自考英語寫作基礎考核知識點分析與解題思路.doc

自考英語寫作基礎考核知識點分析與解題思路近幾年的英語寫作基礎試卷在考查內容和試題類型上改動不大，保持了命題的連貫性?？疾閮热莅ㄈ蟛糠郑壕渥拥慕M成、段落的寫作、應用文寫作。題型有重寫句子、改寫病句、識別主題句、重新組合段落、識別與段落內容無關的句子、寫信六種。本文將按題型順序對2000年試題的考核知識點與解題思路進行分析和探討，同時，也將對考生答題中的典型錯誤作一剖析，希望能有益于準備參加今年考試的同學。第一大題重寫句子(本大題共10小題，每小題1.5分，共15分)Rewrite each of the following sentences according to the requirement.一，考核知識點：考查loose sentence 與periodic sentence之間的轉換。試題：2. I felt like taking a walk after watching the sunset. (periodic sentence)3. While they were waiting in line for the concert tickets， the rain stopped. (loose sentence)答案：2. After watching the sunset， I felt like taking a walk.3. The rain stopped while they were waiting in line for the concert tickets.解題關鍵：(1) 明確兩種句型的特點：就語義結構而論，periodic sentence(掉尾句)中主要信息在后，次要信息在前，使句子的重心置于句尾，旨在造成懸念，引人入勝；而loose sentence(松散句)則正相反，將句義重心放在句首，使主要信息一目了然。就語法結構而言，periodic sentence(掉尾句)將句子成分中的修飾部分放在主要成分(一般為主謂結構)之前；而loose sentence(松散句)則反之。(2) 第二題原句主要信息為 I felt like taking a walk，放在次要信息After watching the sunset之前，原句是loose sentence(松散句)，變換句型只要將主次信息換位即可。第三題原句的主要信息為the rain stopped，次要信息為while they were waiting in line for the concert tickets，原句是periodic sentence(掉尾句)，變換成loose sentence(松散句)，需主次信息換位。二，考核知識點：考查將兩個獨立短句合并成一個simple sentence的能力。試題：5. The letter is from my foreign friend. The letter arrived today. (simple sentence)9. My roommate was waiting for me at the door. He had a book in his hand. (simple sentence)答案：5. The letter from my foreign friend arrived today.9. My roommate with a book in his hand was waiting for me at the door.解題關鍵：(1) 明確simple sentence(簡單句)的構成：simple sentence(簡單句)包含一個主語+謂語動詞(S+V)的結構。(2) 將兩個短句的共同主語作為合并后的simple sentence(簡單句)的主語，并將其中包含主要信息的短句的謂語動詞確立為simple sentence(簡單句)的謂語動詞，另一短句轉化為修飾成分。(3) 第5題原句中第一個短句為次要信息，介詞短語from my foreign friend可作為修飾成分。第9題原句中，第一個短句包含主要信息，其謂語動詞was waiting可作為合并后的simple sentence(簡單句)的謂語動詞，第二個短句He had a book in his hand，可轉化為with引導的介詞短語結構，作修飾成分?？忌湫痛痤}錯誤分析(錯誤)The letter which arrived today is from my foreign friend.(分析)錯誤有二：一、未將原句中包含主要信息的短句的謂語動詞arrived作為合并后的simple sentence(簡單句)的謂語動詞；二、含有定語從句的句子不是simple sentence(簡單句)，而是complex sentence(復合句)。(錯誤)The letter arrived today is from my foreign friend.(分析)這是一個病句，句中出現(xiàn)兩個沒有合適方式連接的謂語動詞，根本不符合語法規(guī)則。(錯誤)My roommate， who had a book in his hand， was waiting for me at the door.(分析)此句中who had a book in his hand是定語從句，而simple sentence(簡單句)中不能含有從句。三，考核知識點：考查獨立短句與compound sentence之間的轉換試題：1. Jerry is a good student. He studies hard and grasps concepts well. (compound sentence)6. We could take a taxi. We could walk to the restaurant. (compound sentence)10. I needed butter to make the cookie better. I couldnt find any. I used vegetable oil instead. (compound sentence)答案：1. Jerry is a good student， for he studies hard and grasps concepts well.6. We could take a taxi or we could walk to the restaurant.10. I needed butter to make the cookie better， but I couldnt find any， so I used vegetable oil instead.