歷年考研英語(yǔ)試題命題特點(diǎn)及規(guī)律.doc

歷年考研英語(yǔ)試題命題特點(diǎn)及規(guī)律(閱讀理解A部分)第二部分閱讀理解A部分命題的特點(diǎn)和規(guī)律閱讀理解A部分試題主要是考查考生對(duì)英語(yǔ)詞匯、短語(yǔ)、句型等習(xí)慣表達(dá)方式，尤其是對(duì)出現(xiàn)在篇章中的語(yǔ)言知識(shí)和語(yǔ)言技能的掌握情況。從另一方面來(lái)說(shuō)，它也包含了對(duì)英語(yǔ)國(guó)家和世界其他國(guó)家的政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化、歷史、社會(huì)等背景以及科技發(fā)展動(dòng)態(tài)、熱門話題乃至西方人的思維、交流方式等非語(yǔ)言性知識(shí)和學(xué)習(xí)能力方面的考查。因此，閱讀理解A部分試題是一個(gè)綜合性很強(qiáng)的能力測(cè)試試題。閱讀能力一直是各種英語(yǔ)考試考查的重點(diǎn)。在全國(guó)碩士研究生入學(xué)考試中閱讀理解的A部分占了整個(gè)試卷分值的40%，而且其他部分與閱讀理解也密切相關(guān)。英譯漢以它為基礎(chǔ)。完形填空只有理解整篇文章的意思才能選對(duì)答案。分析典型范文又是寫作的基礎(chǔ)。此外，掌握外語(yǔ)最重要的兩個(gè)因素 - 詞匯量和語(yǔ)感，都是主要通過(guò)閱讀獲得的。因此考生要在考研英語(yǔ)中獲得成功，閱讀理解是關(guān)鍵。一、閱讀理解A部分命題的基本指導(dǎo)思想1大綱對(duì)閱讀理解A部分的評(píng)價(jià)目標(biāo)命題小組在設(shè)計(jì)試題時(shí)，一方面要在試題中考查考生是否能夠讀懂不同類型的文字材料(生詞量不超過(guò)所讀材料總詞匯量的3%，包括信函、書報(bào)和雜志上的文章)，而且還考查考生是否能夠讀懂與本人學(xué)習(xí)或工作有關(guān)的文獻(xiàn)、技術(shù)說(shuō)明、產(chǎn)品介紹等。根據(jù)所讀材料，考生應(yīng)該能夠：(1)理解主旨要旨;(2)理解文中的具體信息;(3)理解文中的概念性含義;(4)進(jìn)行有關(guān)的判斷、推理和引申;(5)根據(jù)上下文推測(cè)生詞的詞義;(6)理解文章的總體結(jié)構(gòu)以及上下文之間的關(guān)系;(7)理解作者的意圖、觀點(diǎn)或態(tài)度;(8)區(qū)分論點(diǎn)和論據(jù)。2閱讀理解A部分命題的基本原則試題質(zhì)量的優(yōu)劣關(guān)系到考試是否達(dá)到預(yù)期目的，因此命制試題是整個(gè)考試的中心環(huán)節(jié)。命題小組在命制試題時(shí)必須遵循以下基本原則：(1)試題應(yīng)該嚴(yán)格按照考試大綱的要求進(jìn)行命題，即按照考試大綱規(guī)定的評(píng)價(jià)目標(biāo)和試卷結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行命題。命題內(nèi)容不超過(guò)大綱的評(píng)價(jià)目標(biāo)，題型和題量也要嚴(yán)格按照大綱的規(guī)定。在選取閱讀理解A部分的文章時(shí)，要注意文章的選材范圍和難度，力圖讓考生在充分理解文章的基礎(chǔ)上對(duì)問(wèn)題做出正確的回答，同時(shí)要使試題具有適當(dāng)?shù)碾y度和較高的效度、信度和區(qū)分度。(2)試題指向性必須清楚、準(zhǔn)確、周密，易于理解，不出怪題、偏題。試題應(yīng)該無(wú)科學(xué)性錯(cuò)誤和避免不健康的、帶有各種偏見(jiàn)的語(yǔ)言材料。答案要明確、合理、惟一。(3)在命制閱讀理解A部分試題時(shí)，應(yīng)該特別注意以下四個(gè)方面：第一，必須以考查獲得信息為目的，不以考查語(yǔ)法或詞匯為目的。當(dāng)然考查考生通過(guò)上下文猜測(cè)詞義的能力還是必要的。第二，應(yīng)該避免出只根據(jù)一般常識(shí)而不用閱讀文章就能得出答案的題目。第三，以考查文章提供的主信息為重點(diǎn)，考查考生挖掘文章中的信息能力為目的，命制考查多種層次、多種范疇信息的題目。第四，考查點(diǎn)對(duì)語(yǔ)言材料內(nèi)容的覆蓋面應(yīng)該盡可能全面，這是閱讀理解A部分試題命制的最重要的原則。(4)題干和選項(xiàng)的命制應(yīng)該遵循的幾個(gè)原則如下：首先，關(guān)于題干的命制。第一，題干應(yīng)僅描述一個(gè)單一的問(wèn)題，最好是一個(gè)問(wèn)句或一個(gè)不完全的陳述句。題干和選項(xiàng)皆不宜過(guò)長(zhǎng)，都要簡(jiǎn)潔、清楚，考點(diǎn)明確，盡量減少不必要的詞語(yǔ)。在各選項(xiàng)中共同使用的文字或術(shù)語(yǔ)應(yīng)該反映在題干上。第二，題干和選項(xiàng)中不應(yīng)含有與所考查內(nèi)容無(wú)關(guān)的材料。盡量避免在題干中使用否定詞。一旦在題干中出現(xiàn)了否定詞，應(yīng)該特別予以強(qiáng)調(diào)，如用黑體或者全大寫。第三，題干與正確選項(xiàng)應(yīng)避免使用相同的修飾詞語(yǔ)，以防給考生提供選擇答案的線索。第四，題干與每一個(gè)選項(xiàng)的搭配都應(yīng)該在邏輯上、形式上、語(yǔ)氣上完整無(wú)缺。命制試題時(shí)不能只留心題干與正確選項(xiàng)的搭配和表述，而忽視與干擾項(xiàng)的搭配，使考生得到暗示。各選項(xiàng)必須互不包容，否則，他們間的邏輯關(guān)系就會(huì)暗示正確選項(xiàng)，而使該題失去其應(yīng)有的效度。其次，關(guān)于備選項(xiàng)的命制。第一，各選項(xiàng)的長(zhǎng)度、難度和語(yǔ)言結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)該大致相同。因?yàn)槿绻诿七@類試題時(shí)，命題者為使正確項(xiàng)絕對(duì)正確，致使其長(zhǎng)度或結(jié)構(gòu)異于其他選項(xiàng)，那么這些有異選項(xiàng)往往會(huì)成為考生亂猜的對(duì)象。第二，各干擾項(xiàng)要有迷惑性，才能起到適當(dāng)?shù)母蓴_作用。一方面干擾項(xiàng)不能錯(cuò)得太明顯，否則形同虛設(shè)，反而使考生比較容易利用排除法找到正確答案;另一方面，大部分考生都選擇某一干擾項(xiàng)也不理想。第三，同一個(gè)題目的選項(xiàng)的排列應(yīng)按同一原則、同一邏輯順序、同一規(guī)律和方向進(jìn)行。