《計算機專業(yè)英語》作業(yè).doc

計算機專業(yè)英語作業(yè)及參考答案Chapter 1一、單項選擇：1. The basic hardware components of a personal computer system consist of the . a. keyboard and display b. system unit c. disk-drive and printer d. all of above2. A keyboard is a device that converts into that can be electronically manipulated by the computer. a. data/information b. keystrokes/special codes c. special codes/keystrokes d. information/data3. System software includes and . a. operating system and application software b. operating system and programming language c. special-purpose programs and application software d. OS and special-purpose programs4. The method with which printers form characters can include . a. striking ribbon with a hammer b. spraying ink with a nozzle c. transferring the pattern with heat or laser d. all of above5. DOS can be used with machine. a. IBM-compatible b. the machine that was made before 1981 c. PDP-11 d. VAX二、判斷正誤：1. Most RAM is temporary, losing its contents when the computers power is turned off.2. The primary purpose of OS is to support application programs.3. Keyboards are the only way to communicate with a computer.4. ROM is read-only memory.5. Personal computers are sophisticated than larger mainframe and minicomputer relatives.三、詞匯連線：1. computer a. Raw, unstructured, unprocessed facts.2. data b. The meaning a human being assigns to data.3. information c. A series of instructions that guides a computer through some process.4. processor d. The component of a computer that selects and executes instructions.5. program e. A machine that processes data into information under control of a stored program.四、英譯漢：What is a computer?The basic job of computers is the processing of information. For this reason, computers can be defined as very-high-speed electronic devices which accept information in the form of instructions called a program and characters called data, perform mathematical and/or logical operations on the information, and then supply results of these operations. The program, or part of it, which tells the computers what to do and the data, which provide raw facts needed to solve the problem, are kept inside the computer in a place called memory.Computers are thought to have many remarkable powers. However, most computers, whether large or small, have three basic capabilities. First, computers have circuits for performing arithmetic operations, such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and exponentiation. Second, computers have a means of communicating with the user. After all, if we couldnt feed information in and get results back, these machines wouldnt be of much use. However, certain computers (commonly minicomputers and microcomputers) are used to control directly things such as robots, aircraft navigation systems, medical instruments, etc. Some of the most common methods of inputting information are to use magnetic tape, disks, and terminals. The computers input device (which might be a keyboard, a tape drive or disk drive, depending on the medium used in inputting information) reads the information into the computer. For outputting information, two common devices used are a printer which prints the new information on paper, or a CRT display screen which shows the results on a TV-like screen. Third, computers have circuits which can make decisions. The kinds of decisions which computer circuits can make are not of the type: “Who would win a war between two countries?” or “Who is the richest person in the world?” Unfortunately, the computer can only decide three things, namely: Is one number less than another? Are two numbers equal? And, is one number greater than another? A computer can solve a series of problems and make hundreds, even thousands of logical decisions without becoming tired or bored. It can find the solution to a problem in a fraction of the time it takes a human being to do the job. A computer can replace people in dull, routine tasks, but it has no originality; it works according to the instructions given to it and cannot exercise any value judgments. There are times when a computer seems to operate like a mechanical “brain”, but its achievements are limited by the minds of human beings. A computer cannot do anything unless a person tells it what to do and gives it the appropriate information; but because electric pulses can move at the speed of light, a computer can carry out vast numbers of arithmetic-logical operations almost instantaneously. A person can do everything a computer can do, but in many cases that person would be dead long before the job was finished.