英語(yǔ)從句匯總.doc

從句不能單獨(dú)成句，但它也有主語(yǔ)部分和謂語(yǔ)部分，是一個(gè)特殊句子，就像一個(gè)句子一樣。所不同在于，從句須由一個(gè)關(guān)聯(lián)詞（connective）引導(dǎo)。根據(jù)從句語(yǔ)法功能的不同可分為：主語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、同位語(yǔ)從句、定語(yǔ)從句和狀語(yǔ)從句6類。前四類由于主語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句及同位語(yǔ)從句在句子的功用相當(dāng)于名詞，所以通稱名詞性從句；定語(yǔ)從句功能相當(dāng)于形容詞，稱為形容詞性從句；而狀語(yǔ)從句功能相當(dāng)于副詞，稱為副詞性從句。狀語(yǔ)從句還可以分為條件狀語(yǔ)從句、原因狀語(yǔ)從句、地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句、目的狀語(yǔ)從句、讓步狀語(yǔ)從句、比較狀語(yǔ)從句、方式狀語(yǔ)從句、結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句和時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。主語(yǔ)從句（Subject Clause）用作主語(yǔ)的從句叫主語(yǔ)從句。引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞有從屬連詞、疑問(wèn)代詞、疑問(wèn)副詞、縮合連接代詞、縮合連接副詞等。表語(yǔ)從句（Predicative Clause）用作表語(yǔ)的從句叫做表語(yǔ)從句。引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞與引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞很多都一樣。賓語(yǔ)從句（Object Clause）在句子中起賓語(yǔ)作用的從句叫做賓語(yǔ)從句.賓語(yǔ)從句分為三類：動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)從句、介詞的賓語(yǔ)從句和形容詞的賓語(yǔ)從句。同位語(yǔ)從句是名詞性從句(主語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、同位語(yǔ)從句)中的主要從句之一，從句作同位語(yǔ)表示與之同位的名詞(短語(yǔ))的實(shí)際內(nèi)容，它的作用相當(dāng)于名詞，對(duì)前面的名詞(短語(yǔ))加以補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明或進(jìn)一步解釋，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)表語(yǔ)從句，它們之間的關(guān)系就是同位關(guān)系，即主表關(guān)系。定語(yǔ)從句是由關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的從句，其作用是作定語(yǔ)修飾主句的某個(gè)名詞性成分，相當(dāng)于形容詞，所以又稱為形容詞性從句，一般緊跟在它所修飾的先行詞后面。狀語(yǔ)從句可分為：(1)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句：(adverbial clause of time)(2)地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句：(adverbial clause of place)(3)原因狀語(yǔ)從句：(adverbial clause of cause)(4)條件狀語(yǔ)從句：(adverbial clause of condition)(5)目的狀語(yǔ)從句：(adverbial clause of purpose)(6)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句：(adverbial clause of concession)(7)比較狀語(yǔ)從句：(adverbial clause of comparison)(8)方式狀語(yǔ)從句：(adverbial clause of manner)(9)結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句：(adverbial clause of result)德語(yǔ)中的從句狀語(yǔ)從句和賓語(yǔ)從句均用 Dass 來(lái)引導(dǎo)3主語(yǔ)從句編輯在復(fù)合句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)成分的句子叫做主語(yǔ)從句。常規(guī)主語(yǔ)從句，即句子在復(fù)合句中充當(dāng)一個(gè)主語(yǔ)。主語(yǔ)從句的時(shí)態(tài)：不受主句的時(shí)態(tài)影響和限制。（1）That he finished writing the composition in such a short time surprised us all.（2）Whether we will go for an outing tomorrow remains unknown.（3）Who will be our monitor hasnt been decided yet.（4）Whom we must study for is a question of great importance.（5）What caused the accident remains unknown.（6）Whatever you did is right.（7）Who the watch belongs to is unknown.（8）What we need is time.（9）What we need are good doctors.主語(yǔ)從句小結(jié):（1）引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句連詞有that,whether,who,what,whatever等。（2）連詞位于句首不能省略。