虛擬語氣完成稿.doc

新鄉(xiāng)市一中高一年級英語輔導(dǎo)配套學(xué)案 （內(nèi)部資料，注意保存，版權(quán)所有，翻印必究）語法專題：虛擬語氣英語有三種語氣陳述語氣、虛擬語氣和祈使語氣。陳述語氣表示事實(shí)上發(fā)生的事情或客觀存在的情況。虛擬語氣表示假定、想象、愿望等非事實(shí)觀念。祈使語氣用來表示請求、邀請。命令、警告和勸告等。虛擬語氣一直都被認(rèn)為是英語學(xué)習(xí)中的一個(gè)難點(diǎn)，因此也便成為了各類考試的熱點(diǎn)?，F(xiàn)就虛擬語氣的一些問題歸納如下，以幫助解決虛擬語氣這個(gè)語法難點(diǎn)?？键c(diǎn)一、 動(dòng)詞wish后賓語從句中的虛擬語氣, 其后接從句常用過去時(shí)態(tài)表虛擬語氣。接一般過去時(shí)表示與現(xiàn)在相反，接過去完成時(shí)或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞加完成時(shí)表示與過去相反。如：I wish we had more money. I wish I had never met him. I wish I could have attended the meeting yesterday.1 用wish表示現(xiàn)在的祝愿和報(bào)歉。 其句子結(jié)構(gòu)為：賓語從句的謂語be和were(was)，實(shí)義動(dòng)詞用過去式。例：I wish she were at home this time. 2 用wish表示對過去事情的遺憾。 其句子結(jié)構(gòu)為：賓語從句的謂語用過去完成時(shí)或could+現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。例：I wish I hadn t hurt him so much。 3 用wish表示對將來事情的愿望。 其句子結(jié)構(gòu)為賓語從句的謂語為would/could/might+動(dòng)詞原形。例：I wish I might be able to come tomorrow 。1. I wish my father _ as well as _. A.Will dress, you B. be dressed, you C. dressed, you D. dress, you2. I wish I _ longer this morning, but I had to get up and come to class.A. Have slept B. slept C. might have slept D. could have slept考點(diǎn)二、 用在if引導(dǎo)的一般虛擬條件句中的虛擬語氣 結(jié)構(gòu)三種基本的謂語動(dòng)詞形式如下： 所述情況 條件從句 主句與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反 if +主語+動(dòng)詞過去式（be 動(dòng)詞用were） 主語+would/could/might/should +動(dòng)詞原型與過去事實(shí)相反 if +主語+動(dòng)詞過去完成式 主語+would/could/might/should+have過去分詞與將來事實(shí)相反 if+主語+動(dòng)詞過去式 主語+would/could/might/ should +動(dòng)詞原型 if +主語+were to 動(dòng)詞原型 if+主語+should 動(dòng)詞原型其中，should用于第一人稱，would可用于各個(gè)人稱。If I had enough money, I should/would buy a camera. 假如我有足夠的錢，我就買一架照相機(jī)。If I were rich, I would help the poor. 假如我富有，我愿幫助窮人。 If I had had enough money, I would have bought a car.如果我有足夠的錢，我就買新車了。（= I didnt have enough money, so I didnt buy it.） （事實(shí)上我那時(shí)沒有錢，所以我沒買它表示與過去的事實(shí)相反。）If it had not rained yesterday, we should have gone fishing.假如昨天沒下雨的話，我們就釣魚去了。If it should rain tomorrow, I would not go. 萬一明天下雨，我就不去。 If I were to go abroad, I would go to America. 倘若我要出國，我就到美國。 If he went to the party, he would be disappointed. 他如果去參加聚會(huì)的話，他會(huì)后悔的?？键c(diǎn)三、錯(cuò)綜條件虛擬語氣：從句和主句要根據(jù)各自發(fā)所生的時(shí)間選用符合具體時(shí)間的虛擬語氣形式 1 從句表示過去，主句表示現(xiàn)在。 If they had stared the early morning yesterday, they would be here now. 2 從句表示將來，主句表示過去。 If I were not to make a preparation for my experiment this afternoon, I would have gone to see the film with you last night。 3 從句表示過去，主句表示將來。 If we hadn t made adequate preparations, we shouldn t dare to do the experiment next week。 4從句表示將來，主句表示現(xiàn)在。 If we shouldn t have an exam this afternoon. I would go shopping now. If I were you, I would go to night school. （與現(xiàn)在相反）I should have talked to mother if I had thought of it. （與過去相反）If it should be necessary, I could come at six. （與將來相反）If you had followed my advice, you would be better now.（混合型。主句與現(xiàn)在相反，從句與過去相反）If I were you, I would have gone to the theatre last night.（混合型。