三一口語(yǔ)九級(jí)講義

i 三一口語(yǔ)九級(jí)講義 全 第一部分 自選話題 聽懂考官的談話內(nèi)容并切題應(yīng)答 話語(yǔ)連貫且有條理 就所選話題與考官交替持續(xù)開展交流 敘述事實(shí) 想法 闡述個(gè)人觀點(diǎn)及態(tài)度 交談中若考官插話打斷 能運(yùn)用合適的交際策略把談話引回到原話題 交談中能突出談話重點(diǎn) 使考官參與討論 第二部分 互動(dòng)交流 主動(dòng)引導(dǎo)交談 通過(guò)提問(wèn)獲取更多信息 依據(jù)考官的回答進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)展深入 請(qǐng)考官發(fā)表評(píng)論 闡述觀點(diǎn) 使討論深入進(jìn)行 靈活運(yùn)用本級(jí)別所列的語(yǔ)言功能 第三部分 對(duì)話 聽懂考官的談話內(nèi)容并切題應(yīng)答 更主動(dòng)地與考官對(duì)話交流 對(duì)考官的評(píng)論或見解作出反應(yīng) 使對(duì)話深入展開 若交流不暢停頓時(shí) 應(yīng)變換方式或更換詞語(yǔ)使對(duì)話繼續(xù)不停頓 新增對(duì)話題目 夢(mèng)和夢(mèng)魘 犯罪和懲罰 技術(shù) 習(xí)慣和對(duì)事物的迷戀 全球環(huán)境問(wèn)題 設(shè)計(jì) 如 服裝 建筑 汽車 家具等 語(yǔ)言功能 表達(dá)抽象的思想 觀點(diǎn) 表達(dá)遺憾 愿望 和希望 表達(dá)設(shè)想 假定 變換詞語(yǔ)表達(dá)相 同的意思 權(quán)衡各種選擇 假設(shè) 評(píng)論往事或事情發(fā)生的過(guò)程 新增語(yǔ)法項(xiàng)目 帶動(dòng)名詞和 或不定式的動(dòng)詞 如 forget stop go on remember 帶情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) should must might could 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) wish 和 hope 后正確的動(dòng)詞用法 詞匯 與自選話題相關(guān)的詞語(yǔ) 與第三部分對(duì)話話題相關(guān)的詞匯 用于引回到原話題的用語(yǔ) 如 As I was saying Anyway 用于表示猶豫的用語(yǔ) 如 I mean you know 為贏得思考時(shí)間繼續(xù)自己談話的常用語(yǔ) 如 Well let me think 語(yǔ)音 詞語(yǔ)發(fā)音正確 運(yùn)用升調(diào)和降調(diào) 表示繼續(xù)或中止自己的談話 運(yùn)用重讀和節(jié)奏 突出強(qiáng)調(diào)談話重點(diǎn) 運(yùn)用語(yǔ)調(diào) 音的高低表明態(tài)度 GESE 9GESE 9 ii FormatFormat Candidate led discussion of a prepared topic up to 5 min An interactive task up to 4 min Conversation up to 5 min CandidateCandidate performanceperformance Understand complex and extended speech Communicate with spontanity Initiate maintain and end the discourse with effective turn taking Use complex expressions FunctionsFunctions Give advice Making suggestions Discribing GrammaticalGrammatical itemsitems Second conditional third conditional Forgert stop go on remember More complex forms of the passive Should must might could present perfect Wish hope SubjectSubject AreaArea 1 1 DreamsDreams andand NightmaresNightmares Vocabulary iii nightmare elaborated physical frustration panic grief confusion proportion abstract physiological psychological paralysis be associated with laboratory motivation phenomenon significant self awareness unscientific speculation denial explosion integrity Definition What are dreams Dreams are a form of mental activity that occurs during sleep Dreaming activity can vary from very simple thoughts or images to elaborated stories with ivid colour images and intense physical activity What is a nightmare Any strongly unpleasant dream may be a nightmare It s the feeling not the content that turns a dream into a nightmare Fear shame guilt frustration pain panic anger grief confusion or any other negative emotion may reach nightmare proportions My mother had a horrible nightmare she was in a huge white room with hundreds of plants Sounded lovely to me but to her it was unconsciously the afterworld and she wasn t ready to die It was a terrifying nightmare Type of dreams terrible dreams nightmares and sweet ones Qs related to this aspect describe your dream the most impressive or recent dream and give an example since an abstract subject can usually be illustrated by examples Think of a dream and describe it Recurring Themes There are many common recurrent dream themes in our culture earthquakes tidal waves fires being stalked or attacked trying to lock doors against an intruder teeth crumbling lost toilets test taking no pants in public etc iv When do we dream Two different schools of thought exist as to why we dream the physiological school and the psychological school Both however agree that we dream during the REM or rapid eye movement phase of sleep During this phase of sleep our closed eyes dart rapidly about our brain activity peaks and our muscles suffer temporary paralysis In dreams we can recall things happened decades ago it may be associated with early memories or state of mind at a certain period Dream recall Many people do not remember their dreams However research in the laboratory has demonstrated that almost everybody experiences dreams but for a number of reasons many people do not recall their dreams upon awakening Dream recall can be improved by some simple measures such as changing wake up times paying attention to dreams immediately upon awakening and writing them down or telling them to a partner Simple interest in dreams and motivation to remember them have also been found to increase dream recall Are dreams useful Dreams are a natural phenomenon and there is no harm in recalling them In fact the distorted representation that dreams use can be useful because sometimes