初中二年級英語語法.doc

初中二年級英語語法1) leave的用法1.leave+地點(diǎn)表示離開某地。例如：When did you leave Shanghai?你什么時(shí)候離開上海的？ 2.leave for+地點(diǎn)表示動(dòng)身去某地。例如：Next Friday, Alice is leaving for London.下周五，愛麗斯要去倫敦了。3.leave+地點(diǎn)+for+地點(diǎn)表示離開某地去某地。例如：Why are you leaving Shanghai for Beijing?你為什么要離開上海去北京？2) 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞should應(yīng)該學(xué) 會 使用should作為情態(tài)動(dòng)詞用，常常表示意外、驚奇、不能理解等，有竟會的意思，例如：How should I know? 我怎么知道？Why should you be so late today? 你今天為什么來得這么晚？should有時(shí)表示應(yīng)當(dāng)做或發(fā)生的事，例如：We should help each other.我們應(yīng)當(dāng)互相幫助。我們在使用時(shí)要注意以下幾點(diǎn)：1.用于表示應(yīng)該或不應(yīng)該的概念。此時(shí)常指長輩教導(dǎo)或責(zé)備晚輩。例如：You should be here with clean hands. 你應(yīng)該把手洗干凈了再來。2.用于提出意見勸導(dǎo)別人。例如：You should go to the doctor if you feel ill.如果你感覺不舒服，你最好去看醫(yī)生。3.用于表示可能性。should的這一用法是考試中常常出現(xiàn)的考點(diǎn)之一。例如：We should arrive by supper tim e. 我們在晚飯前就能到了。She should be here any moment . 她隨時(shí)都可能來。3) What.? 與 Which.?1. what 與 which 都是疑問代詞，都可以指人或事物，但是what僅用來詢問職業(yè)。如：What is your father? 你父親是干什么的？該句相當(dāng)于：What does your father do?What is your fathers job?Which 指代的是特定范圍內(nèi)的某一個(gè)人。如：-Which is Peter? 哪個(gè)是皮特？-The boy behind Mary. 瑪麗背后的那個(gè)男孩。2. What.? 是泛指，所指的事物沒有范圍的限制；而 Which.? 是特指，所指的事物有范圍的限制。如：What color do you like best?（所有顏色）你最喜愛什么顏色？Which color do you like best, blue, green or yellow?你最喜愛哪一種顏色？ （有特定的范圍）3. what 與 which 后都可以接單、復(fù)數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞。如：Which pictures are from China? 哪些圖片來自中國？4) 頻度副詞的位置1.常見的頻度副詞有以下這些：always（總是，一直）usually（通常）often（常常，經(jīng)常） sometimes（有時(shí)候）never（從不）2.頻度副詞的位置：a.放在連系動(dòng)詞、助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后面。如：David is often arrives late for school.大衛(wèi)上學(xué)經(jīng)常遲到。b.放在行為動(dòng)詞前。如：We usually go to school at 7:10 every day.我們每天經(jīng)常在7：10去上學(xué)。c.有些頻度副詞可放在句首或句尾，用來表示強(qiáng)調(diào)。如：Sometimes I walk home, sometime I ride a bike.有時(shí)我步行回家，有時(shí)我騎自行車。3.never放在句首時(shí)，主語、謂語動(dòng)詞要倒裝。如：Never have I been there.我從沒到過那兒。5) every day 與 everyday1. every day作狀語，譯為每一天。如：We go to school at 7:10 every day.我們每天7：10去上學(xué)。I decide to read English every day.我決定每天讀英語。2. everyday 作定語，譯為日常的。She watches everyday English on TV after dinner.她晚飯后在電視上看日常英語。Whats your everyday activity?你的日?；顒?dòng)是什么？6) 什么是助動(dòng)詞1.協(xié)助主要?jiǎng)釉~構(gòu)成謂語動(dòng)詞詞組的詞叫助動(dòng)詞（Auxiliary Verb）。被協(xié)助的動(dòng)詞稱作主要?jiǎng)釉~（Main Verb）。助動(dòng)詞自身沒有詞義，不可單獨(dú)使用，例如：He doesnt like English.他不喜歡英語。（doesnt是助動(dòng)詞，無詞義；like是主要?jiǎng)釉~，有詞義）2.助動(dòng)詞協(xié)助主要?jiǎng)釉~完成以下功用，可以用來：a. 