高考情態(tài)動詞用法講與練.doc

情態(tài)動詞用法講與練I.情態(tài)動詞+have done的用法 “情態(tài)動詞have done”是歷年高考的熱點，但有些同學對這一結(jié)構(gòu)不甚了解。為了便于同學們學習，現(xiàn)將這種結(jié)構(gòu)的兩種主要用法借表歸納如下。 一、表示對過去情況的推測或估計 所用的句式 意義 must have done 肯定句 一定（已經(jīng)） may might have done 肯定句 可能大概（已經(jīng)）否定句可能還沒有 can could have done 否定句 不可能（已經(jīng)）疑問句 可能也許（已經(jīng)）了嗎？ 說明：1might could有時并不是may can的過去式，而是表示一種委婉的語氣或更小的可能性。2might have done有時可用于疑問句中，此時might就相當于can could。 二、表示對過去所發(fā)生的事情的遺憾或責備 所用的句式 意義 should ought to have done 肯定句，否定句， 疑問句 本來（不） 應該的 mightcould have done 肯定句 本來能夠可以的 need have done 否定句 本不必要的 had better have done 肯定句，否定句， 疑問句 要是（沒有）干了就好了 would rather have done 同上 本來想做（卻未做） 說明：1might have done有時可表示對過去發(fā)生事情的慶幸，意為“差點兒”。如： Didnt you see that car nearly hit me？I might have been killed 你難道沒看見那輛小車差點兒撞上了我嗎？我差點就沒命了。 2要注意neednt have done與didnt need to do的差別。 He neednt have come他本沒有必要來。（實際卻來了） He didnt need to come他沒有必要來。（實際也沒來） 同學們在做有關“情態(tài)動詞have done”練習時，在掌握這一結(jié)構(gòu)的兩種基本用法的同時，還要仔細體會題干所提供的語言信息，準確理解語言環(huán)境和說話人的含意，尤其要注意題干中時態(tài)給予的暗示。 鞏固練習：（練習題均為高考題） 1I stayed at a hotel while in New YorkOh，did you？You _ with Barbara Acould have stayed Bcould stayCwould stay Dmust have stayed 2I didnt see her in the meeting room this morningShe _at the meeting Amustnt have spoken Bshouldnt have spoken Cneednt have spoken Dcouldnt have spoken 3He _you more help，even though he was busy Amight have given Bmight giveCmay have givenDmay give 4I saw our teacher in the office just nowYou _her，she is still abroad Acant have seen Bmustnt have seenCneednt have seen Dshouldnt have seen 5Kate is already two hours lateWhat _ to her？ Acan have happened Bmay have happenedCshould have happened Dmust have happened 6We _last night，but we went to the concert instead Amust have studied Bmight studyCshould have studied Dwould study 7There was plenty of timeShe _ Amustnt have hurriedBcouldnt have hurriedCmustnt hurryDneednt have hurried8Yesterday，Jane walked away from the discussionOtherwise，she _something she would regret later Ahad saidBsaid Cmight sayDmight have said 9Did you scold him for his mistake？Yes，but _it AId rather not do BId better not do CId better not have done DId rather have not done 10Sorry，Im lateI _have turned off the alarm clock and gone back to sleep again AmightBshould CcanDwill II. 情態(tài)動詞難點透視 英語中的情態(tài)動詞雖然為數(shù)不多，但是要掌握好它們的用法并不容易。本文結(jié)合同學們在使用情態(tài)動詞時不易掌握的難點談幾點看法。 1.can表示可能性時，指的是理論上的可能，它通常不用來表示某事實際發(fā)生的可能性或真實性。如： Accidents can happenAnybody can make mistakes 如果我們要表達某事發(fā)生的實際可能性，要用may,could或might等。 We may spend our summer holidays in Hangzhou this year Will you answer the telephone It couldmaymight be your mother 2.could用來征求意見時，語氣要比can委婉，但在回答問題時我們不能用could,因為語氣委婉，可能性就變小了。如： Could I use your telephoneYes, please go ahead 3.