例如可以按照時(shí)間的先后、數(shù)值的大小等規(guī)律排列。各題應(yīng)該大致按從易到難的順序排列。因?yàn)榭忌谂R場(chǎng)應(yīng)試時(shí)有個(gè)逐漸適應(yīng)的過(guò)程。這樣的排列會(huì)使他們穩(wěn)定情緒，順利進(jìn)入正常的心理狀態(tài)。試卷中正確選項(xiàng)字母序號(hào)(如A.，B.，C.，D.)出現(xiàn)的次數(shù)應(yīng)該大致相等，這樣可避免某些考生因只猜某一選項(xiàng)而“幸運(yùn)地”獲取高分的可能性。最后，關(guān)于干擾項(xiàng)的特點(diǎn)。通過(guò)對(duì)歷年考研真題的分析和研究，我們總結(jié)了干擾項(xiàng)的如下特點(diǎn)：第一，看似合理，實(shí)則以偏概全、斷章取義。要么利用在文章中沒(méi)有提到的生活常識(shí)編造選項(xiàng);要么把文章中的事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)當(dāng)主旨，把片面的、次要的觀點(diǎn)當(dāng)成主要觀點(diǎn)。因此考生一定要從文中找依據(jù)、找答案，“合理項(xiàng)”不一定就是正確選項(xiàng)。在主旨題和主要觀點(diǎn)題中，應(yīng)該排除細(xì)節(jié)干擾，把握文章的主題。第二，偷梁換柱，張冠李戴。要么對(duì)原句中的細(xì)微處做了改動(dòng)，要么截取原文中有的詞語(yǔ)或類似的結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行編造。要么在備選項(xiàng)中把因說(shuō)成果、把別人的觀點(diǎn)或作者反對(duì)的觀點(diǎn)說(shuō)成是作者的觀點(diǎn)。因此考生要注意，過(guò)于相似的選項(xiàng)不一定正確，除非它的程度、范圍等都與原文完全一致?？忌⒁猓骸霸~越多，對(duì)的可能性也就越小”。第三，用常規(guī)含義代替偏用詞義。在英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言中，許多詞或短語(yǔ)存在多義的現(xiàn)象，考生如果只掌握其常用的基本詞義是不夠的。在閱讀實(shí)踐中，更不能用已掌握的常用詞義去代替偏用詞義，從而導(dǎo)致對(duì)詞或句意的誤解或費(fèi)解。命題者在命制詞義句意題時(shí)，就通常把要考查的詞或句意的常規(guī)含義作為干擾項(xiàng)以麻痹考生。因此，考生必須根據(jù)上下文推測(cè)其在特定語(yǔ)境下的含義。第四，過(guò)度引申。備選項(xiàng)雖然是從原文中推理引申出來(lái)的，但是卻超出了文章允許的范圍?？忌形疬^(guò)度發(fā)揮，一切以原文為本。二、閱讀理解A部分文章的選擇閱讀理解A部分的文章自2002年起改為四篇，每篇由四個(gè)至六個(gè)段落構(gòu)成(也有例外，如：2002年第四篇共九段)。每篇的長(zhǎng)度控制在400500個(gè)單詞左右。1題材的選取從歷年試題命制的情況看，主要是西方國(guó)家尤其是美、英、加和日本等國(guó)廣泛關(guān)注的社會(huì)話題和熱點(diǎn)問(wèn)題。其內(nèi)容包羅萬(wàn)象，社會(huì)生活類文章在命題中占據(jù)了絕大部分，帶有普及性質(zhì)的自然科學(xué)和科技方面的文章以及商業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)文章基本上每年都會(huì)涉及。命題所選文章的題材雖然廣泛，但是按照一般的命題原則，題目的內(nèi)容應(yīng)該以不超出短文所給的為限，考生僅憑文章提供的信息就可以做出正確的判斷。但是這并不意味著，寬廣的知識(shí)與閱讀理解A部分無(wú)關(guān)，相反，考生如果平時(shí)注意積累這方面的知識(shí)，則會(huì)大大地提高考試成績(jī)。歷年題材分配如下：2000年2009年社會(huì)生活、倫理科普商業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)歷史文化教育合計(jì)149118百分比34%21%26%19% 2文章的來(lái)源所選文章多來(lái)自較新的英文資料，能很好的反映當(dāng)代英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言的特點(diǎn)。社會(huì)生活和文化教育的文章主要來(lái)源于：Newsweek (新聞周刊)，Time (時(shí)代周刊)，The Washington Post (華盛頓郵報(bào))，USA Today (今日美國(guó))，The Times (泰晤士報(bào))，The Guardian (衛(wèi)報(bào))和wwwusnewscom (美國(guó)新聞在線)?？破疹愇恼轮饕獊?lái)源于：National Geographic (國(guó)家地理雜志)，Scientific American (科學(xué)美國(guó)人)，Science (科學(xué)雜志)，New Scientists (新科學(xué)家)， Discovery (探索雜志)，Nature (自然)。商業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)類文章主要來(lái)源于：Business Week (商業(yè)周刊)，The Economist (經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家雜志)和Wall Street Journal (華爾街雜志)。其他：Telegraph (英國(guó)電信日?qǐng)?bào))，Independent (獨(dú)立日?qǐng)?bào))和International Herald Tribune (國(guó)際先驅(qū)論壇)。3文章的體裁從歷年命制的試題看，被選取的文章的體裁絕大多數(shù)為議論性的、評(píng)論性的和報(bào)道性的;多為分析論證的文章，很少有純抒發(fā)情感和描寫風(fēng)景的文學(xué)篇章。這同攻讀碩士學(xué)位研究生期間將面對(duì)的大量概括性強(qiáng)、抽象思維為主的材料有關(guān)。簡(jiǎn)言之，主要有論說(shuō)文、說(shuō)明文和新聞報(bào)道。清楚了解考研文章的體裁特點(diǎn)，有助于考生把握文章結(jié)構(gòu)，理清作者闡述脈絡(luò)，從而輕松解題。