An Introduction to International Commercial Law.doc

41International Business LawAn Introduction to International Business Law國(guó)際商法導(dǎo)論I. The Concept and Sources of International Business Law國(guó)際商法的概念和淵源I.1 Concept of the International Business Law: What is International Business Law? 國(guó)際商法的概念: 什么是國(guó)際商法？ International Business Law is the sum total of laws of regulating the various relationships between international business transaction and the business organizations. 國(guó)際商法是調(diào)整國(guó)際商事交易和商業(yè)組織的各種關(guān)系的法律規(guī)范的總和。 The regulating objects and ranges of international business law are broader than that of the traditional business law. 國(guó)際商法的調(diào)整對(duì)象和范圍比傳統(tǒng)的商法更為廣泛。The traditional business law mainly includes the contents of the business law of act, the company law(UK)/the law of corporation(USA), the law of bills, the law of maritime commerce, the law of insurance, etc. 傳統(tǒng)的商法主要包括商行為法、公司法、票據(jù)法、海商法、保險(xiǎn)法等內(nèi)容。 However, along with the expansion of the communicating scale of the current international economy and trade, and the variety and complication of business transaction, except with the huge development of the international sale of goods, there appear many new type practices of international business transaction and trade, such as the international transfer of technology, trade of industrial property and exclusive technology licensing, international investment, international cooperative production, international financing, international project contracting, international leasing, etc. 但是，隨著當(dāng)代國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易交流規(guī)模的擴(kuò)大和商事交易的多樣化、復(fù)雜化，除了國(guó)際貨物買賣有了巨大的發(fā)展以外，還出現(xiàn)了許多新型的國(guó)際商事交易和貿(mào)易做法，如國(guó)際技術(shù)轉(zhuǎn)讓、工業(yè)產(chǎn)權(quán)與專有技術(shù)許可貿(mào)易、國(guó)際投資、國(guó)際合作生產(chǎn)、國(guó)際融資、國(guó)際工程承包、國(guó)際租賃，等等。These transactions have exceeded the regulating range of the traditional business laws. So they are called the international business transaction, and the laws that regulate these transactions are called the law of international transactions or the international business Law. 這些交易已超出了傳統(tǒng)商法調(diào)整的范圍，有人把他們稱為國(guó)際商事交易，并把調(diào)整這些交易的法律統(tǒng)稱為國(guó)際交易法或國(guó)際商法。Its regulating range not only covers the international transactions of visible goods or cargo but also covers the various relationships that technology, capital and labor occur in the international flow. 其調(diào)整范圍不僅包括有形商品、貨物的國(guó)際交易，而且包括技術(shù)、資金和勞務(wù)在國(guó)際流動(dòng)中所產(chǎn)生的各種關(guān)系.Currently, the main bodies that engage in the international business transactions are basically business organizations such as companies and enterprises rather than countries. 現(xiàn)在，在國(guó)際上從事國(guó)際商事交易的主體基本上是公司、企業(yè)等商事組織而不是國(guó)家。The transactions between them belong to the transactions that occur in the business organizations of the different countries rather than the transactions between the different countries. 它們之間的交易屬于不同國(guó)家商事組織之間的交易，而不是不同國(guó)家之間的交易。Therefore, in the concept of international business law, the word “international”does not mean“between the nations”but“transnational”. Hence, the international business law is called the transnational business law. 所以，在國(guó)際商法這一概念中，“國(guó)際”一詞的含義并不是指“國(guó)家與國(guó)家之間”的意思，而是指“跨越國(guó)界”的意思。因此，有人也把國(guó)際商法稱為跨越國(guó)界的商法。 