（3）主語(yǔ)從句大多數(shù)情況下視為第三人稱單數(shù)，但也有例外，如例（9）注意： 當(dāng)what引導(dǎo)的名詞性分句作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，主謂一致問(wèn)題極為復(fù)雜。著名學(xué)者周海中教授在論文關(guān)于what-分句作主語(yǔ)的主謂一致問(wèn)題中就這一問(wèn)題做了深入研究，并給出了10種的主謂一致關(guān)系。這些一致關(guān)系值得英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)者和使用者特別注意。4表語(yǔ)從句編輯連接表語(yǔ)從句的連接詞有：that, what, who, when, where, which, why, whether, how, whoever，whomever，whichever ，whatever等。還有如because, as if, though等。He has become a teacher.他已經(jīng)成為一名教師。He has become what he wanted to be ten years ago.他已經(jīng)成為了他10 年前想成為的一名教師。His suggestion is good.他的建議是好的。His suggestion is that we should stay calm.他的建議是，我們應(yīng)該保持冷靜。The question is confusing.這個(gè)問(wèn)題令人困惑。The question is when he can arrive at the hotel.問(wèn)題是，他什么時(shí)候可以到達(dá)酒店。5賓語(yǔ)從句編輯定義賓語(yǔ)從句就是一個(gè)句子作動(dòng)詞或介詞的賓語(yǔ)。賓語(yǔ)從句在復(fù)合句中作賓語(yǔ)，位于及物動(dòng)詞后。Tell him which class you are in.Do you know what he likes？賓語(yǔ)從句的分類A 、作動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)：e.gI heard the news.I (主語(yǔ)) heard (謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞) the news.名詞作賓語(yǔ)I (主語(yǔ)) heard (謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞) that he would come here later on.一個(gè)句子作賓語(yǔ)-賓語(yǔ)從句B 、作介詞的賓語(yǔ)：e.gHe said nothing about the plan.He (主語(yǔ)) said (謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞) nothing (代詞作動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)) about (介詞) the plan. 名詞作介詞的賓語(yǔ)C、 做有動(dòng)詞意義的形容詞的賓語(yǔ)e.g.Im afraid that I cant win.6賓語(yǔ)從句三要素編輯1：語(yǔ)序賓語(yǔ)從句必須用陳述語(yǔ)序。False: He is wondering when can he finish this difficult job.Right: He is wondering when he can finish this difficult job.【注】否定前移，及完成反義疑問(wèn)句；在think/believe/suppose/guess/imagine/expect等動(dòng)詞后跟賓語(yǔ)從句否定式時(shí)，可以轉(zhuǎn)移到主句上去，完成反意疑問(wèn)句時(shí)，應(yīng)與從句主、謂保持一致。（注： 否定前移的條件是，主句主語(yǔ)是第一人稱）I dont think you are right,are you？I dont believe they have finished their work yet,have they？【注】在表示建議suggest,advise；要求demand 、desire、require、request、propose； 決定 decide; 命令 order、command; 堅(jiān)決主張 insist; 等動(dòng)詞后跟賓語(yǔ)從句，用（should）+v（虛擬語(yǔ)氣）。I suggested that you（should）study hardHe ordered that we should go out at once【注】如果賓語(yǔ)從句后有賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，用it作形式賓語(yǔ)，把賓語(yǔ)從句后置。You may think it strange that he would live there2：連接詞帶有賓語(yǔ)從句的復(fù)合句就是用連接詞把一個(gè)主句和一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句連接在一起。連接詞有：that(可省略)，what,who,when,where,why,which,if,whether,how。1從句為陳述句，常選擇連接詞that或?qū)hat省略，直接與主句相連。【注】that常在以下情況下不能省略：（1. 