解題關鍵：(1) 明確compound sentence(并列句)的特點：compound sentence(并列句)是由并列連詞或特定的標點符號將意義相關、結構完整的兩個或兩個以上的simple sentence(簡單句)連接起來構成的。(2) 理順獨立短句間邏輯關系：是承遞、轉折、選擇、還是因果？確定好后在并列連接詞and， nor， but， yet， or， for， so之中選一個出來連接各分句。(3) 第1題中，兩分句間的關系為前因后果，所以選擇for引出解釋原因的分句。第6題中，兩分句為選擇關系，可用or連接。第10題較為復雜，前兩個分句是轉折關系，可用but或yet連接；它們又與第三個分句形成前因后果的關系，所以選擇so引出結果?？忌湫痛痤}錯誤分析(錯誤)Jerry is a good student for he studies hard and grasps concepts well.(分析)用for引導表示原因的分句時，它前面一定要用comma(逗號)。(錯誤)For Jerry is a good student， he studies hard and grasps concepts well.(分析)除了因果關系不妥外，for的位置也不正確。用for連接兩個簡單句時，前句表示結果或結論，后句說明產(chǎn)生前述結果的原因，所以for只能出現(xiàn)在后句中。(錯誤)We could take a taxi or walk to the restaurant.(分析)此句仍是一個simple sentence(簡單句)而不是compound sentence(并列句)，compound sentence(并列句)必須包含兩個或兩個以上的simple sentence(簡單句)四，考核知識點：考查compound sentence與complex sentence之間的轉換試題：4. The tape recorder was not working right， so I returned it to the store. (complex sentence)答案：4. Because the tape recorder was not working right， I returned it to the store.解題關鍵：(1) 了解complex sentence(復合句)的構成：complex sentence(復合句)包含一個主句及一個或多個從句。從句分為名詞性從句、形容詞性從句和副詞性從句。(2) 第4題原句是compound sentence(并列句)，兩個分句為因果關系，要把compound sentence(并列句)重寫成complex sentence(復合句)時，只需將第一個分句改為由從屬連接詞because引導的原因狀語從句即可?？忌湫痛痤}錯誤分析(錯誤)I returned the tape recorder to the store， for it was not working right.(分析)for雖然也可引導表示原因的分句，但它是并列連接詞，用在compound sentence(并列句)中，這點與because、as、since等引導原因狀語從句的從屬連接詞不同。五，考核知識點：考查對compound-complex sentence的掌握和運用。試題：7. If you want me to clean your windows， please give me a weeks notice. I am very busy this month. (compound-complex sentence)答案：7. If you want me to clean your windows， please give me a weeks notice， for I am very busy this month.解題關鍵：(1) 了解compound-complex sentence(并列復合句)的構成：顧名思義，compound-complex sentence(并列復合句)是由復合句并列而形成的。具體地說，compound-complex sentence(并列復合句)可以是一個簡單句與一個主從復合句用并列連接詞連接起來的，也可以是兩個主從復合句的并列。(2) 第7題原句中的第一個句子是含有條件狀語從句的主從復合句，第一句與第二句是前因后果的關系，將兩句話用并列連接詞for連接起來，即可合并為一個compound - complex sentence(并列復合句)?？忌湫痛痤}錯誤分析(錯誤)Please give me a weeks notice if you want me to clean your windows， because I am very busy this month.(分析)此句仍是complex sentence(復合句)，因為because為從屬連接詞。在表示原因的連接詞中，只有for是并列連接詞，用于連接兩個具有并列關系的分句。閱卷中發(fā)現(xiàn)，相當多的考生沒有掌握好連接詞for的用法。六，考核知識點：考查對parallel structure概念的掌握和運用試題：8. Minnie bought a ticket to the play. She went out for dinner. She arrived at the theater by 8：00. (parallel structure)答案：8. Minnie bought a ticket to the play， went out for dinner， and arrived at the theater by 8：00.