1.2 The Constituent Parts of International Law: Where is the International Business Law? P.36The distinctions between International Public Law and Private International Law mainly lie in the differences between regulating objects, that is, Private International Law is used to regulate the civil transnational relations between a natural person and a legal person while International Public Law is used to regulate the diplomatic, political and military relations between states. P.36國(guó)際公法與國(guó)際私法的區(qū)別主要在于調(diào)整對(duì)象的差異：國(guó)際私法是調(diào)整自然人、法人之間的跨越一國(guó)地域范圍的民事關(guān)系，而國(guó)際公法調(diào)整的是國(guó)家與國(guó)家之間的外交、政治、軍事關(guān)系。 I.3 Two Major Legal Systems of the World The Anglo-American Common Law System p.18 (Case Law)(based mainly on case law)The Continental Law System p.20 (Statute/ Code)(based mainly on statute or code)QUESTIONS:1. What major differences are there between the Anglo-American Common Law System and the Continental Law System?2. What major differences are there between international public law and private international law?Words and Expressions:1. sum total 總和2. commercial transaction 商事交易3. business law of act 商業(yè)行為法4. the company law(UK)/the law of corporation(USA) 公司法5. the law of bills 票據(jù)法6. the law of maritime commerce 海商法7. the law of insurance 保險(xiǎn)法8. international transfer of technology 國(guó)際技術(shù)轉(zhuǎn)讓9. industrial property 工業(yè)產(chǎn)權(quán)10. trade of exclusive technology licensing 專有技術(shù)許可貿(mào)易11. international investment 國(guó)際投資12. international cooperative production 國(guó)際合作生產(chǎn)13. international financing 國(guó)際融資14. international project contracting 國(guó)際工程承包15. international leasing 國(guó)際租賃16. visible goods有形商品17. transnational business law 跨越國(guó)界的商法18. illustrate （用示例、圖畫等）說明、解釋19. socio-geographic perspective 社會(huì)地理學(xué)觀點(diǎn)20. cultural perspective 文化觀點(diǎn)21. political and economic perspective 政治及經(jīng)濟(jì)觀點(diǎn)22. history impacts on culture 歷史影響文化23. culture impacts on politics 文化影響政治24. politics impacts on economy 政治影響經(jīng)濟(jì)25. economy impacts on law 經(jīng)濟(jì)影響法律Last chapter begins with an introduction of the historical development cause of international business law. Then, it illustrates the basic knowledge from the socio-geographic perspective, cultural perspective, political and economic perspective. It is worth stressing that there is a connection and an impact between each of them. That is, history impacts on culture, culture impacts on politics, politics impacts on economy, and economy impacts on law. They impacts on one another. In chapter one, weve also learned the two major law systems of the world: the Anglo-American Common Law System and the Continental Law System. Now, the questions!Chapter Two重要更正：p.37Principles of International Law In this Chapter, we study the international law system from such respects as the jurisdiction of the international law, sources of international law. In the authors view, international law is public when it works to define rights between nations, and it is private when it tries to sort out rights between persons who are separated by a border. (國(guó)際法在確定國(guó)與國(guó)之間的權(quán)利時(shí)是公性的，在確定不同國(guó)家的人之間的權(quán)利時(shí)是私性的。) Private international law is national law operating where a material-foreign element is present, and concerns itself with three major topics: civil jurisdiction, choices of forum and law, and the recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments.（國(guó)際私法是國(guó)內(nèi)法運(yùn)作，即只要出示外國(guó)具體要件，就要從三個(gè)要點(diǎn)關(guān)注此要件即： 民事管轄，法庭和法律的選擇，國(guó)外裁判的認(rèn)可與執(zhí)行。）p.37 Treaties and conventions, customary law, and jus cogens ( Latin, compelling law ) are the primary sources of international law, and are recognized as such by the International Court of Justice of the United Nations, along with judicial decisions of domestic judges and legal writers.