化學(xué)專業(yè)英語(修訂版)翻譯.doc

01 THE ELEMENTS AND THE PERIODIC TABLE 01 元素和元素周期表The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom is referred to as the atomic number, or proton number, Z. The number of electrons in an electrically neutral atom is also equal to the atomic number, Z. The total mass of an atom is determined very nearly by the total number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus. This total is called the mass number, A. The number of neutrons in an atom, the neutron number, is given by the quantity A-Z. 質(zhì)子的數(shù)量在一個(gè)原子的核被稱為原子序數(shù),或質(zhì)子數(shù)、周淑金、電子的數(shù)量在一個(gè)電中性原子也等于原子序數(shù)松山機(jī)場(chǎng)的總質(zhì)量的原子做出很近的總數(shù)的質(zhì)子和中子在它的核心。這個(gè)總數(shù)被稱為大量胡逸舟、中子的數(shù)量在一個(gè)原子,中子數(shù),給出了a - z的數(shù)量。The term element refers to, a pure substance with atoms all of a single kind. To the chemist the kind of atom is specified by its atomic number, since this is the property that determines its chemical behavior. At present all the atoms from Z = 1 to Z = 107 are known; there are 107 chemical elements. Each chemical element has been given a name and a distinctive symbol. For most elements the symbol is simply the abbreviated form of the English name consisting of one or two letters, for example: 這個(gè)術(shù)語是指元素,一個(gè)純物質(zhì)與原子組成一個(gè)單一的善良。在藥房“客氣”原子的原子數(shù)來確定它,因?yàn)樗男再|(zhì)是決定其化學(xué)行為。目前所有原子和Z = 1 a到Z = 107是知道的;有107種化學(xué)元素。每一種化學(xué)元素起了一個(gè)名字和獨(dú)特的象征。對(duì)于大多數(shù)元素都僅僅是一個(gè)象征的英文名稱縮寫形式,一個(gè)或兩個(gè)字母組成,例如:oxygen=O nitrogen = N neon=Ne magnesium = Mg 氮氧= = = = N霓虹燈啊= = = =不鎂鎂Some elements,which have been known for a long time,have symbols based on their Latin names, for example: 一些元素,長久以來,根據(jù)他們的拉丁名字符號(hào),例如:iron=Fe(ferrum) copper=Cu(cuprum) lead=Pb(plumbum) 鐵= =鐵(鐵)的銅= =銅(緩蝕劑)引線= =鉛(鉛)A complete listing of the elements may be found in Table 1. 一個(gè)完整的上市的元素可以被發(fā)現(xiàn)于表1。Beginning in the late seventeenth century with the work of Robert Boyle, who proposed the presently accepted concept of an element, numerous investigations produced a considerable knowledge of the properties of elements and their compounds1. In 1869, D.Mendeleev and L. Meyer, working independently, proposed the periodic law. In modern form, the law states that the properties of the elements are periodic functions of their atomic numbers. In other words, when the elements are listed in order of increasing atomic number, elements having closely similar properties will fall at definite intervals along the list. Thus it is possible to arrange the list of elements in tabular form with elements having similar properties placed in vertical columns2. Such an arrangement is called a periodic 在十七世紀(jì)后期開始的工作羅伯特波以耳,提出當(dāng)前一個(gè)元素的接受和運(yùn)用的概念,產(chǎn)生了可觀的知識(shí)大量調(diào)查的特性及其compounds1元素。在1869年,D.Mendeleev和l .邁耶,獨(dú)立工作能力,提出了周期性的律法。在現(xiàn)代形式,法律規(guī)定的特性是周期函數(shù)的元素的原子編號(hào)。換句話說,當(dāng)元素的順序列出增加原子序數(shù)、元素有相近的財(cái)產(chǎn)落在了明確的間隔沿名單。由此,我們有可能安排的名單表格元素的元素有相似的性質(zhì)columns2放置在垂直。