當(dāng)that作learn,suggest,explain,agree,wonder,prove,mean,state,feel,hold等動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)時(shí)；（2當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)從句較長(zhǎng)時(shí)；（3當(dāng)主語(yǔ)狀語(yǔ)置于主句尾，賓語(yǔ)從句之前時(shí)；（4當(dāng)主語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞(包括非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞)與賓語(yǔ)從句之間有插入語(yǔ)時(shí)；（5當(dāng)一個(gè)動(dòng)詞帶有兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，此時(shí)第一個(gè)that可以省略，第二個(gè)that不可以省略；（6當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)從句中的主語(yǔ)是this,that或this,that做主語(yǔ)的定語(yǔ)時(shí)；（7當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)從句是雙賓語(yǔ)中的直接賓語(yǔ)時(shí)；（8當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)是非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞或主語(yǔ)從句時(shí)；（9當(dāng)主語(yǔ)中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是固定詞組時(shí)；（10當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)從句有it做其先行詞時(shí)；（11在直接引語(yǔ)中，轉(zhuǎn)述分句把賓語(yǔ)從句隔開(kāi)時(shí)。2從句為一般疑問(wèn)句，常選擇連接詞if或whether。在whetheror not結(jié)構(gòu)中不能用if替換。【注】if/whether區(qū)別if和whether在作“是否”解時(shí)，引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句常放在動(dòng)詞know,ask,care,wonder,find out等之后，介詞后一般不用if少數(shù)動(dòng)詞，如：leave,put,discuss,doubt后的賓語(yǔ)從句常用whether.whether后可以加or not,但是if不可以。在不定式前只能用whether。如：I cant decide whether to stay. 我不能決定是否留下。避免歧異時(shí)，我們常用whether而不用if.3從句為特殊疑問(wèn)句，常選擇what,when,where,which,why，who,how等的疑問(wèn)代、副詞作連接詞。當(dāng)who為主語(yǔ)時(shí)，句式為：who+謂語(yǔ)+其他3：時(shí)態(tài)1主句是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，從句時(shí)態(tài)不變。He says (that) he will leave a message on my desk.They know (that) he is working hard.2主句是一般過(guò)去時(shí)，從句為各種相應(yīng)過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)。He answered that he was listening to me.3主句是一般將來(lái)時(shí)，一般從句為一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)（“主將從現(xiàn)”）。4. 當(dāng)從句所敘述的事實(shí)為一個(gè)定理或客觀存在時(shí)，無(wú)論主句是什么時(shí)態(tài)，從句均用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。但與人有關(guān)的均不是定理。He told me that he was a boy. （雖然性別是客觀存在的，但“男”“女”也是人為定義的，故非第4種情況）Father told me that practice makes perfect. （所敘述的事實(shí)為一個(gè)定理，用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)）例題1. The teacher told the children that the sun _ round.A. was B. is C. were D. are選B，因其陳述為無(wú)可爭(zhēng)議的客觀事實(shí)。2. I believe that our team _ the basketball match.A. win B. won C. will win D. wins選B或C ，這既是講話人現(xiàn)在對(duì)將來(lái)情況的主觀推測(cè)，也是對(duì)未來(lái)發(fā)生動(dòng)作的肯定。3. The soldiers soon reached( )was once an old temple( )the villagers used as a school.A.which;where B.what;which C.where;which D.what;where選B，動(dòng)詞reach后接賓語(yǔ)從句，從句缺少賓語(yǔ)，where不可，which引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)表疑問(wèn)含義“哪一個(gè)”而此句中并非疑問(wèn)含義，不知道哪一座廟宇，而是用what從句表陳述含義，意“過(guò)去的一座舊廟宇”；temple后為對(duì)其修飾的定語(yǔ)從句，用關(guān)系代詞which代替，并在從句中作動(dòng)詞used的賓語(yǔ)。（注：use sth. as譯為“把用作”）注意A. 有時(shí)候可以用it作形式賓語(yǔ)，而把真正的賓語(yǔ)從句放在后面。Bad: I thought that he could finish thisjob in just two hours impossible.Good: I thought it impossible that he could finish this job in just two hours.Bad: He left whether we should continue this project to my judgment.Good: He left it to my judgment whether we should continue this project.B.