2011綜合類職稱英語教材新增文章--完形填空.doc

【新增】Life Expectancy in the Last Hundred Years (A級) 上世紀(jì)人類平均壽命的變化A hundred years ago，life expectancy in developed countries was about 47;in the early 21st century，men in the United States and the United Kingdom can expect to live to about 74，women to about 80，and these ages are rising all the time.What has brought about these changes? When we look at the life span of people 100 years ago，we need to look at the greatest killers of the time.In the early 20th century，these were the acute and often highly infectious diseases such as smallpox.Many children died very young from these diseases and others，and the weak and elderly were always at risk.In the developed world these diseases are far less deadly today，and in some cases have almost disappeared.A number of factors have led to this：improvements in sanitation and hygiene.the discovery and use of antibiotics，which make bacterial diseases much less dangerous，and vaccinations against common diseases. In addition ，peoples general health has improved with improvements in our general environment：cleaner air, better means of preserving food，better and warmer housing，and better understanding of nutrition.Genetically, we should all be able to live to about 85 but while people do live longer today，there are still some big killers around that are preventing US from consistently reaching that age.The problems that affect people today are the more chronic illnesses，such as heart disease and strokes，and those spread by viruses，such as influenza and AIDS1.Of course，cancer is a huge killer as well.In most cases these diseases affect older people，but there are worrying trends in the developed world with problems such as obesity leading to more heart disease and illnesses such as diabetes at younger ages.The killers today can be classed as“l(fā)ifestyle diseases, which means that it may be possible to halt their progress.【詞匯】expectancy n.預(yù)期 preserve vt.保藏，防止(食物) 腐爛 acute adj.(疾病)急性的infectious adj.傳染性的 nutrition n.營養(yǎng) smallpox n.天花 chronic adj.(疾病)慢性的sanitation n.環(huán)境衛(wèi)生 stroke n.中風(fēng) hygiene n.個人衛(wèi)生 virus n.病毒 antibiotic n.抗生素influenza n.流行性感冒 bacterial adj細(xì)菌性的 trend n.趨勢，傾向vaccination n.種痘obesity n肥胖 diabetes n.糖尿病 halt vt.使停止 bring about 帶來， life span 壽命百年以前，發(fā)達(dá)國家的人均壽命大約是47歲；到21世紀(jì)初，美英兩國的男性平均壽命約為74歲，女性則約為80歲，人們的平均壽命一直在延長。是什么造成了這樣的變化呢？在研究一百年前的人們壽命的時候，我們有必要注意當(dāng)時一些不治之癥。早在20世紀(jì)初，這些不治之癥經(jīng)常是像天花之類的急性的高傳染病。許多兒童因此夭折（也有其他原因），年邁題弱的人也總是面臨著它們的威脅。如今，這些疾病在發(fā)達(dá)國家已遠(yuǎn)不能致命，有一些都能被治愈。這一變化歸于許多因素，比如：環(huán)境及個人衛(wèi)生的改善，抗生素的發(fā)現(xiàn)及使用，（抗生素大大降低了細(xì)菌病的危險）以及常見疾病預(yù)防疫苗的接種。除此之外，更潔凈的空氣、更好的食物保鮮方法、更舒適溫暖的屋子還有對營養(yǎng)的進(jìn)一步認(rèn)識，這些總的環(huán)境的改善也促進(jìn)了人們的整體健康。從基因角度看，人都都能活到85歲，但盡管現(xiàn)在人們壽命確實比以前長了，仍然有一些疾病使得我們不能都活到那個歲數(shù)?，F(xiàn)在困擾人們的是像心臟病和中風(fēng)那種更為慢性的疾病，還有像流行性感冒和AIDS那些通過病毒傳染的疾病。當(dāng)然，癌癥也是一大殺手。上述疾病大多影響著老年人，但是令人擔(dān)憂的問題在發(fā)達(dá)國家日趨明顯，如：肥胖，產(chǎn)生更多心臟病和糖尿病等其他疾病患者群漸呈年輕化。人們?nèi)缃癜堰@些疾病歸為“生活方式疾病”，這意味著人們生活方式的改善有可能阻止它們的進(jìn)一步發(fā)展。原第十四篇 Sex change surgery guidelines drafted (A級) 原2010沒考到China is set to issue its first clinical guideline on sex-change surgery, according to a notice put on the website of the Ministry of Health yesterday.The ministry is now soliciting public and professional opinions on the draft guideline. The coming guideline aims to regulate and standardize sex reassignment surgery, part of a treatment for gender identity disorder in transsexuals.Experts estimate nearly 2,000 Chinese have undergone sex-change surgery while 100,000 to 400,000 are still considering it. However, no official number is available. In the draft, the MOH sets minimum criteria for both surgical candidates and medical institutions.Candidates for the surgery must be older than 20 and single, the draft guideline said. They are also required to prove a persistent desire for a sex change, to live for at least five consecutive years full-time in the new gender role, and to engage in mental therapy for at least one year.Before surgery can take place, a candidate must receive a recommendation for the operation from a psychologist after an appropriate series of therapy sessions.Also, several legal requirements must be met before the procedure. The candidate must provide proof from police that he or she has does not have any criminal offenses in the past.Police must also agree to change the sex status on the identity card of the prospective receiver before the operation can take place .The advent of such a guideline is believed to show that the government is concerned about the needs of a relatively small number of people who want to change sex.But doctors also warn that all stakeholders, including the hospital and prospective receivers, should be highly cautious about this surgery.The operation is more than a medical procedure due to its huge social and legal consequences. Doctors should make it clear to those seeking sex-change surgeries that the option always remains to continue to live in the original role. The guideline requires surgeons to tell patients about other options such as hormone therapy, They are also required to explain the risks involved, and underlying social barriers including discrimination, and administrative recognition and approval.For the candidates, the surgery itself is not the big issue in the long run. The real issue is the kind of life he or she will have to lead afterward.