表示時(shí)態(tài)，例如：He is singing.他在唱歌。He has got married.他已結(jié)婚。b. 表示語態(tài)，例如：He was sent to England.他被派往英國。c. 構(gòu)成疑問句，例如：Do you like college life?你喜歡大學(xué)生活嗎？Did you study English before you came here?你來這兒之前學(xué)過英語嗎？d. 與否定副詞not合用，構(gòu)成否定句，例如：I dont like him. 我不喜歡他。e. 加強(qiáng)語氣，例如：Do come to the party tomorrow evening. 明天晚上一定來參加晚會。He did know that. 他的確知道那件事。3.最常用的助動(dòng)詞有：be, have, do, shall, will, should, would7) forget doing/to do與remember doing/to do1.forget to do忘記要去做某事(未做)；forget doing忘記做過某事(已做)The light in the office is still on. He forgot to turn it off.辦公室的燈還在亮著，它忘記關(guān)了。(沒有做關(guān)燈的動(dòng)作)He forgot turning the light off.他忘記他已經(jīng)關(guān)了燈了。( 已做過關(guān)燈的動(dòng)作)Dont forget to come tomorrow.別忘了明天來。(to come動(dòng)作未做)典型例題- The light in the office is still on.- Oh，I forgot_.A. turning it off B. turn it offC. to turn it off D. having turned it off答案：C。由the light is still on 可知燈亮著，即關(guān)燈的動(dòng)作沒有發(fā)生，因此用forget to do sth.而forget doing sth表示燈已經(jīng)關(guān)上了，而自己忘記了這一事實(shí)。此處不符合題意。2.remember to do記得去做某事(未做)；remember doing記得做過某事(已做)Remember to go to the post office after school.記著放學(xué)后去趟郵局。Dont you remember seeing the man before?你不記得以前見過那個(gè)人嗎?8) Its for sb.和 Its of sb.1.for sb. 常用于表示事物的特征特點(diǎn)，表示客觀形式的形容詞，如：easy, hard,difficult,interesting,impossible等：Its very hard for him to study two languages.對他來說學(xué)兩門外語是很難的。2.of sb的句型一般用表示人物的性格，品德，表示主觀感情或態(tài)度的形容詞，如：good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right。Its very nice of you to help me. 你來幫助我，你真是太好了。3.for 與of 的辨別方法：用介詞后面的代詞作主語，用介詞前邊的形容詞作表語，造個(gè)句子。如果道理上通順用of，不通則用for。如：You are nice.(通順，所以應(yīng)用of)。He is hard.(人是困難的，不通，因此應(yīng)用for。)9) 對兩個(gè)句子的提問新目標(biāo)英語在命題中有將對句子劃線提問這一題型取消的趨勢，現(xiàn)在采取的作法是對一個(gè)句子進(jìn)行自由提問。例如：句子：The boy in blue has three pens.提問：1. Who has three pens?2. Which boy has three pens?3. What does the boy in blue have?4. How many pens does the boy in blue have?很顯然，學(xué)生多了更多的回答角度，也體現(xiàn)了考試的靈活性。再如：句子：He usually goes to the park with his friends at 8:00 on Sunday.提問：1. Who usually goes to the park with his friends at 8:00 on Sunday?2. Where does he usually go with his friends at 8:00 on Sunday?3. What does he usually do with his friends at 8:00 on Sunday?4. With whom does he usually go to the park at 8:00 on Sunday?5. What time does he usually go to the park with his friends on Sunday?6. When does he usually go to the park with his friends?10) so、such與不定冠詞的使用1.so與不定冠詞a、an連用，結(jié)構(gòu)為so+形容詞+a/an+名詞。