在過去時態(tài)的肯定句中需要某種條件或努力做成某事，我們要用waswere able to而不能用could。如： It was a holiday and the children were able to go to the seaside The girl worked hardso she was able to pass the final test 4must與have to都可以表示“必須”的意思，但要注意以下兩點區(qū)別。 1) must只有現(xiàn)在時，而have to有現(xiàn)在時、過去時和將來時。如： We must work hard, or well fail in the examination Two years ago, the poor girl had to leave school for lack of money 2) must表示主觀看法，have to則側(cè)重于客觀需要。如： We must be strict with ourselves in everything In cities with many cars, some people have to wear masks 5must表示推測時，其反意問句有好幾種形式。 1) “must動詞原形”對目前的情況進行推測時以及用mustbe-ing形式對目前正在發(fā)生的情況進行推測時，疑問短語部分要與must之后的動詞相一致。如： The mathematics teacher must be in the office now, isnt he 2) “musthave過去分詞”用來表示對已經(jīng)發(fā)生的事情進行推論。如果句子中有過去的時間狀語，疑問部分用助動詞didnt否則，疑問部分用havent或hasnt。如： The children must have watered the tomatoes yesterday, didnt they The minister must have arrived in Shanghai, hasnt he 6shall可以用來征求對方意見。用于第一、三人稱。此外它也可以用來表示說話人的命令、警告、允諾、威脅或決心等，這時它用于第二、三人稱。如： Shall she go to the concert with us this evening (征求意見) You shall go to the front at once(命令) Dont worryYou shall get the answer this very afternoon （允諾）He shall be sorry one dayI tell you(警告) Nothing shall stop us from fighting against pollution(決心) 7在表示將來的時間、條件狀語從句中，不能用will（這時的will不是情態(tài)動詞，而是助動詞，幫助構(gòu)成將來時）。如： If it will rain tomorrow, we shall not go to the mountain village(誤) If it rains tomorrow, we shall not go to the mountain village(正) 當情態(tài)動詞will表示意愿或決心時，是可以用于條件狀語從句的。如： If you will listen to me, Ill give you some advice on how to learn English 如果你愿意聽我的話，我將給你提點學習英語的建議。 If you will come this way，the manager will meet you 請您往這邊走，經(jīng)理現(xiàn)在要見你。 8should除表示必要或義務外，還可表示推測或可能。如： The American friends should be here now “shouldought tohave過去分詞”既可表示本該做而事實上沒有做的事，也可以表示驚訝、贊嘆等情緒。如： You should have told her about it the day before yesterday Its wonderful that you should have achieved so much in these years “情態(tài)動詞have過去分詞”是很重要的一種句型，除should外，may, might, must, couldnt, neednt, ought to等都可以用于這一句型，但要注意使用不同的情態(tài)動詞句子的意思就有所不同。 9ought to與should意思接近，大多數(shù)情況下二者可以互換，但是should談的是自己的主觀看法，ought to則更多反映客觀情況，在談到法律、義務和規(guī)定時使用。如： We shouldought to help each other and learn from each other in our work She is your mother, so you ought to support her We ought to go and see Mary tomorrow, but I dont think we will 10need，用作情態(tài)動詞，僅用于否定句和疑問句，而不用于肯定句。在肯定句中要用must, have to, should, ought to或?qū)eed當作行為動詞使用。如： We need report the matter to the boss immediately(誤) We must report the matter to the boss immediately（正） We need to report the matter to the boss immediately（正） Dare的用法也一樣。 dare 與need 的用法 1).dare作為情態(tài)動詞,主要用于疑問句,否定句和條件從句中,一般不用于肯定句. a. How dare you say Im unfair ? b. He darent speak English before such a crowd, dare she ? c. If he dare break the rule , he will be punished . 