主句與過去相反，從句與現(xiàn)在相反）1. If Americans_ fewer foods with sugar and salt, their general health _ better.A. Were to , gets B. eat, are C. can, must have been D. ate, would be2. If the Normans had not invaded England in the 10th century, the English Language _ in a very different way.A. Was developing B. developed C. would develop D. would have developed3.It is hard for me to imagine what I would be doing if I _ in love, at the age of 17, with the Melinda Cox Library in my hometown. A. Wouldnt have fallen B. had not fallen C. should fall D. were to fall考點(diǎn)四：由as if、as though引起的與事實(shí)相反的句子，用過去式表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)，用過去完成式表示與過去相反的事實(shí)，用would+動(dòng)詞原形，表示與將來事實(shí)相反，例： John pretends as if he didn t know the thing at all, but in fact he knows it very well. (用過去式表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)) The old man looked at the picture, he felt as though he had gone back to time 20 years ago. （用過去完成式表示與過去相反的事實(shí)） They talked and talked as if they would never meet again (would+動(dòng)詞原形，表示與將來事實(shí)相反) 考點(diǎn)五、在表示建議、命令、要求、忠告等動(dòng)詞的后面，其賓語從句的謂語用“（should）+動(dòng)詞原形”表示虛擬語氣 常用的此類動(dòng)詞有： 表示“要求”的：ask, desire, request, demand, require, beg 表示“提議、勸告、建議”的：move, propose, suggest, recommend, advise, vote 表示“決定、命令”的：decide, order 表示“主張”的：maintain, urge 表示“同意、堅(jiān)持”的：consent, insist 例：The doctor suggested that he (should) try to lose his weight. He insisted that we (should ) tell him the news. 上述動(dòng)詞的名詞形式，demand, desire, requirment, advice, order, decision, recommendation, suggestion, 以及necessity, preference, plan, motion, idea等名詞，其后的表語從句或同位語從句，也用“(should)+動(dòng)詞原形“表示虛擬語氣。The advice is that we (should) leave at once. He idea that we (should)visit Great Wall was warmly welcomed. Mary insisted that John ( should ) come. He ordered that the books be sent at once.考點(diǎn)五、在“It is (was)+形容詞/過去分詞/名詞+that”結(jié)構(gòu)中，主語從句的謂語也用“should+原形動(dòng)詞“表虛擬語氣。如： It is necessary(important, natural, strange, etc.)that we should clean the room every day.It was a pity (a shame, no wonder, etc.)that you should be so careless.It will be desired(suggested, decided, ordered, requested, proposed, etc.)that she should finish her homework this afternoon.總結(jié)：美國英語中省去should, 常用的形容詞和過去分詞有： 表示“要求”的：required, demanded, requested, desired, desirabl。 表示“建議”的：suggested, recommended, 表示“迫切、緊近、重要”的：imperative, urgent, necessary, essential, important, vital 表示“適當(dāng)、較好”的：appropriate, advisable, better, preferable 表示“可能”的：probable, possible 表示“命令”的：ordered 例：It was necessary that we (should) make everything ready ahead of time. It is required that nobody (should)smoke here. It is requested that the cloth (should) be washed at once.It has been suggested that the meeting should be held tomorrow. It is very important that everyone (should ) work well. It is necessary that students (should) master a foreign language.1.Its important that you_ spoken English now and then. A.Might practise B. must pratise C. should practise D. practiced 2.The young man insisted that he _ nothing wrong and _ free. A.Did , set B. did, should be set C. do, be set D. do, must be set 3. It is necessary that the problem _ at once. A. solve B. should solve C. should be solved D. will be solved考點(diǎn)六、由下列名詞或短語引導(dǎo)的虛擬語氣 1“Iest /lest for/for fear that以免、惟恐”引導(dǎo)的從句用“should+動(dòng)詞原形”。 He took a map with him lest he (should ) lose his way there. 2“whether不管、無論”引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句，有時(shí)用動(dòng)詞原形。 All things, whether you know or don t know, exist in the world. 3用“would rather表示“寧愿、但愿”，后面的賓語從句謂語用過去式表示對將來的要求，用過去時(shí)表示對現(xiàn)在的愿望，用過去完成時(shí)表示對過去做的事的懊悔。 Don t live in the world, I would rather( I would just as soon) you died. I would rather you went tomorrow. I would rather everything hadn t happened in the past. 4用“had hoped”表示原來希望做到而實(shí)際上未能實(shí)現(xiàn)的事情，其賓語從句的謂語用“would+動(dòng)詞原形”。 I had hoped that she would go to the U.S. and study there, but she said she liked to stay in China. 考點(diǎn)七、在“It is（high/about）time+that”引導(dǎo)的從句中,謂語動(dòng)詞用一般過去時(shí)，偶爾也可以用should)+動(dòng)詞原形。 It is high (about)time that we left/should leave.