議論文的特點(diǎn)是：(1)寫作目的是陳述觀點(diǎn)或表明態(tài)度;(2)文章圍繞一個(gè)中心展開(kāi)，各個(gè)段落之間關(guān)系緊密，無(wú)論是反證還是正面論述，都分別是從不同的角度和側(cè)面闡述這一中心;(3)每一段也是圍繞一個(gè)中心，段落內(nèi)部句子之間關(guān)系緊密。說(shuō)明文的特點(diǎn)是以事實(shí)為主，觀點(diǎn)為輔。對(duì)于此類文章，細(xì)節(jié)題目較多，考生應(yīng)著重把握具體信息的真?zhèn)巍⒊潭群妥髡叩膽B(tài)度。三、各類題型的特點(diǎn)及解答技巧(一)主旨題該類題型在歷年題型中出現(xiàn)的頻率極高，每年必出。它考查了考生綜合、概括、歸納和分析問(wèn)題的能力，要求考生通過(guò)對(duì)文章的閱讀，迅速把握文章或段落的主題中心。主旨題可分為文章主旨和段落主旨兩種。命題模式如下：1文章主旨題(1) The passage is mainly about.(2) What is the main point the author makes in the passage?(3) Which of the following best reflects the main idea of the passage?(4) What is the main topic for this passage?(5) The proper subject of this article is.(6) The best title for this passage might be.(7) What the author tries to suggest may best be interpreted as.(8) The passage was written to explain.2段落主旨題(1) From the first (2 nd, 3 rd, 4 th, etc) paragraph, we learn that.(2) From the last (1 st, 2 nd, etc) paragraph the conclusion can be drawn that.(3) We learn from the first (last, etc) paragraph that.3隱蔽的文章主旨題(1) From the passage we learn (infer) that.(2) What can be inferred from the passage?(3) What the author tries to suggest may be interpreted as.ExampleMuch of the language used to describe monetary policy, such as “steering the economy to a soft landing” or “a touch on the brakes”, makes it sound like a precise science. Nothing could be further from the truth. The link between interest rates and inflation is uncertain. And there are long, variable lags before policy changes have any effect on the economy. Hence the analogy that likens the conduct of monetary policy to driving a car with a blackened windscreen, a cracked rear-view mirror and a faulty steering wheel.Given all these disadvantages, central bankers seem to have had much to boast about of late. Average inflation in the big seven industrial economies fell to a mere 23% last year, close to its lowest level in 30 years, before rising slightly to 25% this July. This is a long way below the double-digit rates which many countries experienced in the 1970 s and early 1980 s.It is also less than most forecasters had predicted. In late 1994 the panel of economists which The Economist polls each month said that Americas inflation rate would average 35% in 1995. In fact, it fell to 26% in August, and is expected to average only about 3% for the year as a whole. In Britain and Japan inflation is running half a percentage point below the rate predicted at the end of last year. This is no flash in the pan; over the past couple of years, inflation has been consistently lower than expected in Britain and America.Economists have been particularly surprised by favourable inflation figures in Britain and the United States, since conventional measures suggest that both economies, and especially Americas, have little productive slack. Americas capacity utilisation, for example, hit historically high levels earlier this year, and its jobless rate (56% in August) has fallen below most estimates of the natural rate of unemployment - the rate below which inflation has taken off in the past.Why has inflation proved so mild? The most thrilling explanation is, unfortunately, a little defective. Some economists argue that powerful structural changes in the world have up-ended the old economic models that were based upon the historical link between growth and inflation.