參考答案一、1. d 2. b 3. b 4. d 5. a二、1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 三、1-e 2-a 3-b 4-d 5-c四、計算機是什么？計算機的基本工作是處理信息。因此，計算機可以被定義為這樣一種高速的電子設(shè)備，它接受指令（稱為程序）和字符（稱為數(shù)據(jù)）形式的信息，完成算術(shù)和（或）邏輯運算，然后提供這些操作的結(jié)果。告訴計算機要做什么的程序或者程序的一部分，以及解決問題所需要的原始數(shù)據(jù)被保存在計算機的存儲器中。計算機被認為具有許多非凡的功能。然而，大部分的計算機，無論大小，都具有三個基本的功能。第一，計算機有完成算術(shù)操作，如加、減、乘、除和階乘的電路。第二，計算機有與用戶通信的方式。畢竟，如果我們不能輸入信息并且輸出結(jié)果，這些機器就沒多大用處了。然而，某些計算機（一般的微型機和小型機）被用于直接控制機器人、飛機導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)、醫(yī)學(xué)儀器等。輸入信息最常用的方式有磁帶、磁盤和終端。計算機的輸入設(shè)備（根據(jù)輸入信息所使用的介質(zhì)，可能是鍵盤、磁帶或磁盤驅(qū)動器）將信息讀入計算機。為了輸出信息，最常用的兩種設(shè)備是將新信息打印在紙上的打印機，以及將結(jié)果顯示在一個類似于電視機屏幕上的陰極射線管顯示器。第三，計算機有進行決策的電路。計算機電路能做的決策不是象“兩個國家誰能贏得這場戰(zhàn)爭？”或者“世界上最富有的人是誰”之類。不幸的是，計算機只能決定三件事情，即：一個數(shù)比另一個數(shù)小嗎？兩個數(shù)相等嗎？以及一個數(shù)比另一個數(shù)大嗎？計算機能夠解決一系列的問題和做成百甚至上千的邏輯判斷而不覺得疲倦或者厭煩。它能夠解決一個問題只用人類做同樣的工作所花時間的極小部分。計算機能夠代替人完成繁重的日常事務(wù)，但是它毫無創(chuàng)造力；它根據(jù)給它的指令工作并且不能做出任何有價值的判斷。經(jīng)常地計算機象一個機械“大腦”一樣操作，但它的成就是受人類思想的限制的。如果人不告訴它要做什么以及給它合適的信息的話，計算機不能做任何事情；但是因為電脈沖能夠以光速移動，計算機能夠迅速地完成大量的算術(shù)邏輯運算。人能夠做計算機能做的任何事情，但是大多數(shù)情況下，在這個工作完成之前，人已經(jīng)死了。Chapter 2一、單項選擇：1. Main memory holds . a. data for processing b. the program c. information d. all of above2. The number of bits that can be processed at one time is a . a. register b. cyclec. word d. PROM3. Data and instructions are stored in memory at location known as . a. address b. byte c. word d. number4. The central processing unit (CPU) had two parts: and . a. control unit and ALU b. ALU and register c. register and control unit d. ALU and memory5. A holds enough bits to store a single character. a. word b. bit c. byte d. two bytes二、判斷正誤：1. Arithmetic logic unit tells the rest of the computer system how to carry out a programs instruction.2. Logical operations consist of comparisons.3. Bits are combined into groups of eight bits called words.4. The central processing unit (CPU) and memory are two major parts of a microcomputer system unit.5. The arithmetic-logic unit (ALU) performs arithmetic operations and logical operation.三、詞匯連線：1. binary system a. The sequential number of a location in main memory.2. byte b. A base 2 number system that uses values 0 and 1.3. register c. the smaller addressable unit of main memory, often eight bits.4.control unit d. Temporary storage used to hold data, instructions, or control information in the processor.5. address e. The part of a central processing unit that directs electronic signals between memory and the ALU, and between the CPU and I/O device.四、英譯漢：The Processor of the ComputerAs to the question “What is the most important component in a computer?”, nobody would fail to give a correct answer to it the processor. But when the questions move to the details of it, most of us might not have a clear picture.A processor, a component of a computer, is a functional unit that interprets and carries out instructions. Every processor comes with a unique set of operations such as ADD, STORE, or LOAD that represent the processors instruction set. Computer designers are fond of calling their computers machines, so the instruction set is sometimes referred to as machine instructions and the binary language in which they are written is called machine language. You should not confuse processors instruction set with the instructions found in high-level programming languages, such as BASIC or PASCAL.An instruction is made up of operations that specify the function to be performed and operands that represent the data to be operated on. For example, if an instruction is to perform the operation of adding two numbers, it must know what the two numbers are and where the two numbers are. When the numbers are stored in the computers memory, they have an address to indicate where they are, so if an operand refers to data in the computers memory it is called an address. The processors job is to retrieve instructions and operands from memory and to perform each operation. Having done that, it signals memory to send it the next instruction.This step-by-step