2).need表示”需要”或”必須”,作情態(tài)動詞用時,僅用于否定句或疑問句. 條件從句中。“有必要”。在肯定句中一般用must, have to, ought to或should代替. a. You neednt come so early. b. -Need I finish the work today ?-Yes, you must./ No , you neednt . c. If you need go there , please let me know . 3).dare和need常用作實義動詞,有時態(tài),人稱和數(shù)的變化。所不同的是,在肯定句中,dare 后面通常接帶to的不定式; 在否定和疑問句中, dare后可接帶to或不帶to的不定式. a .I dare to swim across the river b .He doesnt dare (to) answer. C .We need time and money. d .The dining room needs / wants / requires cleaning every day . = The dining room needs / wants / requires to be cleaned every day . e. Does he need to take the medicine four times a day ? III.情態(tài)動詞的測試熱點 本階段出現(xiàn)了不少“情態(tài)動詞have過去分詞”的句型。在此之前，同學們也學到了許多有關情態(tài)動詞的用法。筆者在文中對歷年來的高考試題進行了分析，指出了歷年來高考試題對情態(tài)動詞的測試熱點，談到了使用情態(tài)動詞時應注意的相關知識，供同學們參考，以期提高同學們運用所學知識的能力。 熱點一：情態(tài)動詞表示推測的用法 情態(tài)動詞must，can，could，may，might都可用來表示推測。其中，must所表示的可能性最大，最有把握，意為“一定”。注意，其否定式mustnt表示“想必不”；表示“不可能”要用cant或couldnt。 may 和 might表示可能性時，主要用于肯定句中，might相對于may 來說，表示的可能性更小一些。 can和could主要用于否定句和疑問句中。 需要注意的幾點: 1.表示猜測，can一般不用于肯定句中，除非是“經(jīng)驗之談”。我們在SEFC Book 2， Lesson 30中學過這樣兩個表示“經(jīng)驗之談”的句子：Children can often get ill suddenly（小孩常?？赡芡蝗簧〤ertain things in the home can be dangerous，especially if you have young children（家里的某些東西可能有危險，尤其是有小孩的時候。）上面兩句可以看作醫(yī)務工作者或撫養(yǎng)過孩子的人說的話，屬“經(jīng)驗之談”。 2may和might都不用于疑問句中。如：（正）Can Could it be cloudy tomorrow ？（誤）May Might it be cloudy tomorrow ？ 3must的否定式是cant couldnt，不是 neednt或m ustnt。 4would V原形：想必現(xiàn)在過去；現(xiàn)在過去可能He would be back today yesterday想必他今天昨天回來了。（他今天昨天可能回來了。） 5should ought to V原形：想必現(xiàn)在將來會The dinner should ought to be ready now想必晚飯現(xiàn)在已備好。He should ought to ring up this afternoon想必他今天下午會打電話的。 6will V原形：將來一定準會 Try your best，and your wish will come true盡力吧，你的理想準會實現(xiàn)的。 在近年來的高考試題中，測試may和might表示可能性的頻率較高，是一個熱點項目。 如： Peter come with us tonight，but he isnt very sure yet(NMET93) A mustB may C canD will 簡析：本題選B。本題的后半句暗示了選擇答案的條件。 Michael be a policeman for hes much too short (上海94) A needntB cantC should D may 簡析：本題選B。本題的后半句給出了理由。 -Are you coming to Jeffs party -Im not sure I go to the concert instead(NMET2000) A mustB would C shouldD might 簡析：本題答語部分中的“Im not sure”暗示了說話者的語氣不肯定。因而，本題應選D。 Johnny, you play with the knif，you hurt yourself(NMET96) A wont；cantB mustnt；mayC shouldnt；must D cant；shouldnt 簡析：本題應選B。第一空用mustnt表示禁止，第二空用may表示可能。 情態(tài)動詞表示猜測的答題方法及考例精析 解答情態(tài)動詞表示猜測的試題時，一要清楚被猜測的時間，二要清楚有無客觀事實根據(jù)。若有客觀事實根據(jù)，則無論是肯定還是否定的猜測，猜測語氣最強且符合時間要求的為最佳答案；情態(tài)動詞表示猜測時語氣從強到弱的順序是：must，will，would，ought to，should，can，may，could，might。若無客觀事實根據(jù)，純憑主觀臆斷，則猜測語氣最弱且符合時間要求的為最佳答案。如： 1I thought you _ like something to read，so I have brought you some books（MET 1986）Amay BmightCcould Dmust 由題意可知被猜測的時間是（過去）將來，沒有客觀事實根據(jù)，猜測語氣要求最弱，所以正確選項是B。 