(1997年P(guān)assage 5)From the passage we learn that.A. there is a definite relationship between inflation and interest ratesB. economy will always follow certain modelsC. the economic situation is better than expectedD. economists had foreseen the present economic situation題干問(wèn)的是從整個(gè)文章可以推斷出下面哪個(gè)說(shuō)法，實(shí)際上是在變相地問(wèn)全文的中心思想是什么。全文都在論述目前的經(jīng)濟(jì)形勢(shì)比預(yù)想的要好很多(C.選項(xiàng))。第一段和第二段提到經(jīng)濟(jì)運(yùn)行難以預(yù)測(cè)，然而近來(lái)經(jīng)濟(jì)形勢(shì)卻比往年都好。第三段首句又提到“它(指平均通貨膨脹率)比多數(shù)預(yù)測(cè)者預(yù)測(cè)的數(shù)字要低”，接著通過(guò)具體數(shù)據(jù)對(duì)此觀點(diǎn)加以說(shuō)明。第四段首句也指出“經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家對(duì)英美兩國(guó)有利的通脹率特別感到詫異”。4主旨題的特點(diǎn)無(wú)論是在段落中還是在文章中，是明顯還是隱蔽，主旨的提出主要有四種情況。(1)首段或首句開(kāi)門見(jiàn)山指出中心或討論的問(wèn)題。ExampleThe full import may take a while to sink in. The NT Rights of the Terminally Ill law has left physicians and citizens alike trying to deal with its moral and practical implications. Some have breathed sighs of relief, others, including churches, right-to-life groups and the Australian Medical Association, bitterly attacked the bill and the haste of its passage. But the tide is unlikely to turn back. In Australia - where an aging population, life-extending technology and changing community attitudes have all played their part - other states are going to consider making a similar law to deal with euthanasia. In the US and Canada, where the right-to-die movement is gathering strength, observers are waiting for the dominoes to start falling.(1997年P(guān)assage 1)From the second paragraph we learn that.A. the objection to euthanasia is slow to come in other countriesB. physicians and citizens share the same view on euthanasiaC. changing technology is chiefly responsible for the hasty passage of the lawD. it takes time to realize the significance of the laws passage該段是典型的首句主旨題。以首句為段落主題句，其他各句都圍繞此句展開(kāi)論述。正確答案為D.選項(xiàng)?？忌魧?duì)sink in理解有困難，還可以從段落總結(jié)歸納出主旨大意。(2)文章中間或段落中間給出中心。ExampleCould the bad old days of economic decline be about to return? Since OPEC agreed to supply-cuts in March, the price of crude oil has jumped to almost $26 a barrel, up from less than $10 last December. This near-tripling of oil prices calls up scary memories of the 1973 oil shock, when prices quadrupled, and 19791980, when they also almost tripled. Both previous shocks resulted in double-digit inflation and global economic decline. So where are the headlines warning of gloom and doom this time?The oil price was given another push up this week when Iraq suspended oil exports. Strengthening economic growth, at the same time as winter grips the northern hemisphere, could push the price higher still in the short term.Yet there are good reasons to expect the economic consequences now to be less severe