（條約和公約、慣例法和強(qiáng)制法是國(guó)際法的主要來源，它們被聯(lián)合國(guó)的國(guó)際審判法庭認(rèn)可，也被國(guó)內(nèi)法官和立法者認(rèn)定。）p.39 These principles of sovereignty illustrate why one state will not blindly pursue the grievances of its own nationals that have been suffered at the hands of other states. （主權(quán)原則解釋了為什么一個(gè)國(guó)家不會(huì)盲目跟隨其在它國(guó)手中遭罪的其本國(guó)國(guó)民提出的申訴。）p. 45 The act-of-state doctrine works to provide foreign states an element of immunity from suit in domestic courts.（國(guó)家行為準(zhǔn)則旨在向本國(guó)法庭訴訟中的外國(guó)當(dāng)事方提供豁免要件。）p.47 Civil jurisdiction may exist over persons, property (and the persons with an interest in that property), or a combination of both.（民事管轄可以依個(gè)人對(duì)財(cái)產(chǎn)及個(gè)人在該財(cái)產(chǎn)中擁有的權(quán)益，或者兩者的結(jié)合而存在。）p.56 Nationality is central to questions of citizenship, which is governed by each states national law. It is an essential prerequisite where an individual seeks diplomatic assistance from his or her government, or seeks to have that government advance his or her interests before an international organization.（國(guó)籍是公民身份的核心問題，由每一國(guó)的國(guó)內(nèi)法管理，是個(gè)人從其政府尋求外交幫助或者要其政府在某個(gè)國(guó)際組織之前幫助維護(hù)其利益的起碼的前提（不可或缺的先決條件）。P.57Words and Expressions:1. civil jurisdiction 民事管轄2. public international law 國(guó)際公法3. Private international law 國(guó)際私法4. Treaties and conventions 條約和公約5. customary law 習(xí)慣法6. jus cogens ( Latin, compelling law ) 強(qiáng)制法7. judicial decision 司法裁決，法院判決8. sovereignty 主權(quán)9. grievance 不滿，不平，委屈，冤情，申訴10. the act-of-state doctrine 國(guó)家行為準(zhǔn)則11. element of immunity 豁免要素12. prerequisite 先決條件，前提13. Nationality 國(guó)籍14. citizenship 公民身份15. essential prerequisite 起碼的前提, 不可或缺的先決條件16. diplomatic assistance 外交協(xié)助17. revoi (來自法語) 送回，退還，發(fā)送回來。In Conflict of Laws, renvoi (from the French, meaning send back or to return unopened) p.69Chapter ThreePublic Organizations and International AgreementsThe United NationsThe United Nations is an international organization founded in 1945 after the Second World War by 51 countries committed to maintaining international peace and security, developing friendly relations among nations and promoting social progress, better living standards and human rights. (聯(lián)合國(guó)是1945年第二次世界大戰(zhàn)后成立的國(guó)際組織。當(dāng)時(shí)共有51個(gè)國(guó)家承諾通過國(guó)際合作和集體安全來維護(hù)和平、發(fā)展國(guó)家間友好關(guān)系、促進(jìn)社會(huì)進(jìn)步、提高生活水平和保護(hù)人權(quán)。) Due to its unique international character, and the powers vested in its founding Charter, the Organization can take action on a wide range of issues, and provide a forum for its 192 Member States to express their views, through the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council and other bodies and committees. （由于其獨(dú)特的國(guó)際性質(zhì)，和其憲章賦予的權(quán)利，該組織可就廣泛的問題采取行動(dòng)，并通過大會(huì)，安全理事會(huì)，經(jīng)濟(jì)及社會(huì)理事會(huì)和其他機(jī)構(gòu)和委員會(huì)，為其192個(gè)會(huì)員國(guó)提供一個(gè)論壇來表達(dá)他們的觀點(diǎn)。）The work of the United Nations reaches every corner of the globe. Although best known for peacekeeping, peacebuilding, conflict prevention and humanitarian assistance, there are many other ways the United Nations and its System (specialized agencies, funds and programmes) affect our lives and make the world a better place. （聯(lián)合國(guó)工作的范圍達(dá)到了地球每個(gè)角落。