帶有賓語(yǔ)從句的復(fù)合句的否定形式一般是否定主句。Bad: I think he doesnt like the English teacher.Good: I dont think he likes the English teacher.C.False: He wanted to know why he is crying in the corner.Right: He wanted to know why he was crying in the corner.7連接詞編輯從屬連詞連接賓語(yǔ)從句的從屬連詞主要有that，if，whether.that引導(dǎo)表示陳述句的賓語(yǔ)從句，而if和whether引導(dǎo)表示“是否”的賓語(yǔ)從句。例句：He told me that he would go to the college next year.他告訴我他下一年上大學(xué)。I dont know if there will be a bus any more.我不知道是否還會(huì)有公交車。Nobody knew whether he could pass the exam.沒(méi)人知道他是否會(huì)通過(guò)考試。連接代詞連接代詞主要有who,whom,whose,what,whoever,whomever,whosever,whatever,whichever等。連接代詞一般指疑問(wèn)，但what,whatever除了指疑問(wèn)外，也可以指陳述。例句：Do you know who has won Red Alert game？你知道誰(shuí)贏了這一局紅警游戲嗎？I dont know whom you should depend on.我不知道你該依靠誰(shuí).The book will show you what the best CEOs know.這本書(shū)會(huì)告訴你最好的執(zhí)行總裁該了解些什么.Have you determined whichever you should buy,a Motorola or Nokia cell phone?你決定好是買(mǎi)諾基亞還是摩托羅拉的電話了嗎？連接副詞連接副詞主要有when,where,why,how,whenever,wherever,however等。例句：He didnt tell me when we should meet again.他沒(méi)有告訴我什么時(shí)候我們能再見(jiàn)面。Could you please tell me how you use the new software?你能給我展示怎么用這個(gè)新的軟件嗎?None of us knows where these new parts can be bought.沒(méi)人知道這些的新的零件在哪里能買(mǎi)到。8同位語(yǔ)編輯與先行詞同位或等同的從句叫作同位語(yǔ)從句。其關(guān)聯(lián)詞多為that。同位語(yǔ)從句用法比較固定,把關(guān)鍵的幾個(gè)詞背下來(lái)（下面這個(gè)材料供參考）：一、在復(fù)合句中用作同位語(yǔ)的從句叫同位語(yǔ)從句。它一般跟在某些名詞后面，用以說(shuō)明該名詞表示的具體內(nèi)容，如：I heard the news that our team had won我聽(tīng)到了我們隊(duì)獲勝的消息。I had no idea that you were here我不知道你在這里。二、可以跟同位語(yǔ)從句的名詞通常有news，idea，fact，promise，question，doubt，thought，hope，message，suggestion，words（消息），possibility等。如：Ive come from Mr wang with a message that he wont be able to see you this afternoon 我從王先生那里來(lái)，他讓我告訴你他今天下午不能來(lái)看你了。三、英語(yǔ)中引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句的詞中有連詞 that，whether，連接副詞 how,when,where等。（注：if 不能引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句。）如：l have no idea When he will be back我不知道他什么時(shí)候回來(lái)。He must answer the question whether he agrees to it or not.他必須回答他是否同意這樣一個(gè)問(wèn)題。四、有時(shí)同位語(yǔ)從句可以不緊跟在說(shuō)明的名詞后面，而被別的詞隔開(kāi)。如：Several years later，word came that Napoleon himself was coming to inspect them幾年以后，有消息傳來(lái)說(shuō)拿破侖要親自視 察他們。The thought came to him that maybe the enemy had fled the city他突然想起可能敵人已經(jīng)逃出城了。五、同位語(yǔ)從句與定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別。1同位語(yǔ)從句與前面的名詞是同位關(guān)系，即說(shuō)明它前面名詞的內(nèi)容；而定語(yǔ)從句與前面的名詞是修飾與被修飾關(guān)系，即限定它前面的名詞范圍，或補(bǔ)充一些情況。如：The news that l have passed the exam is true我通過(guò)了考試這一消息是真的。（同位語(yǔ)從句，即從句所表達(dá)的意思就是前面名詞的內(nèi)容。）The news that he told me just now is true他剛才告訴我的消息是真的。（定語(yǔ)從句，從句對(duì)前面名詞起修飾限制作用，即“他告訴我的”那個(gè)消息，而不是別的消息。）2引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句的that是連詞，在從句中不充當(dāng)任何成份，而引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的that是關(guān)系代詞，除起連接作用外，還在從句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)等。