11英語寫作七大高頻結(jié)構(gòu)_強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)__倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)__排比結(jié)構(gòu)_非靈主語.doc

七大高頻結(jié)構(gòu)英國著名作家、評論家和辭書編纂家Samuel Johnson 說，“The joy of life is variety.” 寫作也是如此。長句短句交雜，各種句式相揉，就能使文章變動流暢而不會流于阻滯單調(diào)。縱觀考研高分作文，它們似乎都對五大主力句型情有獨(dú)鐘：總會不失時機(jī)地在適當(dāng)場合交替使用強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)、排比結(jié)構(gòu)、平行結(jié)構(gòu)、倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)、虛擬結(jié)構(gòu)、無人稱結(jié)構(gòu)和比較結(jié)構(gòu)。正是由于這七大高頻結(jié)構(gòu)的交替使用才使得整篇文章一掃沉悶之氣，輕松活潑之勢躍然紙上。七大結(jié)構(gòu)各有所長：強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)彰顯思想、加強(qiáng)力度；排比結(jié)構(gòu)形式整飭、音韻鏗鏘；平行結(jié)構(gòu)并行不悖、節(jié)奏相同；倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)形式突兀、凸顯觀點(diǎn)；虛擬結(jié)構(gòu)語氣婉約、柔中帶剛；無人稱結(jié)構(gòu)注重尾重、嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)客觀；比較結(jié)構(gòu)變換靈活、使用頻繁。1 強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)是寫作中運(yùn)用較多的一種結(jié)構(gòu)，它的一般結(jié)構(gòu)是It is +被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分+that/who。如果被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分是指物，后面就用that 引導(dǎo)；如果被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分是指人，后面就用who或that 引導(dǎo)。例如： 例1 As a matter of fact, it is parents excessive love and caring that deprives their kids of the freedom to be independent and to temper their will.例2 In an odd way, however, it is the educated who have claimed to have given up on ambition as an ideal.例3 Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes,that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it.例4 And it is in the public schools that we find the full expression of societys understanding the knowledge, hopes, and fears that passed on to the next generation.例5 Perhaps it is humankinds long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the idea of forcing the water to do our bidding so fascinating.例6 It is not simply to raise everyones job prospects that all children are legally required to attend school into their teens.2 倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)形式多變，具有強(qiáng)調(diào)和修辭等作用。倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)分為兩大類型：部分倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)和全倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。部分倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)是指將助動詞或情態(tài)動詞提前，放在句子主語的前面；全倒裝是指將句子的主語和謂語完全調(diào)換位置，即把謂語放在主語之前。例如：例1 Only in this way can we really solve the problem of air pollution caused by automobiles.例2 In addition, far more Japanese workers expressed dissatisfaction with their jobs than did their counterparts in the 10 other countries surveyed.例3 Coupled with the growing quantity of information is the development of technologies which enables the storage and delivery of more information with greater speed to more locations than has ever possible before.例4 Scattered around the globe are more than 100 small regions of isolated volcanic activity known to geologists as hot spots.例5 And so it does-and all would be well were reason the only judge in the creationism/evolution debate.例6 Emerging from the 1980 census is the picture of a nation developing more and more regional competition, as population growth in the Northeast and Midwest reach a near standstill.例7 Nonstop waves of immigrants played a role, too-and so did bigger crops of babies as yesterdays “baby born” generations reached its child-bearing years.例8 Nowhere do 1980 census statistics dramatize more the American search for spacious living than in the Far West.例9 Nor, if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientists as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect, is management to be blamed for discriminating against the “odd balls” among researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers who “work well with the team.”例10 There is no denying that the Internet does bring us human beings a lot of conveniences, but its dark sides can not be neglectd either. 例11 There is no doubt that giving or taking bribes is still prevalent in our society and there is still a lot of work to do before it is thoroughly addressed. 3 排比結(jié)構(gòu)排比結(jié)構(gòu)一般由三句或三句以上句式結(jié)構(gòu)相同、字?jǐn)?shù)相等的句子組成，具有很強(qiáng)的氣勢。