2011年高考英語(yǔ) 閱讀理解分類匯編之科普知識(shí)類

用心 愛心 專心 1 20112011 高考英語(yǔ)閱讀理解分類匯編之科普知識(shí)類高考英語(yǔ)閱讀理解分類匯編之科普知識(shí)類 1 2011 陜西卷 D Ever since they were first put on the market in the early 1990s gentically mondified GM 轉(zhuǎn) 基因 foods have been increasingly developed and marketed in many countries in the word mainly on the basis of their promise to end the worldwide food crisis But can GM technology solve world hunger problems Even if it would is it the best solutiorr Despite what it promiises GM technology actually has not increased the production potential of any corp In fact Studies show that the most crown GM croo GM soybeans has suffered reduced productivity For instance a report than analysed nearly two decades of research on mojor GM food crops shows that GM engineering has failed to significantly increase US crop production Something else however has been on the rise While GM seeds are expensive GM companics tell farmers that they will make good profits by saving money on pesticides 殺蟲劑 On the contrary US government data show that GM crops in the US have produced an overall increase in pesticide use compared to traditional crops The promise was that you could use less chemicals and boost production But nether is true said Bill Christison President of the US National Farm Coalition At the same time the authors of the book World Hunger Twelve Myths argue that there actually is more than enough food in the world and that the hunger crisis is not caused by production but by problems in food distribution and politics These indeed deserve our efforts and money Meanwhile the rise in food prices results from the increased use of crops for fuel rather than food according to a 2008 World Bank report As a matter of fact scientists see better ways to feed the world Another World Bank report concluded that GM crops have little to offer to the challenges of worldwide poverty and hunger because better ways out are available among which green farming is supposed to be the first choice 57 The author develops the second paragraph mainly C A by classification B by comparison 用心 愛心 專心 2 C by example D by process 58 What does the underlined word boost in the third paragraph probably mean D A Control B Evaluate C Obtain D Increase 59 GM companies promise farmers that they will benefit from B A practicing green farming B use of less chemicals C fair distribution of their crops D using more crops for fuel 60 Which of the following best describes the attitude of the author towards GM technology C A Optimistic B Defensive C Disapproving D Casual 2 2011 重慶卷 C Getting rid of dirt in the opinion of most people is a good thing However there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt In the early 16th century people thought that dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease as medical opinion had it that washing off dirt with hot water could open up the skin and let ills in A particular danger was thought to lie in public baths By 1538 the French king had closed the bath houses in his kingdom So did the king of England in 1546 Thus began a long time when the rich and the poor in Europe lived with dirt in a friendly way Henry IV King of France was famously dirty Upon learning that a nobleman had taken a bath the king ordered that to avoid the attack of disease the nobleman should not go out Though the belief in the merit of dirt was long lived dirt has no longer been regarded as a nice neighbor ever since the 18th century Scientifically speaking cleaning away dirt is good to health Clean water supply and hand washing are practical means of preventing disease Yet it seems that standards of cleanliness have moved beyond science since World War Advertisements repeatedly sell the idea clothes need to be whiter than white cloths ever softer surfaces to shine Has the hate for dirt however gone too far Attitudes to dirt still differ hugely nowadays Many first time parents nervously try to warn their children off touching dirt which might be responsible for the spread of disease On the contrary Mary Ruebush an American immunologist 免疫學(xué)家 encourages children to play in the dirt to build up a strong immune system And the latter position is gaining some ground 64 The kings of France and England in the 16th century closed bath houses because 用心 愛心 專心 3 A they lived healthily in a dirty environment B they thought bath houses were too dirty to stay in C they believed disease could be spread in public baths D they considered bathing as the cause of skin disease 65 Which of the following best describes Henry IV s attitude to bathing A Afraid B Curious C Approving D Uninterested 