這樣的安排被稱為一個(gè)周期Each horizontal row of elements constitutes a period. It should be noted that the lengths of the periods vary. There is a very short period containing only 2 elements, followed by two short periods of 8 elements each, and then two long periods of 18 elements each. The next period includes 32 elements, and the last period is apparently incomplete. With this arrangement, elements in the same vertical column have similar characteristics. These columns constitute the chemical families or groups. The groups headed by the members of the two 8-element periods are designated as main group elements, and the members of the other groups are called transition or inner transition elements. 每個(gè)水平排的元素構(gòu)成一段時(shí)間。但應(yīng)該注意的是,不同長度的時(shí)期。這是一個(gè)非常短只包含二元素,后面跟著兩個(gè)短的每8元素,然后兩個(gè)長期的18個(gè)元素組成。下一個(gè)階段包括32元素,最后一期明顯不完整的。這樣的安排、元素在同一垂直柱有相似的特點(diǎn)。這些圓柱構(gòu)成化學(xué)家庭或組。這個(gè)團(tuán)體的成員為首的兩8-element時(shí)期為主要集團(tuán)指定的元素,其他組的成員被稱為過渡或內(nèi)在過渡元素。In the periodic table, a heavy stepped line divides the elements into metals and nonmetals. Elements to the left of this line (with the exception of hydrogen) are metals, while those to the right are nonmetals. This division is for convenience only; elements bordering the linethe metalloids-have properties characteristic of - both metals and nonmetals. It may be seen that most of the elements, including all the transition and inner transition elements, are metals. 在元素周期表,沉重的走線分元素到金屬以及非金屬礦物等。元素的左本線(除氫)是金屬,而那些右邊是非金屬礦物等。這個(gè)師為方便使用,metalloids-have接壤的line-the元素的性質(zhì)特點(diǎn)兩者都是金屬以及非金屬礦物等。這可以被看見,大部分的元素,包括所有的過渡和內(nèi)在過渡元素,是金屬。Except for hydrogen, a gas, the elements of group IA make up the alkali metal family. They are very reactive metals, and they are never found in the elemental state in nature. However, their compounds are widespread. All the members of the alkali metal family, form ions having a charge of 1+ only. In contrast, the elements of group IB copper, silver, and goldare comparatively inert. They are similar to the alkali metals in that they exist as 1+ ions in many of their compounds. However, as is characteristic of most transition elements, they form ions having other charges as well. 除了氫氣、氣體、集團(tuán)的元素是構(gòu)成了堿金屬的家庭。他們是非?；顫姷慕饘?他們永遠(yuǎn)都不會(huì)被發(fā)現(xiàn)在國家自然元素。然而,他們的化合物是廣泛的。所有成員的堿金屬的家庭,形成離子有一個(gè)負(fù)責(zé)1 +而已。相比之下,IB -copper組元素,白銀和gold-are較為活躍的。他們與堿性金屬存在1 +離子在他們的許多化合物。然而,從大多數(shù)過渡元素的特征,它們形成離子有其它的費(fèi)用。The elements of group IIA are known as the alkaline earth metals. Their characteristic ionic charge is 2+. These metals, particularly the last two members of the group, are almost as reactive as the alkali metals. The group IIB elementszinc, cadmium, and mercury are less reactive than are those of group II A5, but are more reactive than the neighboring elements of group IB. The characteristic charge on their ions is also 2+. 集團(tuán)的元素IIA被稱為堿性地球金屬。其特點(diǎn)是離子電荷2 +。這些金屬,特別是最后兩隊(duì)中成員的,幾乎是作為反應(yīng)堿性金屬。集團(tuán)elements-zinc IIB鉛、鎘、汞更少的反應(yīng)比第二組A5,但是比較無功比相鄰元素。特點(diǎn)集團(tuán)建筑費(fèi)用記在他們的離子也是2 +。With the exception of boron, group IIIA elements are also fairly reactive metals. Aluminum appears to be inert toward reaction with air, but this behavior stems from the fact that the metal forms a thin, invisible film of aluminum oxide on the surface, which protects the bulk of the metal from further oxidation. The metals of group IIIA form ions of 3+ charge. Group IIIB consists of the metals scandium, yttrium, lanthanum, and actinium. 