than in the 1970 s. In most countries the cost of crude oil now accounts for a smaller share of the price of petrol than it did in the 1970 s. In Europe, taxes account for up to four-fifths of the retail price, so even quite big changes in the price of crude have a more muted effect on pump prices than in the past.Rich economies are also less dependent on oil than they were, and so less sensitive to swings in the oil price. Energy conservation, a shift to other fuels and a decline in the importance of heavy, energy-intensive industries have reduced oil consumption. Software, consultancy and mobile telephones use far less oil than steel or car production. For each dollar of GDP (in constant prices) rich economies now use nearly 50% less oil than in 1973. The OECD estimates in its latest Economic Outlook that, if oil prices averaged $22 a barrel for a full year, compared with $13 in 1998, this would increase the oil import bill in rich economies by only 025%05% of GDP. That is less than one-quarter of the income loss in 1974 or 1980. On the other hand, oil-importing emerging economies - to which heavy industry has shifted - have become more energy-intensive, and so could be more seriously squeezed.One more reason not to lose sleep over the rise in oil prices is that, unlike the rises in the 1970 s, it has not occurred against the background of general commodity-price inflation and global excess demand. A sizable portion of the world is only just emerging from economic decline. The Economists commodity price index is broadly unchanging from a year ago. In 1973 commodity prices jumped by 70%, and in 1979 by almost 30%. (2002年Text 3)We can draw a conclusion from the text that.A. oil-price shocks are less shocking nowB. inflation seems irrelevant to oil-price shocksC. energy conservation can keep down the oil pricesD. the price rise of crude leads to the shrinking of heavy industry文章前面兩段描述出一種現(xiàn)象，指出最近石油價(jià)格大幅上漲;接著在文章中間部分提出文章主旨“這次油價(jià)上漲不會(huì)造成經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退的原因”，并在以后各段分別論述這些原因。正確答案為A.選項(xiàng)。這里涉及的閱讀技巧是當(dāng)有but, however, yet, while之類的轉(zhuǎn)折連詞出現(xiàn)時(shí)，該篇/段/意群/句的中心往往是這些詞后面的部分。(3)文章末段或段落末句對(duì)全文或全段進(jìn)行總結(jié)歸納，得出中心思想。ExampleScattered around the globe are more than 100 small regions of isolated volcanic activity known to geologists as hot spots. Unlike most of the worlds volcanoes, they are not always found at the boundaries of the great drifting plates that make up the earths surface; on the contrary, many of them lie deep in the interior of a plate. Most of the hot spots move only slowly, and in some cases the movement of the plates past them has left trails of dead volcanoes. The hot spots and their volcanic trails are milestones that mark the passage of the plates.That the plates are moving is now beyond dispute. Africa and South America, for example, are moving away from each other as new material is injected into the sea floor between them. The complementary coastlines and certain geological features that seem to span the