如：The idea that computers can recognize human voices surprises many people.計(jì)算機(jī)能夠識(shí)別人的聲音的想法使許多人感到驚奇。（that在從句中不充當(dāng)任何成份。）The idea that he gave surprises many people他提出的觀點(diǎn)令許多人感到吃驚。（that在從句中作gave的賓語(yǔ)。）一個(gè)名詞(或其它形式)對(duì)另一個(gè)名詞或代詞進(jìn)行修飾，限定或說(shuō)明，這個(gè)名詞(或其它形式)就是同位語(yǔ)。同位語(yǔ)與被它限定的詞的格要一致，并常常緊挨在一起。1) 非獨(dú)立的同位語(yǔ)：常出現(xiàn)在被限定詞前Bruce Lee (姓名)李小龍Graf Schmidt (稱號(hào)，渾名) 施密特伯爵Doctor Wang (職稱，頭銜) 王博士Uncel Liu (親戚的稱呼) 劉叔叔die Stadt Shanghai (類屬名稱) 上海市the Province Hebei (類屬名稱)河北省das Jahr 2000 (類屬名稱) 2000 年three Kilo tomato (度量名稱) 三公斤西紅柿the University Bremen (專有名詞) 不來(lái)梅大學(xué)國(guó)際上另一種分法為關(guān)系從句關(guān)系從句（relative clause)關(guān)系從句的理解與翻譯人們習(xí)慣稱由關(guān)系代詞that，which，who，whom，whose和關(guān)系副詞when，where等引導(dǎo)的從句為“定語(yǔ)從句”，認(rèn)為這種從句的功能同漢語(yǔ)定語(yǔ)相當(dāng)，只不過(guò)英語(yǔ)的定語(yǔ)從句后置，漢語(yǔ)的定語(yǔ)前置罷了。但隨著對(duì)語(yǔ)言認(rèn)識(shí)的不斷深入，人們發(fā)現(xiàn)很多這樣的從句不能用定語(yǔ)來(lái)翻譯。讓我們先看一例：Kennedy was rushed to a hospital where he died immediately.若拘泥于“簡(jiǎn)短的定語(yǔ)從句可譯為漢語(yǔ)前置定語(yǔ)”的觀點(diǎn)，該句子就可能會(huì)被譯為：“肯尼迪被急忙送到一家他很快就死的醫(yī)院?！弊g文聽(tīng)上去荒謬可笑，仿佛送醫(yī)院的目的是為了“很快就死”，這顯然有悖原意。這里“where”起過(guò)渡連接的作用，相當(dāng)于“and there”，在語(yǔ)義上屬另一新層次，絕無(wú)修飾，更無(wú)限制“怎樣的醫(yī)院”之意。從句中“died”這一動(dòng)作發(fā)生于主句中“was rushed”的動(dòng)作之后，進(jìn)一步交待了事情發(fā)展的結(jié)果?？梢?jiàn)，這種結(jié)構(gòu)難用“定語(yǔ)從句”來(lái)解釋。因此有的語(yǔ)言學(xué)家主張將這種句子籠統(tǒng)稱為“關(guān)系從句”。這種正名有利于我們擺脫“定語(yǔ)”的吏縛，深入分析該類從句形形色色的內(nèi)在關(guān)系。所以，例1應(yīng)譯為：肯尼迪被急忙送到一家醫(yī)院，在那里他很快就死了。讓我們?cè)俣嗫磶讉€(gè)例子：1 When he was still a little boy,Jack London wrote some compositions which were praised by his teachers.杰克倫敦還是小孩時(shí)，他寫(xiě)的一些作文就受到老師的贊賞。(不宜譯為：他就寫(xiě)受到老師贊揚(yáng)的作文。)2 I met the boatman who then took me across the ferry.我遇到了那位船夫，他將我渡到對(duì)岸。(不宜譯為：我遇到那位將我渡到對(duì)岸的船夫。)3 While they were waiting there,a dog from one of the houses down the road began a wild,hoarse howl that continued until a voice called out and hushed him.他們正在那兒等時(shí)，從路邊一幢房屋竄出的一條狗開(kāi)始狂吠不止，直到有人出來(lái)喝住，它才停下來(lái)。(不宜譯為：一條狗開(kāi)始了直到有人出來(lái)喝住才停止的狂吠。)4 In the torchlight，he caught sight of a figure whom he immediately recognized as Bill Wilkines,our local grocer.借著電筒的亮光，他看見(jiàn)一個(gè)人影，馬上認(rèn)出是當(dāng)?shù)仉s貨商比爾威爾金斯。(不宜譯為：他看見(jiàn)馬上認(rèn)出的是當(dāng)?shù)仉s貨商比爾威爾金斯的影子。)我們知道，漢語(yǔ)由于缺乏關(guān)系代詞、關(guān)系連詞等連接手段，通常只有以時(shí)間或邏輯為軸線安排句子，對(duì)語(yǔ)序的依賴性極大，如果把后發(fā)生的事做前置定語(yǔ)就會(huì)顯得很好笑，如“送到一家很快就死的醫(yī)院”“寫(xiě)受老師贊揚(yáng)的作文”。而英語(yǔ)的連接手段相當(dāng)豐富，構(gòu)成信息焦點(diǎn)的中心詞后面可馬上由關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)從句補(bǔ)充信息，從句中需補(bǔ)充信息的名詞后又衍生出二度、三度從句，但仍能使人感到句子層次清楚。如：5 The snake catches the toad that eats the insect that nibbles the green leaves that grow on the branches.遇到這種一個(gè)從句扣一個(gè)從句的句子，漢語(yǔ)只有以簡(jiǎn)馭繁：斷句。譯為：蛇吃癩蛤蟆，癩蛤蟆吃蟲(chóng)子，蟲(chóng)子吃生長(zhǎng)在樹(shù)枝上的綠葉子。此外，讀者也許注意到了：在1、2、3、4、5例中，拋開(kāi)關(guān)系代詞等結(jié)構(gòu)不管，我們可明顯察覺(jué)英語(yǔ)、漢語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)序同事件發(fā)生的時(shí)間順序基本一致，這無(wú)疑是翻譯轉(zhuǎn)換的極好基礎(chǔ)，只需在關(guān)系代詞處斷句，省掉關(guān)系代詞，必要的話重復(fù)一下名詞，照原文順序翻譯即可。