第五篇 Why People Use Pseudonyms (C級) 為什么人們用假名？You cant choose the name you are given at birth.but in many countries you can change it legally when you reach adulthood.Of course, most people never change their names even if they feel unhappy about them.However, some people do take this course of action-particularly artists! What makes an artist want to change their name? Sometimes its for purely personal reasons, such as the Nobel Prize winning poet from Chile，Neflali Reyes.He didnt want his father to know he was writing poetry, so he changed his name to Pablo Neruda when he was a young man. At other times the reason may appear eccentric;take the case of the Portuguese poet Fernando Pessoa，who wrote under 75 different names.The reason?“When I use a different name，I always write in a different way,”he explained.In most cases，however ，the reason is for social，historical，political，or cultural reasons.Here are some of the most common ：The persons real name is just too long and difficult to remember.Lets be honest， Madonna Louise Ciccone is not as easy to remember as just plain “Madonna”.And short names are much easier to remember：William Bradley became Brad Pitt and Edson Arantes do Nascimento became Pele.Sometimes names are changed for marketing purposes .For example，if a name sounds too“foreign”，it may be changed to something that is more recognizable in a market .So in the film world，Ramon Estevez adopted the name Martin Sheen.Or maybe the artists real name doesnt sound very attractive-Chad Everett does sound a lot better than Raymond Cramton.Artists sometimes choose the name of someone they admire.Robert Zimmerman changed his name to Boo Dylan because of his admiration for the Welsh poet,Dylan Thomas.Another reason may be practicality：in the past，women found it very difficult to get published.To avoid this situation they sometimes gave themselves mens names，so the English author Mary Ann Evans became George Eliot，and she did get her books published!我們沒法選擇出生時的名字，但是在很多國家人們可以在成年后改名。當(dāng)然，絕大多數(shù)人即使不喜歡自己的名字也不會改。然而，有的人卻付諸行動尤其是藝術(shù)家！為什么藝術(shù)家想改名呢？有時僅源于單純的私人原因。比如諾貝爾獎得主，智利詩人Neftali Reyes，因為不想讓父親知道自己寫詩，就在年輕時改名為Pablo Neruda。有時改名的理由也很奇怪，就拿葡萄牙詩人Fernando Pessoa來說吧，他的筆名多達(dá)75個。為什么？他解釋說：“每用一個不同的名字，我就寫不同的詩?！比欢拿蠖鄶?shù)是由于社會、歷史、政治或文化因素。以下是一些最常見的情況：也許是因為真名太長太難記。老實說，Madonna Louise Ciccone的確不如Madonna來得好記。簡短的名字記起來容易得多，比如William Bradley改名為Brad Pitt, Edson Arantes doNasaimento 改名為Nascimento Pele。有時改名是出于市場要求。比如，假使名字聽起來太“外國”，就可能被換成在市場更容易認(rèn)的名字。所以電影圈里的Ramon Estevez重起一個名字Martin Sheen。或者因為藝人的真名聽上去沒什么吸引力 Chad Everett確實比Raymond Cramton好聽多了。有時藝術(shù)家改名時會選擇他們崇拜的人的名字。出于對威爾士詩人Dylan Thomas的崇敬，Robert Zimmerman把他的名字改成了Boo Dylan。 另一個原因可歸結(jié)為現(xiàn)實考慮。過去，女人出書很難。為了避免這一局面，他們有時起男人的名字，英國作家Mary Anna Evans 把她的名字改為George Eliot，最后果真出版了自己的書！第十二篇 Sport or Spectacle? (B級) 競技還是表演？Muhammad Ali is probably the most famous sports figure on earth：he is recognized on every continent and by all generations.The diagnosis of his illness as Parkinsons disease after his retirement fuelled the debate about the dangers of boxing and criticism of the sport.That，plus his outspoken opposition to womens boxing，made people wonder how he would react when one of his daughters decided to take up the sport.His presence at Lailas first professional fight，however ，seemed to broadcast her fathers support.Of course Muhammad Ali wanted to watch his daughter fight.The ring announcer introduced him as the “the greatest” and as he sat down at the ringside the crowd chanted.Twenty-one-year-old Lailas debut fight was a huge success and there was as much publicity for the fight as her fathers fights once attracted. Unfortunately ，Lailas opponent was much weaker than she was and the fight lasted just 31 seconds.Since then，Laila has won most of her fights by knocking out her opponent.“She knows what shes doing，all right，”said one referee about her.“She knows about moving well.You can see some of her dads moves.”Laila Ali would rather not compare herself to her father.She prefers to make her own name .Her father supports her decision to enter the sport but he has not spared her the details of what can happen.Laila realizes that her father wants her to understand the worst possible scenario to see if she still wants to go forward with it.She knows shes going to get hit hard at times，that she may get a broken nose or a swollen face，but at least she is prepared for it.Lailas decision to start boxing despite her fathers struggle with the symptoms of Parkinsons disease has of course sparked a mixture of debate and criticism .But Laila is a feisty and determined individual and it is that as much as her famous last name that has made her a magnet for worldwide media attention. Of course, the arrival on the boxing scene of a woman with her family history attracts even more questions about