如：He is so funny a boy.Jim has so big a house.2.such與不定冠詞a、an連用，結(jié)構(gòu)為such+a/an+形容詞+名詞。如：It is such a nice day.That was such an interesting story.11) 使用-ing分詞的幾種情況1.在進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)中。如：He is watching TV in the room.They were dancing at nine oclock last night.2.在there be結(jié)構(gòu)中。如：There is a boy swimming in the river.3.在have fun/problems結(jié)構(gòu)中。如：We have fun learning English this term.They had problems getting to the top of the mountain.4.在介詞后面。如：Thanks for helping me.Are you good at playing basketball？5.在以下結(jié)構(gòu)中：enjoy doing sth樂于做某事finish doing sth 完成做某事feel like doing sth 想要做某事stop doing sth 停止做某事forget doing sth 忘記做過某事go on doing sth 繼續(xù)做某事remember doing sth 記得做過某事like doing sth 喜歡做某事keep sb doing sth 使某人一直做某事find sb doing sth 發(fā)現(xiàn)某人做某事see/hear/watch sb doing sth看到/聽到/觀看某人做某事try doing sth 試圖做某事need doing sth 需要做某事prefer doing sth 寧愿做某事mind doing sth 介意做某事miss doing sth 錯(cuò)過做某事practice doing sth 練習(xí)做某be busy doing sth 忙于做某事cant help doing sth禁不住做某事12) 英語中的單數(shù)1.主語的第三人稱單數(shù)形式，即可用he,she,it代替的。如：he,she, it，my friend, his teacher, our classroom, Tom, Marys uncle2.名詞有單數(shù)名詞和復(fù)數(shù)名詞。如：man（單數(shù)）-men（復(fù)數(shù)） banana（單數(shù)）-bananas（復(fù)數(shù)）3.動(dòng)詞有原形，第三人稱單數(shù)形式，-ing分詞，過去式，過去分詞。如：go-goes-going-went-gonework-works-working-worked-workedwatch-watches-watching-watched-watched當(dāng)主語為第三人稱單數(shù)的時(shí)候，謂語動(dòng)詞必須用相應(yīng)的第三人稱單數(shù)形式。如：The boy wants to be a sales assistant.Our English teacher is from the US.Their daughter makes her breakfast all by herself.13) 名詞的復(fù)數(shù)構(gòu)成的幾種形式名詞復(fù)數(shù)的構(gòu)成可分為規(guī)則變化和不規(guī)則變化兩種。I 名詞復(fù)數(shù)的規(guī)則變化1.一般在名詞詞尾加-s。如：pear-pears hamburger-hamburgersdesk-deskstree-trees2.以字母-s, -sh, -ch, -x結(jié)尾的名詞，詞尾加-es。如：class-classes dish-disheswatch-watches box-boxes3.以字母-o結(jié)尾的某些名詞，詞尾加-es。如：potato-potatoes tomato-tomatoesNegro-Negroes hero-heroes4.以輔音字母加-y結(jié)尾的名詞，將-y變?yōu)?i,再加-es。如：family-families dictionary-dictionariescity-cities country-countries5.以字母-f或-fe結(jié)尾的名詞，將-f或-fe變?yōu)?v，再加-es。如：half-halves leaf-leavesthief-thieves knife-knivesself-selves wife-wiveslife-lives wolf-wolvesshelf-shelves loaf-loaves但是：scarf-scarves(fes) roof-roofsserf-serfs gulf-gulfschief-chiefs proof-proofsbelief-beliefsII 名詞復(fù)數(shù)的不規(guī)則變化1.將-oo改為-ee。如：foot-feet tooth-teeth2.將-man改為-men。如：man-men woman-womenpoliceman-policemen postman-postmen3.添加詞尾。如：child-children4.單復(fù)數(shù)同形。如：sheep-sheep deer-deerfish-fish people-people5.表示某國人的單、復(fù)數(shù)變化。即中日瑞不變英法變，其它國把-s加后面。