雖然聯(lián)合國(guó)最著名的是維持和平，建設(shè)和平，預(yù)防沖突和人道主義援助，但是聯(lián)合國(guó)及其系統(tǒng)組織（專門機(jī)構(gòu)，基金和方案）還通過許多其他方式，影響著我們的生活并使世界變得更加美好。） The Organization works on a broad range of fundamental issues, from sustainable development, environment and refugees protection, disaster relief, counter terrorism, disarmament and non-proliferation, to promoting democracy, human rights, governance, economic and social development and international health, clearing landmines, expanding food production, and more, in order to achieve its goals and coordinate efforts for a safer world for this and future generations.（聯(lián)合國(guó)工作范圍廣泛又具體，它包括可持續(xù)發(fā)展、環(huán)境和難民保護(hù)、救助災(zāi)民、打擊恐怖主義、推動(dòng)裁軍和不擴(kuò)散、促進(jìn)民主、保護(hù)人權(quán)、治理政務(wù)、經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展、社會(huì)發(fā)展，國(guó)際衛(wèi)生、清除地雷、擴(kuò)大糧食生產(chǎn)等。為了給當(dāng)代和后代一個(gè)更安全的世界，聯(lián)合國(guó)正在協(xié)調(diào)努力地去實(shí)現(xiàn)其目標(biāo)） Quick Facts about UN 有關(guān)聯(lián)合國(guó)的簡(jiǎn)單數(shù)據(jù)Membership: 192 Member States現(xiàn)有成員：192個(gè)國(guó)家Established: 24 October 1945成立時(shí)間：1945年10月24日Secretariat staffing as of 30 June 2009 (Secretary-Generals report Composition of the Secretariat A/64/352 ): about 40,000秘書處工作人員： 約40,000人Current UN peacekeeping operations: 16 聯(lián)合國(guó)目前的維和行動(dòng)：16個(gè)Budget for 2008-2009: USD 4.171 billion (peacekeeping operations not included) 2009年經(jīng)常預(yù)算：27.70億美元 （不包括維和行動(dòng)）Official languages: Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, Spanish. 正式語文：阿拉伯文中文英文法文俄文西班牙文Information about the UN in other languages用其它語語文查看有關(guān)聯(lián)合國(guó)的信息UN Observances - The first day approved by the UN General Assembly was United Nations Day, 24 October (by resolution 168 (II) of 31 October 1947). 聯(lián)合國(guó)紀(jì)念活動(dòng)：1947年10月31日，聯(lián)合國(guó)大會(huì)通過第168(II)號(hào)決議，設(shè)立了第一個(gè)國(guó)際日聯(lián)合國(guó)日（10月24日）。Specialized Agencies專門機(jī)構(gòu)Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations(FAO) 聯(lián)合國(guó)糧食及農(nóng)業(yè)組織（糧農(nóng)組織）International Civil Aviation Organization(ICAO) 國(guó)際民用航空組織（民航組織）International Fund for Agricultural Development(IFAD) 國(guó)際農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展基金（農(nóng)發(fā)基金）International Labour Organization(ILO) 國(guó)際勞工組織（勞工組織）International Maritime Organization(IMO) 國(guó)際海事組織（海事組織）International Monetary Fund(IMF) 國(guó)際貨幣基金組織（基金組織）International Telecommunication Union(ITU) 國(guó)際電信聯(lián)盟（電信聯(lián)盟）United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization(UNESCO) 聯(lián)合國(guó)教育、科學(xué)及文化組織（教科文組織）United Nations Industrial Development Organization(UNIDO) 聯(lián)合國(guó)工業(yè)發(fā)展組織（工發(fā)組織）Universal Postal Union(UPU) 萬國(guó)郵政聯(lián)盟World Bank Group 世界銀行集團(tuán) International Bank for Reconstruction and Development(IBRD) 國(guó)際復(fù)興開發(fā)銀行International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes(ICSID) 國(guó)際投資爭(zhēng)端解決中心International Development Association(IDA) 國(guó)際開發(fā)協(xié)會(huì)International Finance Corporation(IFC) 國(guó)際金融公司Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency(MIGA) 多邊投資保證機(jī)構(gòu)World Health Organization(WHO) 世界衛(wèi)生組織（世衛(wèi)組織）World Intellectual Property Organization(WIPO) 世界知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)組織（知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)組織）World Meteorological Organization(WMO) 世界氣象組織（氣象組織）World Tourism Organization(UNWTO) 世界旅游組織THE GATT AND WTO關(guān)貿(mào)總協(xié)定（GATT）與世界貿(mào)易組織（WTO）關(guān)貿(mào)總協(xié)定（GATT）: Generally, the GATT has two meanings, one refers to an international agreement, that is, the document regulating the international trade rules; another refers to the international organization supporting the international agreement. (關(guān)貿(mào)總協(xié)定（GATT）一般有兩個(gè)含義：一是指國(guó)際協(xié)議，即規(guī)定國(guó)際貿(mào)易規(guī)則的文件；另外還指支撐上述國(guó)際協(xié)議的國(guó)際組織。)