解題關鍵：(1) 明確parallel structure(平行結構)的特點：parallel structure(平行結構)是把兩個或兩個以上意思并列的成分用同等的語法形式表示出來。平行的結構可以是單詞、詞組、從句，也可以是句子。(2) 第8題原有的三個短句中，主語均為Minnie，謂語動詞bought、went out、及arrived是意思并列的成分，可以成為平行結構。考生典型答題錯誤分析(錯誤)Minnie bought a ticket to the play， arrived at the theater by 8：00，and went out for dinner.(分析)Minnie買票、外出吃飯、到達劇院是按照時間順序先后發(fā)生的，次序不能隨意更改。(錯誤)Minnie bought a ticket to the play， went out for dinner， then arrived at the theater by 8：00.(分析)then不是并列連接詞，不能取代and.上一講，我們對第一種題型“重寫句子”的考核知識點與解題思路進行了分析和探討，并對考生答題中的典型錯誤作了剖析。本講我們將研究第二種題型“改寫病句”，病句中的一些語病在中國學生的英文寫作中十分常見，值得認真推敲。第二大題 改寫病句(本大題共5小題，每小題3分，共15分)Correct the errors in the following sentences一， 考核知識點：考查對連接詞(joining word)使用錯誤的識別與修正。試題：11. Your sales are up， therefore， your bonus is forthcoming.答案：11. Your sales are up； therefore， your bonus is forthcoming.解題關鍵：(1) 連接詞(joining word)可分為連詞(如：and， but， for， so， because， although， since等)和連接性副詞(如：therefore， consequently， accordingly， moreover， furthermore， otherwise， likewise， however， nevertheless等)。連詞和連接性副詞在用法上有很多相似之處，但也有不同點。(2) 連詞和連接性副詞在連接兩個分句時，前后使用的標點符號不同：連詞之前常用逗號(，)，之后通常不用標點；而連接性副詞之前要求用分號(；)或句號(。)，之后常用逗號(，)。(3) 該句最簡便的修正方法是將連接性副詞therefore前的逗號(，)改為分號(；)。另外也可改為：Your sales are up. Therefore， your bonus is forthcoming. “評分標準”中規(guī)定：“與標準答案不一致，但句子結構正確，表意準確，也得滿分。否則，酌情給分或不得分?！笨忌湫痛痤}錯誤分析：(錯誤)If your sales are up， your bonus will be forthcoming(分析)原句中的兩個分句之間是因果關系，而不是假設關系。(錯誤)Your bonus is forthcoming， therefore， your sales are up.(分析)有些考生識別不出病句結構上的錯誤，就以為句義有誤，對兩個分句的因果關系作了調整。值得注意的是，寫作基礎試卷改寫病句一題中的病句通常錯在結構上，而不是語義上。二， 考核知識點：考查對破句(fragmentary sentence)的識別和修正。試題：12. People worked together on the assembly line. Moving quickly and efficiently. They wanted to make as much money as possible.答案：12. People worked together on the assembly line， moving quickly and efficiently. They wanted to make s much money as possible.解題關鍵：(1) 了解破句(fragmentary sentence)的特點：把句子的一部分當成了一個句子。英語中一個完整的句子必須包含“主語+謂語”結構，否則就是破句(fragmentary sentence)。(2) 找出病句中結構不完整的句子(即不包含主謂結構的句子)：Moving quickly and efficiently.(3) 由于用分詞結構而引起的破句的修改方法為：將分詞結構還原為謂語形式使其獨立成句，或者將分詞結構與其前面或后面的句子融合在一起。本句最簡便的修正方法是將moving前的句號(。)變成逗號(，)，使moving quickly and efficiently融入前面的句子，成為表示伴隨狀況的分詞短語。考生典型答題錯誤分析：(錯誤)People worked together on the assembly line， moving quickly and efficiently.， they wanted to make s much money as possible.(分析)這是一個串句(run-on sentence)，誤將兩個獨立分句合寫在一個句子里面而沒有適當?shù)胤蛛x標識。(錯誤)People worked together on the assembly line moving quickly and efficiently. They wanted to make s much money as possible.(分析)moving的邏輯主語是people，不是assembly line，因此moving前必須有逗號(，)，否則分詞短語moving quickly and efficiently就變成了修飾名詞assembly line的定語，而不再是謂語動詞worked的伴隨狀況。三， 考核知識點：考查對垂懸修飾語(dangling modifier)的識別和修正。