寫作中適當(dāng)運(yùn)用排比結(jié)構(gòu)，往往能收到很好的表現(xiàn)效果。排比結(jié)構(gòu)尤其適用于論證說理和抒發(fā)感情。例如：例1 Is it humane, for example,that a terminally ill patient is thus caused to feel guilty for remaining alive because he does not want to die? Is it wise that a patient is killed alive simply because of a mistaken terminal diagnosis? And is it possible that euthanasia could be taken advantage of for some ulterior or even criminal purposes? 例2 Do we perceive ourselves as quick and curious? If so, then we tend to take more chances and to be more open to unfamiliar experiences.Do we think were shy and indecisive? Then our sense of timidity can cause us to hesitate, to move slowly, and not take a step until we know the ground is safe. Do we think were slow to adapt to change or that were not smart enough to cope with a new challenge? Then we are likely to take a more passive role or not try at all.例3 Let us visualize if China turned out hundreds of Yuan Longping, the father of Chinese hybrid rice, would we worry about the invasion of foreign agricultural products? If we were to set up our own legions of Bill Gates and make Sino-something Softs available to the world, should we fear a Windows monopoly? If we should we have a multitude of negotiators, should we falter in the drawn-out bargaining? Again, if we initiated our own Bell Labs and R&D departments, might we flinch from a high-tech embargo? Surely, the answer is in the negative.例4 Our factories hum to the rhythm of robot assembly arms. Our banking is done at automated teller terminals that thank us with mechanical politeness for the transaction. Our subway trains are controlled by tireless robo-drivers.4 平行結(jié)構(gòu)平行結(jié)構(gòu)是指一個句子中兩個或兩個以上詞性相同、結(jié)構(gòu)相同且字?jǐn)?shù)相等的部分。寫作中適當(dāng)使用平行結(jié)構(gòu)往往能使句式表達(dá)整齊勻稱，朗朗上口。寫作中使用平行結(jié)構(gòu)的例子比比皆是：例1 It can increase our contentment when we are cheerful and happy, and lesson our pain when we are sad or lonely.例2 Its scientists were the worlds best, its workers the most skilled.例3 What ordinary people see as fanciful abstractions, professional innovators see as solid possibilities.例4 Replies show that compared with other Americans, journalists are more likely to live in upscale neighborhoods, have maids, own Mercedeses, and trade stocks, and theyre less likely to go to church, do volunteer work, or put down roots in a community.例5 Such, then, is the way things stand: on the left angry critics, on the right stupid supporters, and in the middle, as usual, the majority of earnest people trying to get on in life.例6 Private businessmen, striving to make profits, produce these goods and services in competition with other businessmen; and the profit motive, operating under competitive pressures, largely determines how these goods and services are produced.例7 The merits of competition by examination are somewhat questionable, but competition in the certain knowledge of family is positively harmful.例8 Think of Gallileos 17 th-century trial for his rebelling belief before the Catholic Church or poet William Blakes harsh remarks against the mechanistic worldview of Issac Newton.例9 If you are talking to a group of managers, you may refer to the disorganized methods of their secretaries; alternatively if you are addressing secretaries, you may want to comment on their disorganized bosses.例10 In this process, the journey never really ends, there are always new ways to experience the world, new ideas to try, new challenges to accept.例11 We live in a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances (drugs) is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerve.例12 The workers who gets a promotion, the student whose grades improve, the foreigner who learns a new language-all these are examples of people who have measurable results to show for their efforts.例13 Nothing could persuade me to return to the kind of life Kelsey used to advocate and I once enjoyed: 12-hour working days, pressured deadlines, the fearful strain of office politics and the limitation of being a parent on “quality time”.5 虛擬結(jié)構(gòu) 虛擬結(jié)構(gòu)是用表示與過去、現(xiàn)在或?qū)硎聦嵪喾吹囊环N假設(shè)。虛擬句的形式繁多，一搬可分為(should)be型和were型。