除了硼、集團(tuán)IIIA元素相當(dāng)活性金屬。鋁似乎反應(yīng)惰性向空氣,但這種行為的根源是金屬形成薄、隱形氧化鋁膜的表面上,即保護(hù)大量的金屬的進(jìn)一步氧化。金屬離子組的3 + IIIA形式的費(fèi)用。由金屬集團(tuán)希望scandium、釔、稀土鑭系,actinium。Group IVA consists of a nonmetal, carbon, two metalloids, silicon and germanium, and two metals, tin and lead. Each of these elements forms some compounds with formulas which indicate that four other atoms are present per group IVA atom, as, for example, carbon tetrachloride, GCl4. The group IVB metals titanium, zirconium, and hafnium also forms compounds in which each group IVB atom is combined with four other atoms; these compounds are nonelectrolytes when pure. 集團(tuán)外語由一個(gè)非金屬、碳、兩個(gè)非金屬等、硅和鍺,和兩個(gè)金屬、錫、鉛。這些要素的每一個(gè)物質(zhì)形成一些計(jì)算公式表明,其他四個(gè)原子每組目前外語原子的,例如,四氯化碳GCl4。IVB金屬集團(tuán)-titanium、鋯、hafnium化合物在那時(shí)間也形式每組IVB原子結(jié)合四個(gè)其他原子,這些化合物是nonelectrolytes純。The elements of group V A include three nonmetals nitrogen, phosphorus, and arsenicand two metals antimony and bismuth. Although compounds with the formulas N2O5, PCl5, and AsCl5 exist, none of them is ionic. These elements do form compounds-nitrides, phosphides, and arsenides in which ions having charges of minus three occur. The elements of group VB are all metals. These elements form such a variety of different compounds that their characteristics are not easily generalized. 元素的一組包含三個(gè)非金屬- V氮、磷、arsenic-and兩種金屬銻、鉍。- - - - - - -雖然物質(zhì)N2O5公式,PCl5,AsCl5存在,其中沒有一個(gè)是離子。這些元素compounds-nitrides形式,phosphides,arsenides離子有指控減三發(fā)生。VB的元素都是金屬集團(tuán)。這些元素形態(tài)的各種不同的化合物,其特點(diǎn)是不易推廣。With the exception of polonium, the elements of group VIA are typical nonmetals. They are sometimes known, as the, chalcogens, from the Greek word meaning ash formers. In their binary compounds with metals they exist as ions having a charge of 2-. The elements of group A are all nonmetals and are known as the halogens. from the Greek term meaning salt formers. ” They are the most reactive nonmetals and are capable of reacting with practically all the metals and with most nonmetals, including each other. 除了釙的元素組上通過是典型的非金屬礦物等。他們有時(shí)是已知的,因?yàn)?chalcogens,從希臘單詞意思是“灰的建設(shè)者”。在他們的二元化合物存在與金屬離子有一個(gè)負(fù)責(zé)2 -。A的元素都是非金屬和組被稱為非鹵素。從希臘術(shù)語,意即“鹽成形機(jī)?！八麄兪亲顭o功等,能夠反應(yīng)幾乎所有的金屬和大多數(shù)非金屬,包括對(duì)方。The elements of groups B, B, and VIIIB are all metals. They form such a wide Variety of compounds that it is not practical at this point to present any examples as being typical of the behavior of the respective groups. 組織B的元素,B,VIIIB都是金屬。它們形成這么多各種各樣的化合物,它是不切合實(shí)際的在這一點(diǎn)上,以目前的典型實(shí)例的行為作為各自的組。The periodicity of chemical behavior is illustrated by the fact that. excluding the first period, each period begins with a very reactive metal. Successive element along the period show decreasing metallic character, eventually becoming nonmetals, and finally, in group A, a very reactive nonmetal is found. Each period ends with a member of the noble gas family. 化學(xué)行為的周期性的事實(shí)說明了。除了第一周期,每一個(gè)周期開始于一個(gè)非?；顫姷慕饘?。沿著周期連續(xù)元素顯示減少金屬而言,最終成為非金屬,最后,在集團(tuán)A,一個(gè)很活潑的非金屬元素。