2Peter _ come with us tonight，but he isnt sure yet（MET 1993） AmustBmay Ccan Dwill 由題意可知被猜測的時間是將來，沒有客觀事實根據(jù)，猜測語氣要求最弱，所以正確選項是B。 3It _ last night，for the ground was wet this morning Amust have rainedBmay have rainedCmust rainDmight rain 由題意可知被猜測的時間是過去，有客觀事實根據(jù)the ground was wet，猜測語氣要求最強，所以正確選項是A。 4Mary _ be in Paris，for I saw her in the town only a few minutes ago（MET 1994）AmustntBcantCshouldntDmay not 由題意可知被猜測的時間是現(xiàn)在，有客觀事實根據(jù)I saw her in the town a few minutes ago，猜測語氣要求最強，所以正確選項是B（cant是m ust的否定式）。 5.There were already five people in the car but they managed to take me as well It _ a comfortable journey（NMET 1995） Acant be Bshouldnt be Cmustnt have been Dcouldnt have been 由題意可知被猜測的時間是過去，有客觀事實根據(jù)there were already five peopletake me as well，猜測語氣要求最強，所以正確選項是D。 6-When can I come for the photos？I need them tomorrow afternoon They _ be ready by 12：00（NMET 1998） Acan Bshould Cmight Dneed 由題意可知被猜測的時間是將來，有客觀事實根據(jù)need them tomorrow afternoon，猜測語氣要求最強，所以正確選項是B。 7-Are you coming to Jeffs Party？ Im not sureI _ go to the concert instead（NMET 2000） AmustBwould Cmight Dshould 由題意可知被猜測的時間是將來，沒有客觀事實根據(jù)，猜測語氣要求最弱，所以正確選項是C. 熱點二：情態(tài)動詞表示能力的用法 情態(tài)動詞表示能力時，一般用cancould或be able to 。be able to用于表示能力并且可用于各種時態(tài)，而can只有一般現(xiàn)在時和一般過去時兩種時態(tài)。此外，當表示過去成功地做成了某事時，只能用was were able to。如： A computer think for itself， it must be told what to do(MET91) A cant B couldntC may notD might not 簡析：這里說明電腦不具備獨立思考的能力 故本題選A。 The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone get out(NMET97) A had to B would C couldD was able to 簡析：本題題意為“大火很快蔓延了整個旅館，但全體人員都脫離了危險?！保?故本題選D。 熱點三：表示“許可”、“允許”的情態(tài)動詞 cancould maymight都可用來表示請求允許或許可。過去式could和might常用于疑問句中，表示禮貌?；卮饡r，常用原形can或者may，不可再用過去式could或might。如： -Could I borrow your dictionary(MET92) -Yes, of course you A might B willC canD should 簡析：本題的前一句用could提問，表示委婉的請求?；卮饡r，應用原形can。故本題選C。 熱點四：shallshould的用法 shall用于第一、三人稱的疑問句中，表示征求對方的意見，常譯為“要某人做某事嗎”。shall也可用于第二、三人稱的陳述句中，表示說話人的意愿，有命令、警告、決心、強制、許諾或威脅之意。研讀歷屆高考題不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，should的考點主要體現(xiàn)在以下幾個方面： 1）表示責任和義務，意為“應該”；2）表示可能性推測，意為“很可能、該”；3）用于虛擬語氣中。 4)should（not）have done結(jié)構(gòu)的用法?，F(xiàn)結(jié)合歷屆高考題對其用法作一歸納。 一、“should（ought to）have done”結(jié)構(gòu)意為“本來應該”，表示過去應該做或值得做的事情而沒有做到，含有后悔、埋怨、責備等意味。該結(jié)構(gòu)的否定式“shouldnt（ought not to）have done”則表示過去做了不應該做的事，意為“本來不應該卻”。例如： 1.Jerry _ have kept her word，I wonder why she changed her mind（MET91）Amust BshouldCneedDwould 2.We _ last night，but we went to the concert instead（MET92） Amust have studiedBmight studyCshould have studiedDwould study 3.I told Sally how to get there，but perpaps I _ for her（NMET94） Ahad to write it outBmust have written it out Cshould have written it outDought to write it out 4.Tom ought not to _ me your secret，but he meant no harm（MET93） Ahave told BtellCbe tellingDhaving told 5.There was a lot of fun at yesterdays partyYou _ come，but why didnt you？