(should)be型虛擬結(jié)構(gòu)一般用于表示命令、決定、建議等詞語之后的that 分句或由if, though等引導(dǎo)的分句中 ；were型虛擬結(jié)構(gòu)一般用于某些狀語從句或名詞性從句中。例如： 例1 If this approach were adopted, children would be strong enough to withstand any “storm” in their life.例2 It was inevitable that this primacy should have narrowed as other countries grew richer.例3 If its message were confined merely to information-and that in itself would bedifficult if not impossible to achieve, for even a detail such as the choice of the color of a shirt is subtly persuasive-advertising would be so boring that no one would pay any attention.例4 Without forgetting, adaptive ability would suffer, for example, learned behavior that might have been correct a decade ago may no longer be.例5 What has happened is that people cannot confess fully to their dreams, as easily and openly as once they could, lest they be thought pushing, acquisitive and vulgar.例6 That concept implies educational opportunity for all children-the right of each child to receive help in learning to the limits of his or her capacity, whether that capacity be small or great.例7 If the preoccupation of schools with academic work was lessened, more time might be spent teaching children surer values. Perhaps selection for the caring professions, especially medicine could be made less by good grades in chemistry and more by such considerations as sensitivity and sympathy.例8 And so it does-and all would be well were reason the only judge in the creationism/evolution debate.例9 When their basic motivation is religious, one might have expected more Christian behavior.例10 As personal injury claims continue as before, some courts are beginning to side with defendants, especially in cases where a warning label probably wouldnt have changed anything.例11 How many men would have considered the possibility of an apple falling up into the tree? 例12 NBAC will ask that Clintons 90-day ban on federal funds for human cloning be extended indefinitely, and possibly that it be made law.6無人稱結(jié)構(gòu)無人稱結(jié)構(gòu)是指形式主語it引導(dǎo)的各種結(jié)構(gòu)，具有客觀嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)谋磉_(dá)特點(diǎn)。無人稱結(jié)構(gòu)一般主要有三種形式：It is+過去分詞+that 結(jié)構(gòu)，It is +adj. +that 結(jié)構(gòu)和It is +n.+that結(jié)構(gòu)。1） It is+過去分詞+that 結(jié)構(gòu) 這種無人稱結(jié)構(gòu)很多，在作文中隨處可見。常見的有： It is reported that據(jù)報道It is hoped that. 人們/人們希望It is mentioned that有人提到It is learned that據(jù)了解It is authoritatively learned that據(jù)權(quán)威消息獲悉/了解It is predicted that 據(jù)預(yù)測It has been found that有人/人們發(fā)現(xiàn) It is usually considered that人們通常認(rèn)為It is universally accepted that人們通常認(rèn)為It is generally recognized that大家普遍承認(rèn)的是It is established that據(jù)規(guī)定It was noted above that根據(jù)以上所述It will be seen that從此可以看出It will be seen from this that從此可以看出It must be admitted that.必須承認(rèn)的是It must be pointed out that必須指出的是It may be safely said that. 我們可以放心地說It has been illustrated that已經(jīng)說明的是It has been proved that必須指出的是It must be said without exaggeration that. 可以毫不夸張地說It is alleged that據(jù)稱It cannot be denied that不可否認(rèn)的是It is assumed that大家/人們認(rèn)為It has been viewed that大家/人們認(rèn)為It is understood that 大家/人們認(rèn)為It is believed that大家/人們認(rèn)為It is generally considered that人們普遍認(rèn)為 It is generally agreed that大家普遍認(rèn)為It is claimed that有人認(rèn)為It is asserted that可以斷定的是It is hoped that.人們希望It is expected that可以預(yù)料/期望的是 It is pointed out that必須指出的是It is estimated that據(jù)估計It is recommended that有人建議It is proposed that有人建議It is stressed that必須強(qiáng)調(diào)的是2） It is +adj. +that 結(jié)構(gòu)這種無人稱結(jié)構(gòu)后面的that分句中需要使用(should)be型的虛擬結(jié)構(gòu)。常用的結(jié)構(gòu)有：It is important that重要的是It is essential that至關(guān)重要的是It is crucial that十分關(guān)鍵的是It is vital that重要的是It is critical that十分關(guān)鍵的是It is indispensable that不可缺少的是It is necessary that很有必要的是It is imperative that必要的是 It is appropriate that 正確的是；是恰當(dāng)?shù)腎t is advisable that 是合理的或明智的It is apparent that明顯的是；顯然It is clear that顯然It is evident that 是不言而喻的It is strange that奇怪的是It is likely that可能It is possible that可能It is preferable that更可取的是It is fortunate/ lucky that幸運(yùn)的是 It is desirable that更可取的是；應(yīng)該It is true that說真的；誠然3） It is +n.+that結(jié)構(gòu)這種無人稱結(jié)構(gòu)雖沒有以上兩種那么多，但在寫作也常常用到。