那么如果主、從句中謂語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作是持續(xù)性的，或時(shí)序不清楚又怎么樣呢？請(qǐng)看例句：6 He is a professor who gives lectures in several universities this semester.他是教授，這學(xué)期在幾所大學(xué)兼課。7 All this time I was living with a young married couple who interested me very much,for they were unlike any people had ever known.這段時(shí)期我一直和一對(duì)年輕夫婦同住在一塊兒，這對(duì)夫婦使我很感興趣，因?yàn)樗麄兺乙郧八J(rèn)識(shí)的人都不一樣。以上兩例中主句傳遞了主要信息，從句傳遞了輔助信息，從另一側(cè)面加以補(bǔ)充描述，或提供某種必要的背景知識(shí)，關(guān)系代詞則起停頓、銜接、過(guò)渡的作用，使語(yǔ)義發(fā)展順利進(jìn)人另一層次，我們似乎察覺(jué)不到這些從句跟中心詞之間有何限制或修飾關(guān)系。有時(shí)關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞還體現(xiàn)了主、從句間的某種邏輯關(guān)系，不能簡(jiǎn)單地視為“代替”某個(gè)名詞而同時(shí)接續(xù)從句的詞。如：8 In 1906,however,Pierre,who was crossing a road,was run over and killed. (who when he)1906年，皮埃爾在橫穿馬路時(shí)被車壓死了。9 Dr. Bethune,who was very tired on his arrival,set to work at once. (who was though he was)白求恩大夫剛到時(shí)雖然很累，但他立即便開(kāi)始工作。10 We know that a cat,whose eyes can take in many more rays of light than our eyes,can see clearly in the night. (whose eyes because its eyes)我們知道，由于貓眼能比人眼吸收更多的光線，所以貓?jiān)谝估镆材芸吹煤芮宄?1 He would be a shortsighted commander who merely manned his fortress and did not look beyond. (who if he)(誰(shuí)如果)只守城堡而不往遠(yuǎn)處看，(那他)就是目光短淺的指揮官。12 There was something original,independent and heroic about the plan that pleased all of them. (that so that the Plan)此方案新穎，有獨(dú)創(chuàng)性，有魄力，(所以)他們都喜歡。以上五例中，關(guān)系代詞、副詞在特定語(yǔ)境表示了時(shí)間、讓步、原因、條件、結(jié)果等邏輯關(guān)系，意義上相當(dāng)于狀語(yǔ)從句，翻譯時(shí)也當(dāng)然不能譯為定語(yǔ)。另外，11、12兩句的漢譯中括號(hào)里的漢字省掉后意思仍然清楚而且顯得更簡(jiǎn)潔、緊湊，這也是我們?cè)诜g時(shí)應(yīng)該考慮的。傳統(tǒng)語(yǔ)法囿于“定語(yǔ)從句”的觀念，以關(guān)系代詞前有無(wú)逗號(hào)為準(zhǔn)，機(jī)械地將關(guān)系從句分為“限制性定語(yǔ)從句”和“非限制性定語(yǔ)從句”，這是很不全面的。我們應(yīng)該深入理解原文的深層意思，尊重漢語(yǔ)的習(xí)慣，才能翻譯出正確、地道的譯文。9定語(yǔ)從句編輯用作定語(yǔ)的從句叫定語(yǔ)從句。定語(yǔ)從句一般皆放在被它所修飾的名（代）詞之后，這種名（代）詞就叫作先行詞（Antecedent）。引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞為關(guān)系代詞(或稱引導(dǎo)詞、關(guān)系詞等）。關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中可用作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)等；關(guān)系副詞在定語(yǔ)從句中用作狀語(yǔ)。引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞有who,whom,whose,that,when,where,why 和 which. 在非限制定語(yǔ)從句中，只可用which,who,whose,where,when.,如果指代前面整個(gè)句子，多用which.例句：The dog that/which was lost has been found.（失蹤的狗已經(jīng)找到了。）Those who are in favor of the proposal are expected to discuss it in detail after the meeting.（有人認(rèn)為那些對(duì)這個(gè)提案有興趣的人最好是在會(huì)后再具體討論它。）There are many organizations whose purpose is to help the homeless.（存在著許多旨在幫助無(wú)家可歸者的組織。）The days when we had to rely on wool,cotton or silk for our clothes have now passed.（那種必須依賴羊毛，棉花或者蠶絲做衣服的日子已經(jīng)過(guò)去了。）Air moves from places where the pressure was high to places where the pressure is low.（空氣從壓強(qiáng)高的地方流向壓強(qiáng)低的地方。）