66 How does the passage mainly develop A By providing examples B By making comparisons C By following the order of time D By following the order of importance 67 What is the author s purpose in writing the passage A To stress the role of dirt B To introduce the history of dirt C To call attention to the danger of dirt D To present the change of views on dirt 答案 CA CD 3 2011 湖南卷 C A recent study of ancient and modern elephants has come up with the unexpected conclusion that the African elephant is divided into two distinct 不同的 species The discovery was made by researchers at York and Harvard universities when they were examining the genetic relationship between the ancient woolly mammoth and mastodon to modern elephants the Asian elephant African forest elephant and African savanna elephant Once they obtained DNA sequences 序列 from two fossils 化石 mammoths and mastodons the team compared them with DNA from modern elephants They found to their amazement that modern forest and savanna elephants are as distinct from each other as Asian elephants and mammoths The scientists used detailed genetic analysis to prove that the African savanna elephants and the African forest elephants have been distinct species for several million years The divergence of 用心 愛心 專心 4 the two species took place around the time of the divergence of Asian elephants and woolly mammoths This result amazed all the scientists There has long been debate in the scientific community that the two might be separate species but this is the most convincing scientific evidence so far that they are indeed different species Previously many naturalists believed that African savanna elephants and African forest elephants were two populations of the same species despite the elephants significant size differences The savanna elephant has an average shoulder height of 3 5metres while the forest elephant has an average shoulder height of 2 5metres The savanna elephant weighs between six and seven tons roughly double the weight of the forest elephant But the fact that they look so different does not necessarily mean they are different species However the proof lay in the analysis of the DNA Alfred Roca assistant professor in the department of Animal Sciences at the University of Minois said We now have to treat the forest and savanna elephants as two different units for conservation purpose Since 1950 all African elephants have been conserved as one species Now that we know the forest and savanna elephants are two very distinct animals the forest elephant should become a bigger priority 優(yōu)先 for conservation purpose 66 One of the fossils studied by the researchers is that of A the Asian elephant B the forest elephant C the savanna elephant D the mastodon elephant 67 The underlined word divergence in paragraph 4means A evolution B exhibition C separation D examination 68 The researcher s conclusion was based on a study of the African elephant s A DNA B height C weight D population 69 What were Alfred Roca s words mainly about A The conversation of African elephants B The purpose of studying African elephants C The way to divide African elephants into two units D The reason for the distinction of African elephants 70 Which of the following can be the best title for the passage A Naturalist s Belief about Elephants B Amazing Experiment about Elephants 用心 愛心 專心 5 C An Unexpected Finding about Elephants D A Long scientific Debate about Elephants C 科普說(shuō)明文 科普說(shuō)明文 African elephant 有兩個(gè)不同的種類有兩個(gè)不同的種類 66 fossils 定位 找到第三段第一句 有兩種 fossils mam 和 mas 選項(xiàng) D 67 文中 divergence of the two species 指代前文 the Ase and the Afe have been distinct species divergence 與 distinct 同義替換 對(duì)應(yīng)選項(xiàng) C 68 conclusion based on 定位 找到倒數(shù)第二段最后一句 lay in 與 based on 同義替換 答 案 A 69 AR 定位 找到倒數(shù)第一段 從 AR 的話中 第一句 for conservation purpose 最后一 句 for conservation purpose 確定 A 70 文章首句點(diǎn)明全文主旨 答案 C 4 2011 江西卷 D Why should mankind explore space Why should money time and effort be spent exploring and researching something with so few apparent benefits Why should resources be spent on space rather than on conditions and people on Earth These are questions that understandably are very often asked Perhaps the best answer lies in our genetic makeup 基因構(gòu)成 as human beings What drove our ancestors to move from the trees into the plains and on into all possible areas and environments The wider the spread of a species the better its chance of survival Perhaps the best reason for exploring space is this genetic tendency to expand wherever possible Nearly every successful civilization has explored because by doing so any