試題：13. Watching the parade， my wallet was stolen.答案：13. While watching the parade， I had my wallet stolen. / While I was watching the parade， my wallet was stolen.解題關鍵：(1) 了解垂懸修飾語(dangling modifier)的特點：修飾語在句中找不到邏輯上被修飾的對象。分詞結構、不定式結構和介詞短語做修飾語修飾句子時，易發(fā)生垂懸修飾現(xiàn)象。(2) 修正時，可調整句子的主語，使之與上述結構或短語的邏輯主語一致；也可將分詞結構、不定式結構或介詞短語帶上自己的邏輯主語，將其擴展成從句。(3) 原句中做修飾語的分詞結構watching the parade的邏輯主語與句子主語my wallet不一致，所以可將句子主語調整為I，或將句子主語保持不變，使watching the parade帶上自己的邏輯主語I.考生典型答題錯誤分析：(錯誤)While watching the parade， my wallet was stolen.(分析)分詞結構watching the parade前加上連詞while或when，不能改變其垂懸修飾語(dangling modifier)的性質，因為其邏輯主語I未變，而與從句的主語my wallet仍然不一致。(錯誤)Watching the parade， I lost my wallet.(分析)修正病句不應該改變原句的意思。錢包丟失的原因可能是被盜，但也可能是別的原因，例如由于粗心遺忘在某地等。另外，從這一修改中，可看出相當一部分考生對have sth. done結構不太熟悉。四， 考核知識點：考查對錯誤平行結構(faulty parallelism)的識別和修正。試題：14. If a publisher rejects a novel， it is either because the story is unsaleable or the author is unknown.15. Our new car not only is more user-friendly， but also it is more comfortable than our old one.答案：14. If a publisher rejects a novel， it is either because the story is unsaleable or because the author is unknown.15. Our new car is not only more user-friendly but also more comfortable than our old one.解題關鍵：(1) 了解錯誤平行結構(faulty parallelism)產(chǎn)生的原因：平行結構(parallelism)是把兩個或兩個以上意思并列的成分用同等語法形式表達，如果意思上并列的成分用不同等的語法形式來表達，就破壞了其平行結構。(2) eitheror， neithernor， not onlybut also， bothand等關聯(lián)并列連接詞(correlative conjunction)用于連接意思并列的成分，所以每個連詞后所跟的成分必須有相同的語法形式。(3) 14題原句中連詞either后是because引導的原因狀語從句，or后也應補上because.15題病句最簡便的修正方法，是將兩個形容詞比較級作為平行成分，用not onlybut also連接?？忌湫痛痤}錯誤分析：(錯誤)If a publisher rejects a novel， either the story is unsaleable or the author is unknown.(分析)從全句來看，這是一個邏輯關系模糊，句法不當?shù)牟【?。不過應當肯定的是，平行的結構可以是單詞、詞組，也可以是從句甚至句子。(錯誤)Not only our new car is more user-friendly but also it is more comfortable than our old one.(分析)not onlybut also可以連接兩個平行結構的句子，但not only后的句子必須倒裝，如：Not only is our new car more user-friendly， but also it is more comfortable than our old one.另外，not onlybut also連接兩個主語、謂語相同的句子時顯得啰嗦和沒有必要，故常用來連接兩個主語、謂語不同的句子，如：Not only is he himself interested in the subject， but also all his students have begun to show an interest in it. 前兩講，我們討論了“句子的組成”部分考核知識點與解題思路，下面我們將研究“段落的寫作”方面的內容。第三大題 標出主題句(本大題共3小題，每小題5分，共15分)一， 考核知識點：考查對主題句(topic sentence)特征的掌握以及識別主題句的能力。試題：16. Choose the best topic sentence from the group below. Write the letter of the choice in the blank.A Temperatures in the western hemisphere have stayed the same in the past century.Temperatures in the western hemisphere are being studied by scientists.C Temperatures in the western hemisphere are gradually warming.D Temperatures in the western hemisphere are being changed.