ocean are reminders of where the two continents were once joined. The relative motion of the plates carrying these continents has been constructed in detail, but the motion of one plate with respect to another cannot readily be translated into motion with respect to the earths interior. It is not possible to determine whether both continents are moving in opposite directions or whether one continent is stationary and the other is drifting away from it. Hot spots, anchored in the deeper layers of the earth, provide the measuring instruments needed to resolve the question. From an analysis of the hot-spot population it appears that the African plate is stationary and that it has not moved during the past 30 million years.The significance of hot spots is not confined to their role as a frame of reference. It now appears that they also have an important influence on the geophysical processes that propel the plates across the globe. When a continental plate comes to rest over a hot spot, the material rising from deeper layers creates a broad dome. As the dome grows, it develops deep fissures (cracks); in at least a few cases the continent may break entirely along some of these fissures, so that the hot spot initiates the formation of a new ocean. Thus just as earlier theories have explained the mobility of the continents, so hot spots may explain their mutability (inconstancy).(1998年P(guān)assage 5)The passage is mainly about.A. the features of volcanic activitiesB. the importance of the theory about drifting platesC. the significance of hot spots in geophysical studiesD. the process of the formation of volcanoes文章總共三段，第一段對(duì)熱點(diǎn)下定義：熱點(diǎn)及其火山痕跡是板塊移動(dòng)的標(biāo)志。第二段和第三段主要論述熱點(diǎn)理論的作用。全文主旨句是第三段的前兩句，它們承上啟下，指出熱點(diǎn)不僅有參照作用，還對(duì)推動(dòng)板塊移動(dòng)的地質(zhì)物理學(xué)過(guò)程提供了解釋。正確答案為C.選項(xiàng)。(4)文章或段落中不明確給出中心，考生要根據(jù)各段中心或各句的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行總結(jié)，自己推出主旨。ExampleA history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handled, it may become a driving force. When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of the Second World War, it had a market eight times larger than any competitor, giving its industries unparalleled economies of scale. Its scientists were the worlds best, its workers the most skilled. America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed.It was inevitable that this primacy should have narrowed as other countries grew richer. Just as inevitably, the retreat from predominance proved painful. By the mid-1980 s Americans had found themselves at a loss over their fading industrial competitiveness. Some huge American industries, such as consumer electronics, had shrunk or vanished in the face of foreign competition. By 1987 there was only one American television maker left, Zenith. (Now there is none: Zenith was bought by South Koreas LG Electronics in July.) Foreign-made cars and textiles were sweeping into the domestic market. Americas machine-tool industry was on the ropes. For a while it looked as though