This is the reason why he refused to help us.（這就是他拒絕幫助我們的原因。）He was born in 1976,when an earthquake struck the country.（他出生于1976年，這一年這個(gè)城鎮(zhèn)發(fā)生了地震。）They turned a blind eye to the suffering of the people,which enraged all of us.（他們對(duì)受苦人們的漠視激怒了我們。） 當(dāng)引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的先行詞前有all,any,no,little,much,very first等詞，或先行詞前為形容詞最高級(jí)所修飾時(shí)，或先行詞為all,anything,nothing,something,everything時(shí)，從句的引導(dǎo)詞只能用that.The only thing that matters to the children is how soon they can have their holiday.（孩子們唯一關(guān)心的是他們什么時(shí)候放假？）These are the very points that puzzle me.（真正困擾我的是這些觀點(diǎn)。）Is there anything that bothers you?（有什么事煩著你嗎？）This is the best film that was ever produced by the company.（這部是那個(gè)公司有史以來(lái)拍攝得最好的電影。）as 可做引導(dǎo)詞引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，多和such,the same 連用. As 引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句也可修飾整個(gè)句子，既可放在先行詞后，也可放在句子開(kāi)頭.例句：Such people as you describe are rare nowadays.（你描述的那一類人現(xiàn)在很少了。）The boy was run over by a motor-car,as often happened in pre-liberation Shanghai.（那個(gè)男孩被一輛摩托軋過(guò)去了，這種事在解放前的上海是不少見(jiàn)的。）As is often the case,the girl forgot to bring her dictionary.（正如往常一樣，這個(gè)女孩又忘了帶上字典。）We are opposed to such ideas as are not based upon objective facts.（我們是反對(duì)這種毫無(wú)事實(shí)根據(jù)的想法的。）介詞+which/whom/whose從句The driver is the man from whose room she had stolen the gold watch.（她就是從那個(gè)司機(jī)的房間偷了金表的。）Language is a tool by means of which people communicate ideas with each other.（語(yǔ)言就是人們用來(lái)和其他人交流的一種工具。）Jane spent all evening talking about her latest book,of which none of us had ever heard.（Jane整整一晚上都在談?wù)撝沧罱鼘W(xué)課本，那些內(nèi)容我們聞所未聞。）例題：Water dissolves a part of nearly everything _ it comes in contact.a. where b. that c. with which d. as soon as代/名+介詞+which 從句He is needing a book,the name of which I dont know.（他需要一本書(shū)，但是我不知道書(shū)名。）In factories and in our daily life,there are many waste materials,all of which can be turned into useful things under certain condition.（在工廠里，在我們的日常生活中都有很多垃圾，其實(shí)這些垃圾在某種情況下是可以轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)橛杏玫臇|西的。）To make an objective test the teacher writes a series of questions,each of which has only one correct answer.（為了能夠客觀地測(cè)試，老師寫(xiě)了一串問(wèn)題唯一的答案。）同位語(yǔ)從句和定語(yǔ)從句The news that he has been admitted by Harvard University is very pleasing.（他被哈佛大學(xué)錄取的消息非常令人興奮。）The news that you told me was really exciting.（你告訴我的這個(gè)消息真的是很激動(dòng)人心。） 難句：NO.1 He is one of the men who were chosen to represent the group.（他是被選為代表該團(tuán)隊(duì)的人中一員。）NO.2 He is the only one of those boys who is willing to take on another assignment.（他是那些男孩中唯一一個(gè)愿意再接受任務(wù)的人。）NO.3 I shall never forget the day when we first met.（我永遠(yuǎn)也不會(huì)忘記我們第一次見(jiàn)面的那一天。）NO.4 I remember the morning when he first came to school.（我記得早上，當(dāng)他第一次來(lái)到學(xué)校的時(shí)候。）NO.4 I shall never forget the days which I spent in the countryside.