(注意與“This is the first/secondtime”后從句中用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的區(qū)別。Its time we went to school.1.- What will you do during the summer holiday? - I dont know, but its high time_ something.A. Im deciding B. Ill decide C. I decided D. I decide2 Id rather you _ there before. Id rather you _ there tomorrow.A. Hadnt been , went B. hadnt been, go c. didnt go, went D. didnt go, go 考點(diǎn)八、用“without/but for/in the absence of ”表示“要不是”，“如果沒有”（相當(dāng)于if it were not for）表示條件時(shí)，句中一般用虛擬語氣。（也可用陳述語氣） Without your help, I couldn t finish my work on time. In the absence of water and air, nothing could live. 考點(diǎn)九、 在if引導(dǎo)的虛擬條件句中，若有were, had, should, 在書面語中可省去if ,此時(shí)，主語后面的主動(dòng)詞（were，had，should等）被移至句首，形成倒裝。 Should there be a good film tomorrow. I would go to the theatre with you. Were it not for your help. I wouldn t be succeed. Were I a bird, I would fly to you.= If I were a bird, I would fly to you,Should it rain tomorrow, I would not go there. = If it should rain tomorrow, I would not go there.萬一明天下雨，我就不去那兒。 Were I you, (=If I were you), I wouldnt do that. Had you come earlier, (=If you had come earlier), you would have seen him.Should it rain, (=If it should rain), I would stay at home.Had it not been for the free tickets, I would not have gone to the films so often.1. _ it rain tomorrow, we would have to put off that visit to the Yangpu Bridge. A.Were B. Should C. Would D. Will2. What would have happened _, as far as the river bank?A. Bob had walked farther B. if Bob should walk farther c. had Bob walked farther D. if Bob walked farther考點(diǎn)十、虛擬語氣在其他場合的運(yùn)用（1）虛擬語氣在as if/as though、even if/even though等引導(dǎo)的表語從句或狀語從句中，如果從句表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去，用過去完成時(shí)；指現(xiàn)在狀況，則用一般過去時(shí)；指將來狀況則用過去將來時(shí)。如：He did it as if he were an expert. Even if she were here, she could not solve the problem.（2）虛擬語氣用在if only引導(dǎo)的感嘆句中。如： If only I were a bird. If only I had taken his advice.考點(diǎn)十一、 動(dòng)詞intend 等表示虛擬語氣, 動(dòng)詞intend, hope, want, plan, mean 等的過去完成時(shí)或過去時(shí)態(tài)、動(dòng)詞用過去式、不定式用完成時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)，表示與過去相反的虛擬語氣。如：He had hoped for a better job, but he didnt get it. I had meant to go on Sunday but have stayed on.I intended to have helped him, but I was very busy at that time.1.-Why havent you posted my letter? -I _ to but I forgot about it. A.Liked B. wished C. intended D. expected2.- You should have thanked her before you left.-I meant_, but when I was leaving I couldnt find her anywhere. A.To do B. to C. doing D. doing so考點(diǎn)十二 as if , but that, as though, if only 等引起的虛擬語氣, 除if 外， as if, but that , as though, if only, suppose（supposing） 等也可以引起虛擬語氣。如： He ordered me about as if I were his servant. They talked as if they had been friends for many years. Suppose I were to lend him , say five pounds. 假如我要借錢給他， 就借5英鎊。1. He smiled as though he _ my thought. A.Read B. was reading C. had read D. has read2.If only he _ to buy some fruit, we would have something to eat.A.Had remembered B. remembered C. will remember D. remembers考點(diǎn)十三、 副詞和介詞引起的虛擬語氣副詞如or, otherwise, 介詞如with, without, but for 等可引起虛擬語氣。如：He telephoned to inform me of your birthday, or I would have known nothing about it.I lost your telephone number, otherwise I would have rung you up long before.Without electricity, human life would be quite difficult today.But for the storm, we should have had a much happier time.1.Without the air to hold some of the suns heat, the earth at night _ , too cold for us to live.A.Would be freezing cold B. will be freezing cold c. would be frozen cold D. can freeze coldly2. The captain kept calm in the terrible storm, otherwise the accident _. A. couldnt be prevented B. mustnt have prevented C. wouldnt have been prevented D. shouldnt prevent考點(diǎn)十四 含蓄條件句有些句子中，沒有表示虛擬語氣的詞，但根據(jù)前后語義，要使用虛擬語氣。