（99上海）AmustBshouldCneed have Dought to have 6.I was really anxious about youYou _ home without a word（NMET2001） Amustnt leaveBshouldnt have leftCcouldnt have leftDneednt have left 7.Oh，Im not feeling well in the stomachI _so much fried chicken just now（2002上海春季高考） Ashouldnt eatBmustnt have eatenCshouldnt have eatenDmustnt eat 二、“should have done”結(jié)構(gòu)還可以表示動作已經(jīng)完成，但含有感情色彩，表示驚訝、驚奇等意味。意為“竟，竟然，居然”。例如：Im sorry that this should have happened很遺憾，竟然發(fā)生了這種事情。 It is wonderful that you should have achieved so much in these years這幾年你竟然取得如此大的成就，真是了不起！ 三、should也可以用來表示“推測”，意為“可能；該”。相當于be expected to。往往指具有一定的客觀根據(jù)或根據(jù)推理對現(xiàn)在某事發(fā)生的“可能性”進行描述，語氣上不如must強。若對現(xiàn)在正在進行的事情的推測，則用should be doing結(jié)構(gòu)。例如： 8Will Mr Wang offer us a hand？ He_ be glad toHe never refused our request（92上海） AcanBmust Cmay Dshould 9When can I come for the photos？I need them tomorrow afternoon They _ be ready by 12：00（NMET98） AcanBshouldCmightDneed 10Its nearly seven oclockJack _ be here at any moment（NMET95） AmustBneedCshould Dcan I dont think he should be sleeping now，is he？我認為他現(xiàn)在不可能正在睡覺，是嗎？ 四、“should likelove to do sth”結(jié)構(gòu)意為“愿意想做某事”?！皊hould likelove to have done”結(jié)構(gòu)則意為“本來想干某事，而當時卻沒干”。例如： 11Little Jim should love _ to the theatre this evening（MET92） Ato be taken Bto takeCbeing taken Dtaking 12I should love _ to Professor Smith，but I didnt get any more chance（96上海） Ato be introducedBto have been introducedCto have introducedDintroducing He should like to have attended the evening party，but he was too busy 他本想?yún)⒓舆@次晚會，可是當時他太忙了。 五、should在虛擬語氣中的運用 1、在if引導的條件狀語從句中，若表示與將來事實相反的假設，條件句的謂語動詞可以用“should 動詞原形”；若if省略， should應提到句首，構(gòu)成部分倒裝。例如： If it should snow tom orrow ，the m eet- ing would be put off 如果明天下雪的話，運動會就會推遲。 13_it rain tomorrow，we would have to put off the visit to the Yangpu Bridge（94上海）AWereBShouldCWould DWill 2、動詞arrange（安排，籌劃），command（命令，要求），demand（要求，需要），desire（要求，渴望），insist（堅決主張），order，propose（主張，提議），request，require，suggest（建議）等后跟賓語從句時，謂語動詞應用“（should）動詞原形”。例如： 14The guard at the gate insisted that everyone _ the role（MET85） AobeyingBobeyCwill obeyDwould obey 15.Janes face suggested that she _ ill，and her parents suggested that she_ a medical examination（95上海） Abe；should haveBwas；haveCshould be；hadDwas；has The doctor ordered that she（should） stay in bed for another week 醫(yī)生囑咐她應該躺在床上再呆一周。 He proposed that we（should）go there by plane他主張我們應該乘飛機去那里。 3、名詞advice，idea，order，demand， plan，proposal（主張），suggestion，request等后跟表語從句或同位語從句時，其謂語動詞用“（should）動詞原形”。