dangers in surrounding areas can be identified and prepared for Without knowledge we may be completely destroyed by the danger With knowledge we can lessen its effects Exploration also allows minerals and other potential 潛在的 resources to be found Even if we have no immediate need of them they will perhaps be useful later Resources may be more than physical possessions Knowledge or techniques have been acquired through exploration The 用心 愛心 專心 6 techniques may have medical applications which can improve the length or quality of our lives We have already benefited from other spin offs including improvements in earthquake prediction in satellites for weather forecasting and in communications systems Even non stick pans and mirrored sunglasses are by products 副產(chǎn)品 of technological developments in the space the chance to save ourselves might not exist While many resources are spent on what seems a small return the exploration of space allows creative brave and intelligent members of our species to focus on what may serve to save us While space may hold many wonders and explanations of how the universe was formed or how it works it also holds dangers The danger exists but knowledge can help human being to survive Without the ability to reach out across space the chance to save ourselves might not exist While Earth is the only planet known to support life surely the adaptive ability of humans would allow us to live on other planets It is true that the lifestyle would be different but human life and cultures have adapted in the past and surely could in the future 71 Why does the author mention the questions in Paragraph1 A To express his doubts B To compare different ideas C To introduce points for discussion D To describe the conditions on Earth 72 What is the reason for exploring space based on Paragraph2 A Humans are nature born to do so B Humans have the tendency to fight C Humans may find new sources of food D Humans don t like to stay in the same place 73 The underlined word spin offs in Paragraph 4 probably refers to A survival chancesB potential resources C unexpected benefitsD physical possessions 74 What makes it possible for humans to live on other planets A O ur genetic makeup B Resources on the earth C The adaptive ability of humans D By products in space exploration 用心 愛心 專心 7 75 Which of the statements can best sum un the passage A Space exploration has created many wonders B Space exploration provided the best value for money C Space exploration may help us avoid potential problems on Earth 解析 71 推理判斷題 答案選 C 文章是典型的議論說(shuō)明文 是提出問(wèn)題 分析問(wèn)題的套路 第 一段通過(guò)提出一系列關(guān)于太空探索利弊的問(wèn)題引發(fā)討論 并不是真的有這些懷疑 也沒(méi)有鮮 明的正反觀點(diǎn) 所以 AB 不對(duì) D 偏差較遠(yuǎn) 72 主旨題 答案選 A 第二段是典型的總分總結(jié)構(gòu) 主旨句在段首段尾 Perhaps the best answer lies in our genetic makeup as human beings 主要原因在于人類基因 Perhaps the best reason for exploring space is this genetic tendency to expand wherever possible 而 B 選項(xiàng)錯(cuò)在 fight 這個(gè)詞 CD 沒(méi)提及 73 詞義猜測(cè)題 選 C 根據(jù) spin off 前面的 we have already benefited from other spin off 關(guān) 鍵詞 benefit 受益 而 spin off 后面的 including 說(shuō)的全是獲得的利益 如 improvements in earthquake prediction 地震預(yù)測(cè)的進(jìn)步等等 而不是什么生存機(jī)會(huì) 或者潛在資源 所以選 C 74 細(xì)節(jié)題 答案選 C 按照問(wèn)題順序一致原則 答案應(yīng)當(dāng)出現(xiàn)在最后兩段 在最后一段的 首句我們找到了一個(gè)極端詞用以定位 While earth is the only planet known to support life surely the adaptive ability of humans would allow us to live on other planets 直接由翻譯可知 人 類的適應(yīng)能力使我們?cè)谄渌乔虻木幼〕蔀榭赡?75 推理判斷題 選 D 除去前兩段引入 第三段主旨句 首句 的意思是每個(gè)文明都會(huì)探 索周圍文明以減低危險(xiǎn) 第四段主旨句 首句 說(shuō)的是探索使得我們能夠發(fā)現(xiàn)潛在能源 第 五段主旨句 首句 說(shuō)的是探索使得很多人發(fā)現(xiàn)解決問(wèn)題的有用資源 總的來(lái)說(shuō) 就可歸結(jié) 為 太空探索可以幫助我們很多 避免很多問(wèn)題 5 2011 江蘇卷 A We know the famous ones the Thomas Edisons and the Alexander Graham Bells but what about the less famous inventors What about the people who invented the traffic light and the windshield wiper 雨刮器 Shouldn t we know who they are Joan Mclean think so In fact Mclean a professor of physics at Mountain University in Range 用心 愛心 專心 8 feels so strongly about this matter that she s developed a course on the topic In addition to learning who invented what however Mclean also likes her students to learn the answers to the why and how questions According to Mclean When students learn the answers to these questions they are better prepared to recognize opportunities for inventing and more motivated to give inventing a try So just what is the story behind the windshield wiper Well Mary Anderson came up with the idea in 1902 after a visit to Mew York City The day was cold and stormy but Anderson still wanted to see