they lead to very creative images and associations Many artists and writers use dream images and stories to inspire them in their work However since most dreams are unpleasant to the dreamer v they can sometimes have a negative impact on mood at wake up time A number of scientists have made significant insight and discoveries following dreams Because dreams can reflect in one form or another our waking state of mind or our concerns they are used in psychotherapy There are also many techniques that have been developed for the use of dreams in everyday life Paying attention to dreams can help improve self awareness However universal dream symbols found in popular books are the result of unscientific speculations Each individual has their own manner of dream expression Reasons What causes nightmares Usually it is your own trapped personal power turned inward This is very common in our society because of childhood training and social conventions that require you to hide or deny some parts of yourself even some positive ones For instance women in our culture are never supposed to get angry Yet anger is a natural emotion that is very useful and appropriate in some circumstances Anger appears in nightmares in many forms explosions wild animals fires floods to name just a few possible images When you work a nightmare by speaking as the image you ll find out very quickly what it represents to you And once you hear the message you are on the road to breaking the denial and recovering the personal power that was locked away Another cause of nightmares is imbalance If you ve gotten out of alignment with your inner integrity in some way perhaps even a way that you re not consciously aware of your mind may create a nightmare to get your vi attention Or if you are developing a physical condition or there s something in your environment that s not right your dreaming mind may let you know through nightmares SubjectSubject areaarea 2 2 CrimeCrime andand punishmentpunishment I Crime types burglary damage to a vehicle fraud and forgery check and credit card fraud drug trafficking vehicle driver document fraud sexual offences homicide Murder Premeditated and unlawful killing of another person manslaughter Infanticide harassment child abduction Blackmail kidnapping II What are the main reasons of committing a crime How do some people decide to commit a crime The desire for material gain money or expensive belongings leads to property crimes such as robberies burglaries white collar crimes and auto thefts The desire for control revenge or power leads to violent crimes such as murders assaults and rapes These violent crimes usually occur on impulse or the spur of the moment when emotions run high Property crimes are usually planned in advance Parental relations vii Children who are neglected or abused are more likely to commit crimes later in life than others The cycle of abuse crime and sociopathy keeps repeating itself Children who are neglected or abused commit substantially more crimes later in life than others The cycle of violence concept based on the quality of early life relationships has its positive counterpart Supportive and loving parents who respond to the basic needs of their child instill self confidence and an interest in social environments These children are generally well adjusted in relating to others and are far less likely to commit crimes Heredity and brain activity Searching for the origins of antisocial personality disorders and their influence over crime led to studies of twins and adopted children in the 1980s Identical twins have the exact same genetic makeup Researchers found that identical twins were twice as likely to have similar criminal behavior than fraternal twins who have similar but not identical genes just like any two siblings The death penalty It s taken for granted that a person who is convicted of murder should pay with his or her life However there exists a world wide movement for the abolition of the death penalty The abolitionists argue that the death penalty is not only inhuman but also unscientific Those in favour of capital punishment are motivated only by desire for revenge and retaliation Capital punishment does not deter There re numerous miscarriages of justice especially in capital cases viii A civilised state should uphold not violate the sanctity of human life Education Conforming to Merton s earlier sociological theories a survey of inmates in state prisons in the late 1990s showed very low education levels Many could not read or write above elementary school levels if at all The most common crimes committed by these inmates were robbery