例如： We all agreed to his suggestion that we（should）go to Hangzhou for sightseeing 我們都同意他的建議我們應該到杭州去觀光旅游。 My advice is that we（should）do more eye exercises every day 我的建議是我們每天應該多做眼保健操。 4、在主語從句的下列三種句型中，主句的謂語動詞應用“（should）動詞原形”。 （1）It is necessary（important，impossible，strange，natural）that （2）It is a pity（a shame）that （3）It is suggested（requested，ordered，desired）that例如： It is necessary that we should send for a doctor我們很有必要派人請個醫(yī)生來。 It is requested that Miss Gao（should） give a perform ance at the m eeting 人們要求高小姐應該在大會上進行一場演出。 It is a pity that he（should）be so careless他竟如此粗心真是令人遺憾。 六、should可以用來表示驚奇、惶惑、不滿、惋惜、憂慮等情緒。例如： 16.You cant imagine that a well-behaved gentleman _be so rude to a lady（2001上海）Amight Bneed Cshould Dwould Never did he expect that the conditions should be so terrible他從來沒有料到情況竟如此可怕。 七、should可以表示謙遜、委婉之意，意為“可；倒”。例如： Should you like to drink some beer？你是否喜歡喝點啤酒？ He should expect their team to win the match他倒是希望他們隊能贏得這場比賽。 八、should可以用于較強語氣的假設情形中，表示“竟然；萬一”之意。例如： If he should fail to come，ask John to go there in his place萬一他不能來就叫約翰代替他去。 Should it blow hard，we would not go out for a picnic萬一明天刮大風，我們就無法去野餐了。 九、should用于目的狀語從句或in case引導的條件狀語從句中時，相當于might，含有“會；可以”之意。例如：They got up early so that they should catch up the first flight in time 他們很早起床以便能及時趕上首班飛機。 He took him along with an umbrella in case it should rain 他隨身帶了一把雨傘，以防天可能下雨。 又如： -The room is so dirty we clean it -Of course(北京2003) A Will B ShallC WouldD Do 簡析：問句表示征求對方的意見，故本題選B。 Its nearly seven oclock Jack be here at any moment(NMET95) A mustB need C shouldD can 簡析：本題應選C。should在本題中表示推測，意為“很可能”。又如： -When can I come for the photos I need them tomorrow afternoon -They be ready by 1200(NMET98) A canB should C mightD need 簡析：本題應選B。should在本題中表示應該。 熱點五：“情態(tài)動詞have過去分詞”常見句型及用法 句型1：should (ought to) have過去分詞 表示過去應該做而（實際）沒有做的事情。含有責備或遺憾的語氣，意為“本應該”。其否定形式為“should notought not to have 過去分詞”。如： We last night，but we went to the concert instead(MET92) A must have studied B might study C should have studied D would study 簡析：本題中的一個關鍵詞but暗示了“我們不應去聽音樂會，而應學習”。故本題選C。 句型2：neednt have過去分詞 表示過去沒有必要做某事, 但實際上做了某事。如： There was plenty of time She (MET87) A mustnt have hurriedB couldnt have hurried C must not hurry D neednt have hurried 簡析：本題的前一句暗示了一個條件，后一句則是由這個條件得出的結(jié)論。故本題選D。 句型3：must have過去分詞 意為“過去一定做過某事”，表示一種很有把握的推測。注意，對過去發(fā)生情況的否定推測常用cantcouldnt have 過去分詞。如： I didnt hear the phone I asleep(MET89) A must be B must have beenC should beD should have been 簡析：本題應選B。本題的前一句說明一個結(jié)果，后一句則表示一個原因。 I didnt see her in the meeting room this morningShe at the meeting(上海91) A mustnt have spoken B shouldnt have spoken C neednt have spokenD couldnt have spoken 簡析：從題意上分析，本題的前一句陳述一個理由，后一句則是由前一句得出的結(jié)論。故本題選D。 句型4：maymight have過去分詞 表示對過去情況的一種不太有把握的（可能性）推測，意為“或許可能做過某事”。另外，用于虛擬語氣時，通常