每一個(gè)時(shí)期的結(jié)尾是一個(gè)惰性氣體元素。02 THE NONMETAL ELEMENTS 02非金屬元素We noted earlier. that -nonmetals exhibit properties that are greatly different from those of the metals. As a rule, the nonmetals are poor conductors of electricity (graphitic carbon is an exception) and heat; they are brittle, are often intensely colored, and show an unusually wide range of melting and boiling points. Their molecular structures, usually involving ordinary covalent bonds, vary from the simple diatomic molecules of H2, Cl2, I2, and N2 to the giant molecules of diamond, silicon and boron. 我們前面所指出的。-nonmetals展覽財(cái)產(chǎn),大大不同于其他的金屬。作為一個(gè)規(guī)則,是電的不良導(dǎo)體非金屬(石墨碳例外)和熱量,他們是易碎的,通常是強(qiáng)烈的顏色,并表現(xiàn)出異常廣泛的融化和沸點(diǎn)。他們的分子結(jié)構(gòu),通常是包括了普通的共價(jià)債券的變化,從簡(jiǎn)單的雙原子分子的H2,含,i和N2期的大分子鉆石、硅和硼。The nonmetals that are gases at room temperature are the low-molecular weight diatomic molecules and the noble gases that exert very small intermolecular forces. As the molecular weight increases, we encounter a liquid (Br2) and a solid (I2) whose vapor pressures also indicate small intermolecular forces. Certain properties of a few nonmetals are listed in Table 2. 氣體的非金屬,室溫低分子物重量的雙原子分子和高尚的氣體時(shí)發(fā)揮非常小的力量。隨著分子量的增大,我們遇到了一個(gè)液體(Br2)和一個(gè)固體(i)的蒸氣壓也表明小的電子的力量。一些非金屬的某些性質(zhì)都列在表2。Table 2- Molecular Weights and Melting Points of Certain Nonmetals 表2分子量和熔點(diǎn)的某些非金屬礦物等Diatomic Molecules Molecular Weight Melting Point C Color 雙原子分子分子量的熔點(diǎn)c的顏色H2 2 -239.1 None h2 2 -英尺沒有N2 28 -210 None 28 -任何n2F2 38 -223 Pale yellow f2 38 -年-淡黃色O2 32 -218 Pale blue o2 32 - -淺藍(lán)色Cl2 71 -102 Yellow green 71 -年-含黃色綠色Br2 160 -7.3 Red brown br2 160 -紅-棕色I(xiàn)2 254 113 Grayblack 254 113 gray-black iSimple diatomic molecules are not formed by the heavier members of Groups V and VI at ordinary conditions. This is in direct contrast to the first members of these groups, N2 and O2. The difference arises because of the lower stability of bonds formed from p orbitals of the third and higher main energy levels as opposed to the second main energy level2. The larger atomic radii and more dense electron clouds of elements of the third period and higher do not allow good parallel overlap of p orbitals necessary for a strong bond. This is a general phenomenon strong bonds are formed only between elements of the second period. Thus, elemental nitrogen and oxygen form stable molecules with both and bonds, but other members of their groups form more stable structures based on bonds only at ordinary conditions. Note3 that Group VII elements form diatomic molecules, but bonds are not required for saturation of valence. 簡(jiǎn)單的雙原子分子并未形成群體的成員由重五和六,在普通的條件。這直接對(duì)比這兩組的第一個(gè)成員,氮?dú)夂脱鯕?。差別產(chǎn)生因?yàn)檩^低的穩(wěn)定的軌道上形成的債券p第三和更高的主要能量水平相對(duì)于level2第二大能源。較大的原子半徑和電子云致密元素的三期和更高的不允許平行的軌道上重疊好必要的強(qiáng)p債券。這是一個(gè)普遍的現(xiàn)象是強(qiáng)壯債券只有元素之間形成的第二期。因此,元素氮、氧和形成穩(wěn)定的分子和債券,但各自小組的其他成員,形成穩(wěn)定結(jié)構(gòu)基于債券只有在普通的條件。Note3那群七元素形成雙原子分子,但債券飽和度不需要價(jià)。