operation is repeated over and over again at awesome speed. A timer called a clock releases precisely timed electrical signals that provide a regular pulse for the processors work. The term that is used to measure the computers speed is borrowed from the domain of electrical engineering and is called a megahertz (MHz) , which means million cycles per second. A processor is composed of two functional units-a control unit and an arithmetic/logic unit-and a set of special workspaces called registers.The Control UnitThe control unit is the functional unit that takes the responsibility for supervising the operation of the entire computer system. In some ways, it is analogous to a telephone switchboard with intelligence because it makes the connections between various functional units of the computer system and calls into operation each unit that is required by the program currently in operation.The control unit fetches instructions from memory and determines their type or decodes them. It then breaks each instruction into a series of simple small steps or actions. By doing this, it controls the step-by-step operation of the entire computer system.The Arithmetic/Logic UnitThe arithmetic/logic unit (ALU) is the functional unit that provides the computer with logical and computational capabilities. Data are brought into the ALU by the control unit, and the ALU performs whatever arithmetic or logic operations are required to help carry out the instruction.Arithmetic operations include adding, subtracting, multiplying, and dividing. Logic operations make a comparison and take action based on the results. For example, two numbers might be compared to determine whether they are equal. If they are equal, processing will continue; if they are not equal, processing will stop.RegistersA register is a storage location inside the processor. Registers in the control unit are used to keep track of the overall status of the program that is running. Control unit registers store information such as the current instruction, the location of the next instruction to be executed, and the operands of the instruction. In the ALU, registers store data items that are added, subtracted, multiplied, divided, and compared. Other registers store the results of arithmetic and logic operations. An important factor that affects the speed and performance of a processor is the size of the registers. Technically, the term word size (also called word length) describes the size of an operand register, but it is also used more loosely to describe the size of the pathways to and from the processor. Currently, word sizes in general-purpose computers have a wide range of bits. If the operand registers of a processor are 16 bits wide, the processor is said to be a 16-bit processor.參考答案一、1. d 2. c 3. a 4. a 5. c二、1. 2. 3. 4. 5.三、1-b 2-c 3-d 4-e 5-a四、計算機處理器對于問題“計算機中最重要的部件是什么？”，誰都能給出正確的答案處理器。但但問題一旦更詳細，就很少有人能給出清楚的描述了。計算機的組成部件處理器是解釋并且執(zhí)行指令的功能單元。每個處理器都有自己的一套操作，如ADD，STORE或者LOAD，即處理器的指令系統(tǒng)。計算機設(shè)計者喜歡把計算機稱為機器，因此指令系統(tǒng)有時又被稱為機器指令，用機器指令編寫的二進制語言稱為機器語言。你不能把處理器的指令系統(tǒng)與高級程序語言（如BASIC或PASCAL）中的指令相混淆.指令是由說明要完成何種操作的操作碼和表明要對何數(shù)據(jù)進行操作的操作數(shù)組成的。例如，一條指令要完成兩個數(shù)相加的操作，它必須知道這兩個數(shù)是什么以及這兩個數(shù)在哪兒。當(dāng)這兩個數(shù)保存在計算機內(nèi)存中，他們就有一個地址標明他們在哪兒，因此如果操作數(shù)是計算機內(nèi)存中的數(shù)據(jù)，它就被稱為地址。處理器的工作就是從內(nèi)存中找到指令和操作數(shù)并且執(zhí)行每一個操作。然后，它發(fā)信號給內(nèi)存讓它發(fā)送下一條指令。這種一步接一步的操作以驚人的速度被重復(fù)執(zhí)行。一個稱為時鐘的計時器精確地發(fā)出電信號為處理器的工作提供規(guī)則的脈沖。用于測量計算機速度的術(shù)語借用于電氣工程領(lǐng)域，稱為兆赫茲（MHz），表示每秒100萬次。處理器由兩個功能單元控制單元和算術(shù)/邏輯單元以及一組稱為寄存器的特殊存儲空間組成。控制單元控制單元是負責(zé)管理整個計算機系統(tǒng)操作的功能單元。在某種程度上，它與智能電話接線板類似，它聯(lián)系計算機系統(tǒng)的各個功能單元并且讓操作中當(dāng)前程序所需要的單元進行操作。控制單元從存貯器中取出指令，確定它們的類型或者譯碼。然后將每條指令分解成一系列簡單的小步驟或者操作。通過這樣做，它控制整個計算機系統(tǒng)一步接一步的操作。算術(shù)/邏輯單元算術(shù)/邏輯單元（ALU）是給計算機提供邏輯和計算能力的功能單元。數(shù)據(jù)由控制單元送入ALU，ALU無論執(zhí)行算術(shù)還是邏輯操作都是為了幫助完成指令。算術(shù)操作包括加、減、乘、除。邏輯操作進行比較并且根據(jù)結(jié)果采取行動。例如，兩個數(shù)進行比較以確定他們是否相等。如果相等，程序?qū)⒗^續(xù)；如果不相等，程序?qū)⑼Ｖ?。寄存器寄存器是處理器?nèi)部的存貯空間?？刂茊卧械募拇嫫饔糜诟櫿趫?zhí)行的程序的全部狀態(tài)?？刂茊卧拇嫫鞅４娴男畔⒂挟?dāng)前指令，要執(zhí)行的下一條指令的位置，指令的操作數(shù)等。在ALU中，寄存器保存要加、減、乘、除和比較的數(shù)據(jù)。其它寄存器保存算術(shù)邏輯操作的結(jié)果。影響處理器速度和性能的一個重要因素就是寄存器的大小。從技能上說，術(shù)語字長表示操作數(shù)寄存器的大小，但它也被廣義地用于表示進出處理器的通道的大小。當(dāng)前，通用計算機的字長范圍很大。如果處理器的操作數(shù)寄存器是16位的，處理器就是16位處理器。