如：Chinese-Chinese Japanese-Japanese Swiss-SwissEnglishman-Englishmen Frenchman-FrenchmenAmerican-Americans Australian-AustraliansCanadian-Canadians Korean-KoreansRussian-Russians Indian-Indians6.其它。如：mouse-miceapple tree-apple treesman teacher-men teachers14) 雙寫最后一個(gè)字母的-ing分詞初中階段常見的有以下這些：1.letletting讓 hithitting打、撞 cutcutting切、割 getgetting取、得到 sitsitting坐 forgetforgetting忘記 putputting放 setsetting設(shè)置 babysitbabysitting臨時(shí)受雇照顧嬰兒2.shopshopping購物 triptripping絆 stopstopping停止 dropdropping放棄3.traveltravel(l)ing旅游 swimswimming游泳 runrunning跑步 digdigging挖、掘 beginbeginning開始 preferpreferring 寧愿 planplanning 計(jì)劃15) 肯定句變否定句及疑問句要變化的一些詞1.some變?yōu)閍ny。如：There are some birds in the tree.There arent any birds in the tree.但是，若在表示請邀請、請求的句子中，some可以不變。如：Would you like some orange juice?與此相關(guān)的一些不定代詞如something, somebody等也要進(jìn)行相應(yīng)變化。2.and變?yōu)閛r。如：I have a knife and a ruler.I dont have a knife or a ruler.3.a lot of (=lots of)變?yōu)閙any或much。如：They have a lot of friends.（可數(shù)名詞）They dont have many friends.There is lots of orange in the bottle.（不可數(shù)名詞）There isnt much orange in the bottle.4.already變?yōu)閥et。如：I have been there already.I havent been there yet.16) in與afterin 與 after 都可以表示時(shí)間，但二者有所區(qū)別。1.in 經(jīng)常用于將來時(shí)的句子中，以現(xiàn)在為起點(diǎn)，表示將來一段時(shí)間。如：He will leave for Beijing in a week.一周后他會動(dòng)身去北京。2.after 經(jīng)常用于過去時(shí)的句子中，以過去為起點(diǎn)，表示過去一段時(shí)間。如：He left for Beijing after a week.一周后他動(dòng)身去了北京。不過，如果after后跟的是具體的時(shí)刻，它也可用于將來時(shí)。如：We will finish the work after ten oclock.十點(diǎn)后我們會完成工作的。3.注意區(qū)分以下的in的用法。Ill visit him in a week.一周后我會去拜訪他。Ill visit him twice in a week.一周內(nèi)我會去拜訪他兩次。17) 不定冠詞a與an的使用1.a 用在以輔音音素開頭的單詞前。如：There is a b in the word book.單詞book中有個(gè)字母b。類似的字母還有：c, d, g, j, k, p, q, t, u, v, w, y, z。She has a small knife.她有一把小刀。2.an 用于以元音音素開頭的單詞前。如：There is an i in the word onion.單詞onion中有個(gè)字母i。類似的字母還有：a, e, f, h, l, m, n, o, r, s, x。Do you have an umbrella?你有一把雨傘嗎？3.以元音字母開頭的單詞前面不一定都用an；以輔音字母開頭的單詞前面也不一定都用a.如：a useful booka universea one-letter wordan houran unclean umbrellaan honest person18) 如何表達(dá)英語中的穿、戴？英語中表示穿、戴的表達(dá)方法有好幾種，常見的有以下這些：1、put on 主要表達(dá)穿的動(dòng)作。如：He put on his coat.他穿上了他的外套。Youd better put on your shoes.你最好穿上你的鞋子。2、wear 主要表示穿、戴的狀態(tài)。如：The old man wears a pair of glasses.老人戴著一副眼鏡。The girl is wearing a red skirt.那女孩穿著一條紅色的短裙。3、dress 可作及物動(dòng)詞，有給.穿衣的意思，后接人，而不是衣服。如：Please dress the children right now.請立即給孩子們穿上衣服。dress 也可作不及物動(dòng)詞，表示衣著的習(xí)慣。如：The woman always dresses in green.那位婦女總是穿綠色的衣服。4、be in 表示穿著的狀態(tài)。