如：You could have done better, but you didnt try your best. An honest man would have done that.Five minutes earlier and you could have met her at the station. The trees died. I should have watered them.Everything taken into consideration (=If everything had been taken into consideration), they would have raised their output quickly.1.-I stayed at a hotel while in New York. -Oh, did you? You _ with Barbara.A.Could have stayed B. could stay c. would stay D. must have stayed2. I was really anxious about you. You _ home without a word.A. mustnt leave B. shouldnt have left C. couldnt have left d. neednt leave3. You _ earlier. The train left five minutes ago. A. would come B. should have come C. may come D. have come4. We _ the work on time without your help. A. hadnt had finished B. didnt have finished C. coulnt have finished D. cant have finished5. I told Sally how to get here, but perhaps I _ for her. A. had to write it out B. must have written it out C. should have written it out D. ought to write it out6. _ the rain, we could have a pleasant journey. A. But for B. For all C. Above all D. Except for二、精典名題導(dǎo)解1. When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it _. (NMET 95)A.breaks B.has broken C.were broken D.had been broken 解析：答案為C。本題考查的是as if 引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句中的語氣問題，as if引導(dǎo)的狀語從句如果與事實(shí)一致，不用虛擬語氣，如果與事實(shí)相反，應(yīng)用虛擬語氣。題中“當(dāng)鉛筆的一部分浸在水中，鉛筆看上去好像斷了”。而實(shí)際上鉛筆并未斷，與事實(shí)相反，前半部分陳述是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，因而本句是對一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的虛擬，用were broken。2. I didnt see your sister at the meeting. If she _, she would have met my brother.(NMET 94)A.has come B.did come C.came D.had come解析：答案為D。本題考查的是if條件句中的虛擬語氣。題意是：我在會(huì)議上沒看到你姐姐，故你姐姐沒來。因此如果“她來了”與事實(shí)相反，前面一句交代了虛擬語氣的時(shí)態(tài)是一般過去時(shí)的虛擬，所以if從句中用had+過去分詞。3. If he _, he _that food.Luckily he was sent to the hospital immediately.(NMET 93) A.was warned; would not take B.had been warned; would not have takenC.would be warned; had not taken D.would have been warned; had not taken解析：答案為B。本題考查的是條件狀語從句與主句表示與事實(shí)相反時(shí)虛擬語氣的用法。根據(jù)下一句語境可知，他事先并沒有得到警告，表示過去時(shí)間的虛擬語氣，故選B。三、語法專項(xiàng)練習(xí)：1. But for the help of John, he _ last night. A. should have drowned B. would have drowned C. was drowned D. may have drowned2. If it _ fine tomorrow, we would go for a swim in the sea. A. would beB. should be C. isD. was to3. He suffered a sudden heart attack and her wife found him dead when she got home from work. But _.A. if his wife came back earlier, he might be saved B. if his wife had come back earlier, he might be savedC. if his wife came back earlier, he might have been saved D. if his wife had come back earlier, he might have been saved4. I would rather she _ tomorrow than by plane. A. travel on trainB. traveled by train C. travels by train D. travelling by the train5. How old would you _ if you _ in 1900? A. be; had been born B. be; would be born C. have been; would be bornD. have been; were6. _ the sun, nothing on earth could live. A. Were it not to B. If it were not to C. If it had not been for D. If it were not for7. If he _, give him the message. A. were coming B. would comeC. should comeD. were come8. Were I to move to a foreign country, I _ away all my furniture in my house here. A. would giveB. shall give C. Gave D. will give9. I would go to the concert but I _ no time. A. hadB. had had C. haveD. has10. Would you have told him the answer had it been possible? Yes, I would have, but I _ so busy then.A. had beenB. were C. wasD. am11. Why didnt you buy it?I _ but I didnt have the money. A. wouldB. would haveC. had hadD. had bought12. You should have finished it sooner.I know but I _ the time.A. dont have B. wont haveC. didnt haveD. had not13. _ water, we could not live a day in the desert. A. WithoutB. No C. Having noD. But not for14. If you _ the doctors advice, you would have recovered already. A. Followed B. would followed C. will follow D. had followed15. If he had not lost the money, he _ the piano last week.A. could have boughtB. had bought C. would buyD. have bought答案與解析：1. 選B。but for表示“如果不是的話”，與虛擬語氣搭配使用。2. 選B。表示與將來事實(shí)相反的虛擬語氣，從句用should do或者were to do.3. 選D。表示與過去事實(shí)相反的虛擬語氣 4. 選B。would rather后面的賓語從句用虛擬語氣，形式是：would rather sb. did/had done.5. 選A。從句與過去事實(shí)相反，而主句與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反。6. 選D。表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的虛擬語氣，意思是“如果不是有太陽的話”。7. 選C。表示與將來事實(shí)相反的虛擬語氣，從句用should do.8. 選A。表示與將來事實(shí)相反的虛擬語氣，主句用would/should do. 9. 選C。but后面的分句表示事實(shí)情況，不用虛擬語氣。10. 選C。but后面的分句表示過去的事實(shí)情況，因此用過去時(shí)。11. 選B。虛擬語氣和事實(shí)情況混合的用法，第一個(gè)分句是虛擬，而but后面是事實(shí)情況，12. 選C。but后面的分句表示過去的事實(shí)情況，因此用過去時(shí)。13. 選A。without經(jīng)常代替虛擬的從句，表示假設(shè)。14. 選D。表示與過去事實(shí)相反的虛擬語氣，從句用過去完成時(shí)。15. 選A。could have done表示“本來可以做某事”。四、虛擬語氣專項(xiàng)練習(xí) 1. You didnt let me drive. If we _ in turn, you _ so tired. A. drove; didnt get B. drove; wouldnt get C. were driving; wouldnt get D. had driven; wouldnt have got2. When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it _.A. breaks B. has broken C. were broken D. had been broken3. _ it rain tomorrow, we should have to put off the visit to the Yangpu Bridge. A. Were B. Should C. Would D. Will4. Janes face suggested that she _ ill, and her parents suggested that she _ a medical examination. A. be; should have B. was; have C. should be; had D. was; has5. Without electricity human life _ quite different today. A. is B. will be C. would have been D. would be6. I told Sally how to get there, but perhaps I _ for her. A. had to write it out B. must have written it out C. should have written it out D. ought to write it out7. I didnt see your sister at the meeting. If she _, she would have met my brother. A. has come B. did come C. came D. had come8. -If he _, he _ that food. -Luckily he was sent to the hospital immediately. A. was warmed; would not take B. had been warned; would not have taken C. would be warned; had not taken D. would have been warned; had not taken9. The two strangers talked as if they _ friends for years. A. should be B. would be C. have been D. had been10. Without the air to hold some of the suns heat, the earth at night _, too cold for us to live. A. would be freezing cold B. will be freezing coldly C. would be frozen cold D. can freeze coldly11. -Have you ever been to Beijing? -No, but I wish I _. A. have B. will C. do D. had12. If only he _ quietly as the doctor instructed, he would not suffer so much now. A. lies B. lay C. had lain D. should lie13. If I _ you, I would ask him to stay. A. was B. would be C. were D. am14. If it hadnt rained last Sunday, we _ picnicking. A. could go B. could have gone C. went D. would go15. Everybody would be very happy if the hot summer _ tomorrow. A. should finish B. would finish C. were to be finished D. finishes16