Chapter 3一、單項選擇：1. The basic input device on a small computer is a . a. display screen b. keyboard c. printer d. card reader2. A generates hard-copy output. a. display unit b. monitor c. screen d. printer3. The indicates where on the screen the next character will appear. a. pixel b. cursor c. picture element d. x-y coordinate4. Often, a hundred or more are linked to a single centralized computer by communication lines. a. OCR devices b. scanners c. terminals d. printers5. On a large computer system, a links external devices to the computer, and also performs a number of device-independent tasks. a. channel b. buffer c. control unit d. register二、判斷正誤：1. Input devices translate symbols that people understand into symbols that computers can process.2. Dot-matrix printer forms text and graphic images with a matrix of pins.3. Banks use a method called magnetic-ink character recognition (MICR) to automatically read and sort checks.4. Laser printers are highly reliable, but the quality of their output limits their use to rough drafts and in-house communications.三、詞匯連線：1. cursor a. Temporary storage used to compensate for the different speed of adjacent devices.2. display b. An electronic device that links an I/O device to a channel.3. resolution c. The blinking line or box that indicates where the next character typed or output will appear on a display screen.4. buffer d. A TV-like screen that displays data.5. control unit e. A measure of the precision or sharpness of a graphic image.四、英譯漢：SummaryHuman being access a computer through its input and output devices. The basic input device on most small computer systems is the keyboard. As a user types characters, they are stored in the computers main memory. From there, they are output to a display screen (the basic output device), where the user can see them. If a permanent copy of the output is required, it can be sent from memory to a printer. Computers are not limited to character output, however, many systems support graphics. A screen is divided into a number of points called pixels. Images are formed by selectively turning the pixels on and off. A screens resolution is a function of the number of pixels. We briefly considered several other input and output devices and media, including punched cards, various types of printers, magnetic media, optical media, terminal, and voice I/O.Finally, we turned to the problem of linking input and output devices to a computer system. Each device is electronically different, but the computer always deals with a common code. An interface board serves to bridge this gap. An input device sends its data to the interface, which converts the data from the external devices form to the computers internal form and stores them in main memory. On output, information moves from memory to the interface, where it is converted to the external devices form, and output. A buffer can help to adjust for the speed differential between adjacent devices; on lager computers, each external device is linked to a control unit. The control units are plugged into channels, and the channels are connected to the computer. In this chapter, we have focused on input and output, showing how human beings communicate with a computer. One of the advantages of putting data into a computer is that, once they have been converted to electronic form, they can be used over and over again. In the next chapter, well consider long-term secondary storage.Selecting Personal Computer SystemIn a information society, you may want to possess a computer of your own but lack some basic knowledge about computer purchase. If you want to know how to select a personal computer and where to make the purchase, read on the following material:Choosing the right computer, peripherals, and software is not an easy task. The rapid growth of the personal computer industry gives the consumer a great number of choices to make. In order to make a good purchase, you should consider the following important factors before you choose a personal computer system.The decision to buy a particular computer system may be decided by many factors, but the following three factors are essential for you.1. 1. What you want to use the computer for?2. 2. How much power (speed and memory) you need?3. 3. How much money you want to spend?To develop a clear picture of what you want to use a per