Sulfur exhibits allotropic forms. Solid sulfur exists in two crystalline forms and in an amorphous form. Rhombic sulfur is obtained by crystallization from a suitable solution, such as CS2, and it melts at 112C. Monoclinic sulfur is formed by cooling melted sulfur and it melts at 119C. Both forms of crystalline sulfur melt into S-gamma, which is composed of S8 molecules. The S8 molecules are puckered rings and survive heating to about 160C. Above 160C, the S8 rings break open, and some of these fragments combine with each other to form a highly viscous mixture of irregularly shaped coils. At a range of higher temperatures the liquid sulfur becomes so viscous that it will not pour from its container. The color also changes from straw yellow at sulfurs melting point to a deep reddish-brown as it becomes more viscous. allotropic硫展品形式。固硫存在于兩水晶形式和一種無定形的形式。菱形硫得到結(jié)晶從適當(dāng)?shù)慕鉀Q辦法,如CS2,在112C的融化。Monoclinic硫是由硫和融化冷卻融化在119C。兩種形式的水晶融入S-gamma硫組成的S8的分子。S8的分子環(huán)和生存瞇加熱到160C。超過160C,破S8環(huán),其中的一些片段相互結(jié)合形成一個(gè)高粘度的混合的形狀不規(guī)則的線圈。在一系列的高溫液體硫變得如此粘性,它將不可澆上從它的容器。從顏色變化也在硫的稻草黃色熔點(diǎn)到深紅褐色也變得較粘稠。As4 the boiling point of 444 C is approached, the large-coiled molecules of sulfur are partially degraded and the liquid sulfur decreases in viscosity. If the hot liquid sulfur is quenched by pouring it into cold water, the amorphous form of sulfur is produced. The structure of amorphous sulfur consists of large-coiled helices with eight sulfur atoms to each turn of the helix; the overall nature of amorphous sulfur is described as3 rubbery because it stretches much like ordinary rubber. In a few hours the amorphous sulfur reverts to small rhombic crystals and its rubbery property disappears. As4沸點(diǎn)444C走近時(shí),大硫分子部分分解和液體硫的粘度下降。如果把熱的液體硫倒它熄滅跳進(jìn)冰冷的水里,就會(huì)產(chǎn)生無定形硫。無定形硫的結(jié)構(gòu)和八大螺旋狀物的硫螺旋的每一次轉(zhuǎn)身,總體性質(zhì)描述的非晶態(tài)硫橡膠as3,因?yàn)樗衿胀ㄏ鹉z延伸。在幾小時(shí)無定形硫小菱形晶體和它的彈性性質(zhì)就消失了。Sulfur, an important raw material in industrial chemistry, occurs as the free element, as SO2 in volcanic regions, as H2S in mineral waters, and in a variety of sulfide ores such as iron pyrite FeS2, zinc blende ZnS, galena PbS and such, and in common formations of gypsum CaSO4 2H2O, anhydrite CaSO4, and barytes BaSO4 2H2O. Sulfur, in one form or another, is used in large quantities for making sulfuric acid, fertilizers, insecticides, and paper. 硫、重要原料工業(yè)化學(xué),發(fā)生在當(dāng)自由的元素,因?yàn)橹蠸O2的火山區(qū),H2S礦泉水、和用各種各樣的硫化礦石硫鐵礦FeS2如鐵、鋅blende ZnS,PbS方鉛礦等,共同形成的石膏CaSO42 H2O,CaSO4硬石膏,barytes BaSO42 H2O。硫、或另一種形式,用于大量制造硫酸、肥料、殺蟲劑、和紙張。Sulfur in the form of SO2 obtained in the roasting of sulfide ores is recovered and converted to sulfuric acid, although in previous years much of this SO2 was discarded through exceptionally tall smokestacks. Fortunately, it is now economically favorable to recover these gases, thus greatly reducing this type of atmospheric pollution. A typical roasting reaction involves the change: 硫的形式獲得焙燒的SO2在硫化礦石被恢復(fù)和轉(zhuǎn)化為硫酸,盡管在過去幾年許多這樣的異常高二氧化硫被摒棄通過煙囪。幸運(yùn)的是,現(xiàn)在經(jīng)濟(jì)有利的恢復(fù)這些氣體,從而大幅度地減少這種污染大氣。