire who were fed up with wars and social turmoil, they needed something to fill up their spiritual vacuum. Christianity could play such a role to pacify and comfort them with love and care more effectively than other organizations or religions. 因?yàn)榱_馬的帝國(guó)的大部分人飽受戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)和社會(huì)動(dòng)蕩之苦，他們需要精神支柱，基督教可以擔(dān)起這個(gè)角色，用愛(ài)和關(guān)心有效地平息和安撫他們，相比其他組織和宗教來(lái)說(shuō)。b. It could work together with any secular regimes to offer necessary assistance to control ideologically and intellectually the ordinary people, which was thus welcomed by the kings, emperors or aristocrats.基督教可以和任何世俗的政權(quán)共同作用，為在思想上和智力上控制普通民眾提供幫助。這受到了國(guó)王，皇帝，貴族的喜愛(ài)。c. The name and influence of Christianity would be a symbol of sacredness and justification, which would help the majority of people to accept the reign of a newly emerging ruler and his followers.基督教的名稱和影響將會(huì)成為神圣和正義的象征，這會(huì)幫助大部分的人接受新出現(xiàn)的統(tǒng)治者和他的追隨者。d. Christianity is also a kind of culture, which to many people suggests social stability and recovery of an old life style they are accustomed to. Though conservative as well, it could be tolerated because their life and property could thus be secured in the changed circumstances.基督教也是一種文化，據(jù)此人們認(rèn)為的社會(huì)穩(wěn)定和人們所習(xí)慣的生活風(fēng)格的恢復(fù)。雖然同樣保守，但他們可以接受基督教是因?yàn)樗麄兊纳詈拓?cái)產(chǎn)在這變化中的情景下可以得以保存。6.What are