Though the GATT as an international organization does not exist, it has been replaced by the WTO. (關(guān)貿(mào)總協(xié)定作為國(guó)際組織已不存在，它已被世界貿(mào)易組織取代。) However, the GATT as the agreement still exists, yet not the main body of the international trade rules, it has been amended and renewed. The renewed text is recalled the GATT 1997. (但是GATT作為協(xié)議現(xiàn)在仍然存在，但已不是國(guó)際貿(mào)易規(guī)則文件的主體，并已被修訂更新。更新的GATT文本被稱為GATT1997.) When the GATT was initiated after the World War, the international business transactions were merely trade in goods. But from then on, the trade in services such as the communications, tourism, banking, insurance, telecommunications, transportations and consulting has been progressively developed. The trade in intellectual property such as inventions and designs has become more important. Currently, the trade in goods, services and intellectual property has become the three major spheres that the international trade concerns. (在第二次世界大戰(zhàn)后初創(chuàng)建時(shí)，國(guó)際商務(wù)僅是貨物貿(mào)易。但從那時(shí)開始，交通、旅游、銀行、保險(xiǎn)、電信、運(yùn)輸、咨詢等服務(wù)貿(mào)易逐漸發(fā)展。發(fā)明、設(shè)計(jì)等知識(shí)智力方面的貿(mào)易也變得更為重要?，F(xiàn)在，貨物、服務(wù)和知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)已經(jīng)成為國(guó)際貿(mào)易關(guān)注的三大領(lǐng)域。) Now, the GATT 1997, the document dealing with the trade of goods, GATS and TRIPS are called the three major documents of the WTO. (GATT 1997是處理貨物貿(mào)易的協(xié)定文件，與GATS（服務(wù)貿(mào)易總協(xié)定）、TRIPS（知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)總協(xié)定）并列為WTO的三大協(xié)定。)WHAT IS THE WTO? 世界貿(mào)易組織（WTO）The World Trade Organization (WTO) is the only global international organization dealing with the rules of trade between nations. 世界貿(mào)易組織（WTO）是當(dāng)前世界上唯一處理政府間貿(mào)易規(guī)則的國(guó)際組織。 It came into being in January1,1995. which is the successor to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) established after the Second World War. its multilateral trading system that was originally set up under GATT is well over 50 years old. GATT is now the WTOs principal rule-book for trade in goods. WTO成立于1995年1月，但它的多邊貿(mào)易體系規(guī)則是由GATT確立的，已存在半個(gè)世紀(jì)之久。 At its heart are the WTO agreements, negotiated and signed by the bulk of the worlds trading nations and ratified in their parliaments. WTO多邊貿(mào)易體系的核心是經(jīng)大多數(shù)世界貿(mào)易國(guó)家談判并簽署的WTO協(xié)議。 The goal is to help producers of goods and services, exporters, and importers conduct their business. 這些協(xié)議雖然由各國(guó)政府談判和簽署的，但其目的是幫助貨物和服務(wù)的生產(chǎn)商、出口商和進(jìn)口商從事商業(yè)活動(dòng)。The major function of WTO is to promote the globe liberalization of trade, to be the forum of the trade negotiation and to settle the trade disputes.WTO的主要職能是推動(dòng)全球貿(mào)易自由化、作為貿(mào)易談判的論壇、解決貿(mào)易爭(zhēng)端。 GlossaryMFN (most-favoured-nation) tariff 最惠國(guó)待遇關(guān)稅Normal non-discriminatory tariff charged on imports (excludes preferential tariffs under free trade agreements and other schemes or tariffs charged inside quotas).National treatment 國(guó)民待遇The principle of giving others the same treatment as ones own nationals. GATT Article 3 requires that imports be treated no less favourably than the same or similar domestically-produced goods once they have passed customs. GATS Article 17 and TRIPS Article 3 also deal with national treatment for services and intellectual property protection.Dumping 傾銷Occurs when goods are exported at a