the sights so she jumped aboard a streetcar Noticing that the driver was struggling to see through the snow covering the winshield she found hersefe wondering why there couldn t be a buolt in devic for cleaing the window Still wondering about this when she returned home to Birmingham Alabama Anderson started drafting out solutions One of her ideas a lever 操作桿 on the inside of a vehicle that would contral an arm on the outside became the first windshield wiper Today we benefit from countless inventions and innovations It s hard to imagine driving without Garrett A Morgan s traffic light It s equally impossible to picture a world without Katherine J Blodgett s innovation that makes glass invisible Can you picture life without clear windows and eyeglasses 56 By mentionong traffic light and windshield wiper the author indicates that countless inventions are A beneficial because their inventors are famous B beneficial though their inventors are less famous C not useful because their inventors are less famous D not useful though their inventors are famous 57 Professor Joan McLean s course aims to A add colour and variety to students campus life B inform students of the windshield wiper s invention C carry out the requirements by Mountain University D pre are students to try theie own invention 58 Tommy Lee s invention of the unbreakable umbrella was A not eventually accepted by the umbrella producer 用心 愛心 專心 9 B inspired by the story behind the windshield wiper C due to his dream of being caught in a rainstorm D not related to Professor Joan McLean s lectures 59 Which 0f the following can best serve as the title of this passage A How to Help Students to Sell Their Inventions to Producers B How to Design a Built in Dervice for Cleaning the Window C Shouldn t We Know Who Inventd the Windshield Wiper D Shouldn t We Develop Invention Courses in Universities 56 B 推理判斷題 根據(jù)第一段內(nèi)容結(jié)合下文可推斷 作者提到交通信號(hào)燈 雨刮器等發(fā)明 是想說(shuō)無(wú)數(shù)的發(fā)明對(duì)人類十分有益 雖然它們的發(fā)明者沒(méi)有太大的名氣 57 D 細(xì)節(jié)理解題 根據(jù)第二段最后一句可知 John McLean 教授開設(shè)這門課程的目的就是 讓學(xué)生有足夠的準(zhǔn)備去嘗試自己發(fā)明東西 58 B 細(xì)節(jié)理解題 根據(jù)第三段內(nèi)容可知 Tommy Lee 發(fā)明的 不會(huì)折斷的雨傘 就是受到 了雨刮器背后的故事的激勵(lì) 59 C 主旨大意題 通讀全文可知 文章的第一段就是主題段 特別是第一段最后一句充分 體現(xiàn)了作者想要表達(dá)的心聲 接下來(lái)的內(nèi)容都是圍繞第一段展開并為第一段服務(wù)的 6 2011 江蘇卷 C According to the US government wind farms off the Pacific coast could produce 900 gig watts of electricity every year Unfortunately the water there is far too deep for even the tallest windmills see picture to touch bottom An experiment under way off the coast of Norway however could help put them anywhere The project called Hywind is the world s first large scale deepwater wind turbine 渦輪發(fā)電機(jī) Although it uses a fairly standard 152 ton 2 3 megawatt turbine Hywind represents totally new technology The turbine will be fixed 213 feet above the water on a floating spar see picture a technology Hywind s 用心 愛心 專心 10 creator the Norwegian company StatoilHydro has developed recently The steel spar which is filled with stones and goes 328 feet below the sea surface will be tied to the ocean floor by three cable 纜索 these will keep the spar stable and prevent the turbine from moving up and down in the waves Hywind s stability 穩(wěn)定性 in the cold and rough sea would prove that even the deepest corners of the ocean are suitable for wind power If all goes according to plan the turbine will start producing electricity six miles off the coast of southwestern Norway as early as September To produce electricity on a large scale a commercial wind farm will have to use bigger turbines than Hywind does but it s difficult enough to balance such a large turbine so high on a floating spar in the middle of the ocean To make that turbine heavier the whole spar s to design a new kind of wind turbine one whose gearbox 變速箱 sits at sea level rather than behind the blades see picture Hywind is a test run but the benefits for perfecting floating wind farm technology could be extremely large Out at sea the wind is often stronger and steadier than close to shore where all existing offshore windmills are planted Deep sea farms are invisible from land which helps overcome the windmill as eyesore objection If the technology catches on it will open up vast areas of the planet s surface to one of the best low carbon power sources available 63 The Hywind project uses totally new technology to ensure the stability of A the cables which tie the spar to the ocean floor B the spar which is floating in deep sea water C the blades driven by strong and steady sea wind D the stones filled in the spar below the sea surfac