（我永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)忘記我在農(nóng)村度過(guò)的日子。）NO.5 The room where he lived is kept in good repair.（他住的房間保持著良好的狀態(tài)。）NO.6 Alva found a place in the cellar where he uses as his first laboratory.（館長(zhǎng)在地窖里找到一個(gè)地方使用,作為他第一次實(shí)驗(yàn)的實(shí)驗(yàn)室。）NO.7 The way in which/that you answered the questions was admirable.（以何種方式/這就是你回答的他所提出的問(wèn)題，令人欽佩。）10狀語(yǔ)從句編輯用作狀語(yǔ)的從句叫作狀語(yǔ)從句，其關(guān)聯(lián)詞是一些從屬連詞。修飾主句中的動(dòng)詞、形容詞和副詞，通常由從屬連詞引導(dǎo)，按其意義和作用可分為時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、 條件、 原因、讓步、目的、結(jié)果、 方式、比較狀語(yǔ)從句等。時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句1) 常見(jiàn)連詞有after,as,before,once,since,till,（not）until，when,whenever（no matter when），while， as long as,as soon as例句：As you look at yourself in a mirror,youll seen an identical image of yourself.It is a long time before it is possible to test the medicine on human patients.It was not untilthatNot untildid heNot until I received the letter,did I know he had gone to America.It was not until.When I got to the airport,I suddenly remembered that I had left the ticket behind.I was about to leave,when something occurred which attracted my attention.Whenever we have difficulty,hell come to help us.2) no soonerthan,hardly(scarcely,barely)when: 剛做就.No sooner had I opened the door than the telephone rang.She had scarcely news when she fainted.3) 還有 immediately,directly,instantly,the moment,the minute,the instant,the second,every time etcIll tell you about it the moment you come.I got in touch with him immediately I received his letter.地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句一般用where 或 wherever 引導(dǎo)：I will stand where I can see the parade clearly.Wherever they went,they were warmly welcome.條件狀語(yǔ)從句真實(shí)條件從句:if,unless,so long as,provided that,supposing that,on condition that,in the event that,in case that etcI will not go to her party if she doesnt invite me.I will not go to her party unless she invites me.原因狀語(yǔ)從句從屬連詞有because,as,since,for,now,that,in that,seeing that,considering that(鑒于，由于)As the school regulations are written quite clearly,there is nothing more to be explained.Considering that the sweater was hard made,it was not expensive.Seeing that they are inexperienced,they are doing quite a good job.讓步狀語(yǔ)從句引導(dǎo)詞分類：1): even if,though,even though,while(盡管) no matter what/how/which,however,whatever,whichever,however etc.He will not give up smoking even though the doctor advises him to.Whatever the consequence may be,I will be on your side.However hard she tried to explain,nobody trusted her.It has been the same result,whichever way you do it.2) 由as 引起的讓步從句，語(yǔ)氣較強(qiáng)烈，被強(qiáng)調(diào)的詞須放在句首.Simple as the question may seem,it is not at all common in nature.Cold as it is,the children play outdoors.Much as I respect him,I cant agree with him.Object as you may,I will go on with my plan.3) whetheror,不管或whet