如：John is in white today.約翰今天穿白色的衣服。The man in black is a football coach.19)a little, a few 與 a bit (of) a little, a few 與 a bit (of) 都有一些、少量的意義。他們的區(qū)別:1. a little意為一些、少量，后接不可數(shù)名詞。如：There is a little water in the bottle. 瓶子里有一點(diǎn)水。還可以接形容詞。如：He is a little shy. 他有些害羞。2. a few 意為一些、少數(shù)，后接復(fù)數(shù)的可數(shù)名詞。如：There are a few people in the room. 房間里有一些人。3. a bit 意為一點(diǎn)兒，后接形容詞。如：Its a bit cold. 有點(diǎn)冷。a bit of 后接不可數(shù)名詞。如：He has a bit of money. 他有一點(diǎn)兒錢。4. a little和a few表肯定意義，little和few表否定意義；如：There is a little soda in the glass. 杯子里有一點(diǎn)兒汽水。There is little soda in the glass. 杯子里幾乎沒有汽水了。I have a few Chinese friends. 我有一些中國朋友。Few people like him. 幾乎沒有人喜歡他。5. a little = a bit of, 后接不可數(shù)名詞；a little = a bit = a little bit = kind of, 后接形容詞，意為有點(diǎn)兒。20) 關(guān)于like的用法like 可以作動(dòng)詞，也可以作介詞。1、like 作動(dòng)詞，表示一般性的愛好、喜歡，有泛指的含義。如：Do you like the color? 你喜愛這種顏色嗎？like 后可接不定式（like to do sth），也可接動(dòng)詞的-ing分詞（like doing sth），有時(shí)意思不盡相同。如：She likes eating apples.她喜愛吃蘋果。（習(xí)慣）She likes to eat an apple.她喜愛吃一粒蘋果。（平常不喜歡吃）like 與 would 連用，后接不定式，表示愿望或客氣的請求。如：Would you like a cup of tea? 您愿意喝杯茶嗎？喜歡某人做某事可以用結(jié)構(gòu)like sb to do sth/doing sth。如：They all like me to sing/singing English songs.他們都喜歡我唱英文歌。2、like 作介詞，可譯成像.。如：She is friendly to us like a mother.她對我們友好，就像母親一樣。It looks like an orange.它看起來像個(gè)桔子。3、區(qū)分以下句子：A. What does he look like? 他長相如何？(指一個(gè)人的外貌特征)B. What is he like? 他人怎么樣？ (指人的性格特點(diǎn))C. The boy like Peter is over there. (句指外貌相似)D. A boy like Peter cant do it. (指性格相似)21) stop to do sth 與 stop doing sth1. stop to do sth 意為停下來去做某事。如：The students stop to listen to their teacher.學(xué)生們停下來去聽他們老師講話。2. stop doing sth 意為停止做某事。如：The students stopped talking. 學(xué)生們停止了談話。與它們相反的句式是：go on to do sth 繼續(xù)做某事（與剛才一事不同）和 go on doing sth 繼續(xù)做某事（與剛才同一件事）。如：He finishes his homework and goes on to study English.他完成了作業(yè)，接著繼續(xù)去念英語。They went on playing games. 他們繼續(xù)玩游戲。22) tell, speak, say 與 talk1. tell 意為告訴、講述，指某人把某一件事、一條信息傳送給別人或講述一件事。如：He tells me that he wants to be a teacher.他告訴我說他想成為一位教師。Father always tells interesting stories to us.爸爸總是給我們講有趣的故事。tell sb sth 意為告知某人某事。如：He told me something about his past. 他告訴我一些他的往事。tell sb to do sth 意為告訴某人去做某事。如：David told his son to do the homework. 大衛(wèi)要他的兒子去做作業(yè)。2. speak 意為說話、講話，后面主要接語言。如：He can speak English and a little Chinese.他能講英語和一點(diǎn)漢語。speak to 意為和.講話、談話。如：Can I speak to Mr Zhang? 我能和張先生講話嗎？speak of 意為提到、說起。如：The book speaks of my hometown. 那本書提到我的家鄉(xiāng)。3. talk 意為談話、講話，如果只有一方對另一方說話時(shí)，一般用 talk to；