一個(gè)典型的焙燒反應(yīng)涉及改變:2 ZnS + 3 O22 ZnO + 2 SO2 2 ZnS + 3 O2-2氧化鋅+ 2二氧化硫Phosphorus, below 800 consists of tetratomic molecules, P4. Its molecular structure provides for a covalence of three, as may be expected from the three unpaired p electrons in its atomic structure, and each atom is attached to three others6. Instead of a strictly orthogonal orientation, with the three bonds 90 to each other, the bond angles are only 60. This supposedly strained structure is stabilized by the mutual interaction of the four atoms (each atom is bonded to the other three), but it is chemically the most active form of phosphorus. This form of phosphorus, the white modification, is spontaneously combustible in air. When heated to 260C it changes to red phosphorus, whose structure is obscure. Red phosphorus is stable in air but, like all forms of phosphorus, it should be handled carefully because of its tendency to migrate to the bones when ingested, resulting in serious physiological damage. 磷、低于800由tetratomic分子,第四名。其分子結(jié)構(gòu)提供價(jià)電子的三個(gè),就可以從三個(gè)未成對(duì)預(yù)期在p電子的原子結(jié)構(gòu),每一個(gè)原子都是三others6相連。而不是一個(gè)嚴(yán)格的正交方向,與這三個(gè)彼此90的債券,債券只有60角。這種被認(rèn)為是緊張的結(jié)構(gòu)穩(wěn)定的相互作用的四個(gè)原子(每一個(gè)原子都是保稅的其他三個(gè)),但是它是最活躍的化學(xué)形態(tài)磷的含量。這種形式的磷、白色的修改,很自然地被易燃空氣中。當(dāng)加熱到260C它改變紅磷,其結(jié)構(gòu)是費(fèi)解的。紅色是在空氣中磷穩(wěn)定。但是,就像所有形式的磷,它應(yīng)該謹(jǐn)慎處理因其遷移到骨頭傾向攝入體內(nèi)后,導(dǎo)致嚴(yán)重的生理傷害。Elemental carbon exists in one of two crystalline structures diamond and graphite. The diamond structure, based on tetrahedral bonding of hybridized sp3 orbitals, is encountered among Group IV elements. We may expect that as the bond length increases, the hardness of the diamond-type crystal decreases. Although the tetrahedral structure persists among the elements in this group carbon, silicon, germanium, and gray tin the interatomic distances increase from 1.54 A for carbon to 2.80 A for gray tin. Consequently . the bond strengths among the four elements range from very strong to quite weak. In fact, gray tin is so soft that it exists in the form of microcrystals or merely as a powder. Typical of the Group IV diamond-type crystalline elements, it is a nonconductor and shows other nonmetallic properties7. 元素碳存在于兩種水晶的結(jié)構(gòu)金剛石和石墨。金剛石結(jié)構(gòu)、基于四面體的連接的突變sp3的軌道中遇到第四組元素。我們可以希望粘結(jié)長度增加,硬度降低diamond-type水晶。雖然四面體結(jié)構(gòu)的持續(xù)的元素中在這個(gè)集團(tuán)-碳、硅、鍺,和灰色錫-原子距離由1.54提高到2.80 A為炭灰色錫。因此。之間的粘結(jié)強(qiáng)度四大元素范圍從很強(qiáng)很虛弱。事實(shí)上,灰色的錫是柔軟的,它的形式存在microcrystals或只是一種粉末。第四組diamond-type典型的水晶元素,它是一個(gè)nonconductor和其他非金屬properties7顯示。DS06無機(jī)化合物的分類The Classes of Compounds這類化合物Thousands and tens of thousands of compounds are known to the chemist today. It would be impossible to learn properties and behavior of even a fraction of this number if it had to be done on the basis of individual compounds1. Fortunately, most chemical compounds can be grouped together in a few classes. Then, if we can properly classify a compound . we are at once aware of the general properties of the compound from knowledge of the properties of that class or group of compounds. For example. HCl is classed as an acid. and by becoming familiar with the behavior of acids as a distinct class, we are at once aware of the general properties of the compound2. A great many of the compounds we are to study may be classified as acids, bases, salts, metallic oxides, or nonmetallic oxides. Of these five classes of compounds, the first three acids, bases, and salts are by far the most impo