burglary automobile theft drug trafficking and shoplifting Because of their poor educational backgrounds their employment histories consisted of mostly low wage jobs with frequent periods of unemployment Employment at minimum wage or below living wage does not help deter criminal activity Even with government social services such as public housing food stamps and medical care the income of a minimum wage household still falls short of providing basic needs People must make a choice between continued long term low income and the prospect of profitable crime Gaining further education of course is another option but classes can be expensive and time consuming While education can provide the chance to get a better job it does not always overcome the effects of abuse poverty or other limiting factors Peer influence A person s peer group strongly influences a decision to commit crime For example young boys and girls who do not fit into expected standards of academic achievement or participate in sports or social programs can sometimes become Crack cocaine pipe displayed by police Drugs and alcohol impair judgment and reduce inhibitions giving a person greater courage to commit a crime Children of ix families who cannot afford adequate clothing or school supplies can also fall into the same trap Researchers believe these youth may abandon schoolmates in favor of criminal gangs since membership in a gang earns respect and status in a different manner In gangs antisocial behavior and criminal activity earns respect and street credibility Drugs and alcohol Some social factors pose an especially strong influence over a person s ability to make choices Drug and alcohol abuse is one such factor The urge to commit crime to support a drug habit definitely influences the decision process Both drugs and alcohol impair judgment and reduce inhibitions socially defined rules of behavior giving a person greater courage to commit a crime Deterrents such as long prison sentences have little meaning when a person is high or drunk The idea that drug and alcohol abuse can be a major factor in a person s life is why there are numerous treatment programs for young people addicted to these substances Treatment focuses on positive support to influence a person s future decision making and to reduce the tendency for antisocial and criminal behavior Easy access Another factor many criminologists consider key to making a life of crime easier is the availability of handguns in U S society Firearms provide a simple means of committing a crime while allowing offenders some distance or detachment from their victims Discouraging the choice of crime x Solution There are several ways to prevent the youth from committing crimes Firstly school education plays an important role to teach traditional beliefs Secondly the present situation also calls for a control and supervision on the mass media Books and programs should be in good quality There should be more educational books and programs for young children in to tell them how to distinguish the right from the wrong Thirdly mutual understanding between parents and children is also very important Parental supervision and guidance are a key factor of self cultivation in lifetime The two generations need to smooth away disagreement Parents can spend much time staying with their children and patiently carry out the duty of family education SubjectSubject areaarea 3 3 HabitsHabits andand obsessionsobsessions Definition of habit Habit a behavior pattern acquired by frequent repetition or physiologic exposure that shows itself in regularity or increased facility of performance b an acquired mode of behavior that has become nearly or completely involuntary xi Types of habits You have two major types of habits You have habits that revolve around your desires and you have habits that revolve around your fears The habits that revolve around your desires for health happiness financial independence and success are life enhancing They are the habits that have brought you the success you enjoy today The habits that revolve around your fears on the other hand act as brakes on your potential They hold you back They interfere with your success They trip you up on a regular basis They cause you to sell yourself short and settle for far less than your potential Definition of Obsession Obsession a persistent disturbing preoccupation with an often unreasonable idea or feeling A recurrent and persistent idea thought or impulse to carry out an act that is ego dystonic that is experienced as senseless or repugnant and that the person cannot voluntarily suppress An obsession is an unwelcome