the making of semiconductors, which America had invented and which sat at the heart of the new computer age, was going to be the next casualty.All of this caused a crisis of confidence. Americans stopped taking prosperity for granted. They began to believe that their way of doing business was failing, and that their incomes would therefore shortly begin to fall as well. The mid-1980 s brought one inquiry after another into the causes of Americas industrial decline. Their sometimes sensational findings were filled with warnings about the growing competition from overseas.How things have changed! In 1995 the United States can look back on five years of solid growth while Japan has been struggling. Few Americans attribute this solely to such obvious causes as a devalued dollar or the turning of the business cycle. Self-doubt has yielded to blind pride. “American industry has changed its structure, has gone on a diet, has learnt to be more quick-witted,” according to Richard Cavanaugh, executive dean of Harvards Kennedy School of Government. “It makes me proud to be an American just to see how our businesses are improving their productivity,” says Stephen Moore of the Cato Institute, a think-tank in Washington, D. C. And William Sahlman of the Harvard Business School believes that people will look back on this period as “a golden age of business management in the United States.”(2000年P(guān)assage 1)What can be inferred from the passage?A. It is human nature to shift between self-doubt and blind pride.B. Intense competition may contribute to economic progress.C. The revival of the economy depends on international cooperation.D. A long history of success may pave the way for further development.答案：B解析：文章的主題既不在首段，也不在末段，需要考生綜合各段內(nèi)容得出。從全文看，文章敘述了美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)從繁榮到衰敗再到繁榮的過(guò)程，且特別強(qiáng)調(diào)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)給美國(guó)帶來(lái)90年代的經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)蘇。B.選項(xiàng)“激烈的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)可能促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展”正合全文大意。5主旨題的解題技巧根據(jù)上述這四種情況，制定如下解題對(duì)策：第一，因?yàn)榭忌枰x完全文才能把握文章主題，所以在解答此類題時(shí)，考生不要急于去找答案，不論它出現(xiàn)在什么位置都把它作為最后一道題來(lái)做。在做完另外幾道題后，無(wú)疑會(huì)有助于考生加深對(duì)整個(gè)文章的理解。第二，看到文章主旨型題目，考生要著重理解首段或末段，同樣，段落主旨題也要重視首末句。這是英語(yǔ)文章中出現(xiàn)中心思想最頻繁的位置。第三，文章主旨出現(xiàn)在中間的比較少見(jiàn)。這樣的主旨句一般兼起承上啟下的作用。遇到文章中前后段意思轉(zhuǎn)折時(shí)，考生應(yīng)該提高警惕，它往往是主旨所在。段落中情況也類似。第四，如果文章中沒(méi)有明確的主題句，主題思想要通過(guò)各段的主要內(nèi)容進(jìn)行歸納。這時(shí)考生就要著重看各段的首末句。試題中的Title題也屬于該種情況?？忌仨毻ㄗx全文，才能得出答案。解題中還有一些具體實(shí)用的解題技巧：首先，關(guān)于主題句的判斷方法。第一，段落主題句的判斷要看該段的第二句或第三句。如果它們是對(duì)第一句進(jìn)行闡述，那么第一句就是主題句;如果是對(duì)第二句進(jìn)行闡述，那第二句就是主題句;主題句也可能出現(xiàn)在末句。當(dāng)最后一句是對(duì)全段進(jìn)行總結(jié)時(shí)，該句就是主題句。對(duì)于主題句在句中的情況，當(dāng)段落中出現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)折時(shí)，該句很可能是主題句。文章主旨所在段落的判斷與此相同。第二，作者有意識(shí)地反復(fù)重復(fù)的觀點(diǎn)通常是主旨。第三，首段出現(xiàn)疑問(wèn)句時(shí)，該問(wèn)題就是全文探討的內(nèi)容，對(duì)該問(wèn)題的解答就是文章主旨。第四，作者提出文章主旨時(shí)，常常伴