答案：16. C Temperatures in the western hemisphere are gradually warming.解題關鍵：(1) 了解主題句(topic sentence)的特征：主題句(topic sentence)是一個段落中最重要的句子，它的作用是概括一個段落的中心意思，所以往往是表示一般概念的句子。范圍太大或太小，都會使作者無法展開段落，必須通過某些限制性詞語將內容范圍限制到一定程度，因此主題句應包括主題和限制性詞語。從語義層次分析，主題句是一個概括性的語句(general statement)，它必須包涵段落要談論的主體(subject)和這個主體的某一所談論的方面(controlling idea)，即Topic sentence=Subject+Contrlling idea.(2) 比較16題中的四句，看哪一句既有一定的概括性，又能留出一定的展開余地。(3) C句符合上述的條件，其中Temperatures in the western hemisphere是subject； are gradually warming是controlling idea，有待推展和細節(jié)支持。(4) 其余三句雖也符合主題句“Topic sentence=Subject+Contrlling idea”的特征，但A句中have stayed the same in the past century是靜態(tài)的描述，不利于推展；句中are being studied by scientists意義籠統(tǒng)，缺乏探討的價值；D句中被動語態(tài)are being changed的使用使句義不夠明晰，令人費解。二， 考核知識點：考查在段落中尋找主題句(topic sentence)的能力。試題：17. Read the following paragraph and underline the topic sentence.I dont like algebra this semester， and Im not too found of history. But Im enjoying my racquetball class a lot. Im getting a lot of exercise， and Im also enjoying the game. We usually play partners and compete in small tournaments within the class. The competition is fun， and playing partners keeps it relaxed. I also have found that I have some ability in racquetball that I havent had in other sports. I may sign up for intermediate racquetball next semester.答案：17. Topic sentence： Im enjoying my racquetball class a lot.解題關鍵：(1) 段落中的主題句(topic sentence)是全段的統(tǒng)領，它說明段落的中心思想和作者寫作的目的。段落的其余句子必須與主題句密切相關，共同闡明、證實主題句。因此，主題句具有概括性，支配段落中其他各句的走句。(2) 多數(shù)情況下主題句出現(xiàn)在段首，但也可以在段中或段尾。17題段落中的第二句Im enjoying my racquetball class a lot包含subject(racquetball class)和controlling idea(Im enjoying it a lot)，下文各句就enjoying一詞展開，詳細說明喜歡racquetball class的事實和原因。所以敲定該句為主題句。考生典型答題錯誤分析：(錯誤)Topic sentence： I may sign up for intermediate racquetball next semester.(分析)該句適合做結論句(concluding sentence)，因為它必須依賴前文對enjoying my racquetball class的探討才有效度。三， 考核知識點：考查根據(jù)段落中的支持句(supporting sentences)來推斷主題句(topic sentence)的能力。試題：18. Read the following paragraph carefully and select the best topic sentence from the four possible answers that follow the paragraph.Topic sentence：First， there are always customers to be served. I work in a downtown McDonalds that gets lots of traffic， and as soon as I serve one customer， there is always another one ready to order. There is constant pressure because I can never step back for a few minutes and relax. Second， I have to put together all of the orders myself. To do that， I have to move all over the serving area： French fries on one side， drinks on the other， and burgers in middle. Its easy to get sloppy and spill a Coke or throw French fries on the floor. Also， I must alwa