uncontrollable and persistent idea thought image or emotion that a person cannot help thinking even though it creates significant distress or anxiety Symptoms Typical obsessions include fear of contamination as from doorknobs or handshakes worry about leaving things in their proper order persistent doubts about one s responsible behavior scary images involving violent acts and images of sexual acts People with obsessions may find themselves acting in compulsive ways in largely futile attempts to relieve the anxiety associated with their persistent unpleasant thoughts Others suffering from obsessions may xii try very hard to control or ignore them It is important to note that legitimate worries about daily concerns paying bills studying for exams keeping a job interpersonal relationships are not obsessions Although they can occasionally be carried to obsessive lengths these concerns can change with circumstances and in most cases be controlled with planning effort and action Obsessions relate to problems that most people would consider far removed from normal daily events and concerns smoking There re millions of people who still smoke today There re no advertisements for cigarettes on television or in the newspapers in China Every cigarette packet carries a Government health warning It says Smoking can damage your health People die every year from the effects of smoking But many people continue to smoke The main reason is that their body is addicted to nicotine and that they lack the willpower to stop smoking What worries us most is that the number of schoolchildren who smoke seems to be increasing They smoke because they like the image of being a smoker Some diseases are linked to smoking such as lung cancer asthma bronchitis emphysema and so on It s high time we took some measures to discourage people from smoking Smoking should be banned in public places The anti smoking campain should be strengthened drinking A person who is unable to stop the habit of drinking too much is an alcoholic Doctors say that moderate drinking of good ale good cider or good natural wine does not injure the health of most people who are leading reasonably active lives But there re people who drink too much They think xiii they can temporarily get rid of their worries by getting themselves drunk As we all know the continued and habitual drinking of too much alcohol damages mind and nerve We must prohibit the sale of alcohol to people who are already drunk If such people are served at a bar the bartender should be held responsible The bar s licence should be withdrawn Pubs should not be allowed to offer parking space for their customers cars and motorbikes since this encourages drunken driving Reasons Those who have a particular deadline e g a new job wedding birth of baby holiday or educational course Some wish to make a swift change due to personal eatment plan Gain greater self awareness xiv SubjectSubject areaarea 4 4 TechnologyTechnology Cell Phones New Developments In the world mobility is not just a luxury it is a way of life And many people have come to rely on using cell phones to manage their lives sometimes even canceling their land lines in favor of their mobile Thus poor reception quality and lack of cell phone coverage is not merely an inconvenience it is also a matter of public safety Increasingly 911 phone calls are being placed on cell phones GM food What do you know about GM food Should it be further developed or should it be suspended What is the potential impact of GM food The lack of data is due to a number of reasons including It s more difficult to evaluate the safety of crop derived foods than individual chemical drug or food additives Crop foods are more complex and their composition varies according to differences in growth and agronomic conditions Publications on GM food toxicity are scarce An article in Science magazine said it all Health Risks of Genetically Modified Foods Many Opinions but Few Data 1 In fact no peer reviewed publications of clinical studies on the human health effects of GM food exist Even animal studies are few and far between Our present data base is woefully inadequate Moreover the scientific quality of what has been published is in most instances not up to expected standards If as xv claimed our future is dependent on the success of the promise of genetic modification delivering wholesome plentiful more nutritious and safe GM foods the inescapable conclusion of this review is that the present crude method of genetic modification has so far not delivered these benefits and the promise of a superior second generation is still in the future Alt