常見的有：It is a pity that遺憾的是It is a shame that令人可恥的是 It is (high/tall) time that 是時間到了；應(yīng)該是時候了It is a coincidence that湊巧的是It is a truism that不言而喻的是6 比較結(jié)構(gòu)比較結(jié)構(gòu)在寫作中運(yùn)用之廣令人驚嘆。這里所說的比較結(jié)構(gòu)除了常規(guī)意義上的morethan或less than之類的一般比較結(jié)構(gòu)，還包括其他更為復(fù)雜的強(qiáng)調(diào)比較結(jié)構(gòu)（主要用來加強(qiáng)語氣）和特殊比較結(jié)構(gòu)。例如： 例1 Advertising does more for the material benefit of the community than any other force I can think of.（more than 引導(dǎo)一般比較級，表示“比更”） 例2 By contrast, the process of personal growth is much more difficult to determine, sice by definition it is a journey and not the specific signposts or landmarks along the way.（much more引導(dǎo)強(qiáng)調(diào)比較級，表示“比更得多” ）例3 The individual now has more information available than any genegration, and the task of finding that one piece of information relevant to his or heer specific problem is complicated, time-consuming and sometimes even overwhelming.（morethan any以比較級形式表示最高級的含義， 表示“比任何更” ）例4 Coupled with the growing quantity of information is the development of technologies which enable the storage and delivery of more information with greater speed to more locations than has ever been possible before.（morethan has ever been以比較級形式表示最高級的含義，表示“比以往任何時候都更” ）例5 Nowhere do 1980 census statistics dramatize more the American search for spacious living than in the Far West.( nowhere /nothing is morethan以比較級形式表示最高級的含義，表示“沒有比更”) 例6 Few pastimes bring a family closer than gathering around and listening to mother or father read stories, and discussing our problems, or playing games and having a family outing.（few things are morethan以比較級形式表示最高級的含義，表示“沒有比更” ）例7 As a result, Californias growth rate dropped during the 1970s, to 18.5 percentlittle more than two thirds in the 1960s growth figure and considerably below that of other Western states. （little more than 表示“只是，僅僅，不過是” ）例8 Knowledge can no more be acquired without hard work than swimming can be learned without constant practice.（no morethan表示“同一樣不” ）例9 He is not a poet any more than I am a scholar.（notany more than表示“同一樣不” ）例10 Your explanation does not so much enlighten us as confuse us.（not so muchas 表示“與其不如” 或“不是而是” ）例11 She is no less selfish than she used to be. （no lessthan 表示“和一樣” ）例12 His analysis of the poem is nothing like/near as /so penetrating as yours.（nothing like/near as/soas 表示“遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不象那樣” ）例13 Even if its true that the presidents announcement was nothing more than a bit of election-year candy, its getting some very serious attention from some very smart people. （nothing more than 表示“只不過是，只是，僅僅是，無非是” ）例14 When Japanese scientists diagnosed a cow with bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in September 2001, it was nothing less than a national crisis.（nothing less than 表示“不亞于，簡直是，就是” ）例15 Hitlers mistakes gave Roosevelt the victory; just as at waterloo it was less Wellington who won than Napoleon who lost.（lessthan 表示“與其說不如說”或“不是而是” ）例16 Their lives are no less empty than those of their subordinates.（no lessthan 表示“和一樣” ）例17 One can tell the difference almost at a glance for a spider has eight legs and an insect never more than six.（never/ no/nothing more than表示“只是，僅僅，不過是” ）例18 Although not yet finalized, the takeover has sparked fears, in South Korea that China might soon pose more of a threat than an opportunity.（morethan表示“不是而是”或“與其說不如說”或“不是而是” ）例19 It is not easy to impart knowledge any more than it is to acquire knowledge. （not A any more than B 表示“既不是B,也不是A”或“A和B 都不是” ）例20 If machines really thought as man do, there would be no more reason to fear them than to fear man. （no more A than B 表示“不正如不”或“A和B 都不” ）英譯漢比較級1. California on the whole has a climate milder all the year round than that of any other places in the Continental United States. 譯文1與美國大陸其它地方相比，大體上加州全年氣候更為溫和。 譯文2大體上說，美國大陸哪個地方的全年氣候也沒有加州那么溫和。譯文3大體上說，在整個美國大陸上，加州的全年氣候是最溫和的。2. Even though the United States produces more automobiles than any other country, it still imports large number of autos from Germany, Japan and Sweden, primarily because there is a market for them in the United States. 譯文1盡管美國生產(chǎn)的汽車比其他國家要多，但它仍從德國、日本和瑞典大量進(jìn)口汽車，這主要是因為美國市場有這種需求。 譯文2盡管美國的汽車產(chǎn)量居世界首位，但它仍從德國、日本和瑞典進(jìn)口大量汽車，這主要是因為美國市場這一需求。 3. It is well