測(cè)繪專業(yè)英語(yǔ)教案(2).doc

教 案2008 2009 學(xué)年第 一 學(xué)期主 講 教 師周 保 興課 程 名 稱測(cè) 繪 專 業(yè) 英 語(yǔ) 課程類別專 業(yè) 選 修 課學(xué)時(shí)及學(xué)分45學(xué)時(shí) 3個(gè)學(xué)分授 課 班 級(jí)測(cè)繪061062使 用 教 材測(cè) 繪 工 程 專 業(yè) 英 語(yǔ)系(院、部)土木工程系教研室(實(shí)驗(yàn)室)測(cè)繪工程教研室課時(shí)授課計(jì)劃課次序號(hào)： 2 一、課題：Unit2 Geodetic Surveying and Plane Surveying二、課型： 講 授三、目的要求：(1) Geodetic Surveying Defined (2) Plane Surveying Defined四、重點(diǎn)、難點(diǎn)：(1) Geodetic Surveying (2) Plane Surveying 五、教學(xué)方法及手段：本次課程的教學(xué)內(nèi)容為大地測(cè)量學(xué)和平面測(cè)量學(xué)的英文表達(dá)方式，在理解測(cè)繪專業(yè)知識(shí)的基礎(chǔ)上，著重學(xué)習(xí)測(cè)繪專業(yè)知識(shí)的英文表達(dá)方式和寫(xiě)作方式，根據(jù)以上教學(xué)內(nèi)容和教學(xué)目的本次課采用講授的教學(xué)方式。同時(shí)為了提高學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)積極性，達(dá)到預(yù)定的教學(xué)效果，擬采用課堂講授和課堂提問(wèn)相結(jié)合的教學(xué)方式。六、參考資料：(1)測(cè)繪工程專業(yè)英語(yǔ) 尹 暉等 武漢大學(xué)出版社七、作業(yè)：(1) 預(yù)習(xí) Unit3 Distance Measurement八、授課記錄：授課日期2008.10.09（1、2節(jié)）班次測(cè)繪061、062九、授課效果分析： 通過(guò)對(duì)Unit2 Geodetic Surveying and Plane Surveying的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行學(xué)習(xí)，使學(xué)生掌握了涉及到的重點(diǎn)的測(cè)繪專業(yè)詞語(yǔ)、詞組、表達(dá)方式和測(cè)繪專業(yè)英語(yǔ)的翻譯方式等內(nèi)容，加深了對(duì)大地測(cè)量和平面測(cè)量的理解，學(xué)會(huì)了利用英文的表達(dá)方式表述有關(guān)大地測(cè)量和平面測(cè)量的知識(shí)。十、教學(xué)進(jìn)程（教學(xué)內(nèi)容、教學(xué)環(huán)節(jié)及時(shí)間分配等）1、導(dǎo)入課題：由前面學(xué)習(xí)的測(cè)繪學(xué)定義的基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)及其英文的表達(dá)方式，根據(jù)測(cè)繪學(xué)的定義將測(cè)繪分為兩大類：大地測(cè)量學(xué)和平面測(cè)量學(xué)。2、教學(xué)內(nèi)容：本次課的內(nèi)容為Geodetic Surveying and Plane Surveying，包括測(cè)繪學(xué)的分類、大地測(cè)量學(xué)的定義、平面測(cè)量學(xué)的定義及其測(cè)量的方法。 (1) 預(yù)習(xí)一下Words and Expressions、Terms Highlights了解有關(guān)大地測(cè)量學(xué)和平面地測(cè)量學(xué)的詞匯和專業(yè)的表達(dá)方式。(2) 預(yù)習(xí)課程中正文的內(nèi)容,讓學(xué)生熟悉一下課程內(nèi)容。(3) 結(jié)合測(cè)繪工程專業(yè)知識(shí)，對(duì)課文的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行講解，在講解的過(guò)程中結(jié)合課堂提問(wèn)，以便使學(xué)生能主動(dòng)的結(jié)合所學(xué)的專業(yè)知識(shí)和英語(yǔ)理解能力，對(duì)測(cè)繪專業(yè)英語(yǔ)有深刻的理解。Unit 2 Geodetic Surveying and Plane Surveying（大地測(cè)量與平面測(cè)量）Surveying has been traditionally defined as the art and science of determining the position of natural and artificial features on, above or below the earths surface; and representing this information in analog form as a contoured map, paper plan or chart, or as figures in report tables, or in digital form as a three dimensional mathematical model stored in the computer. （測(cè)量傳統(tǒng)定義為確定地表、地下和地上的自然與人工地貌特征【features形態(tài)、特征】；并使之按比例【in analog form】測(cè)繪成地形圖【contoured map】、平面圖【paper plan】或圖表，或形成報(bào)告圖表，或以數(shù)字形式形成三維立體數(shù)學(xué)模型存儲(chǔ)進(jìn)計(jì)算機(jī)。）As such, the surveyor/geodesist dealt with the physical and mathematical aspect of measurement. （同樣的，測(cè)量員/大地測(cè)量學(xué)家處理的就是測(cè)量出的物理的和數(shù)學(xué)的特征）The accurate determination and monumentation【標(biāo)石、標(biāo)志】 of points on the surface of the Earth is therefore seen as the major task. （因此精確確定并標(biāo)定地表點(diǎn)位便成為測(cè)量的主要任務(wù)）Though these surveys are for various purposes, still the basic operations are the same-they involve measurements and computations or, basically, fieldwork and office work. （雖然測(cè)量工作有不同目的，基本的操作卻都一樣他們包括測(cè)量和計(jì)算，或更基本地稱之為，外業(yè)工作和內(nèi)業(yè)工作）There are many different types of surveys such as land surveys, route surveys, city surveys, construction surveys, hydrographic surveys, etc., but generally speaking, surveying is divided into two major categories: geodetic and plane surveying. （測(cè)量分為許多不同的類型，如土地測(cè)量，路線測(cè)量，城市測(cè)量，建筑測(cè)量，水道測(cè)量等等，但是總的來(lái)說(shuō)，測(cè)量分為兩個(gè)主要的種類：大地測(cè)量和平面測(cè)量）Surveys will either take into account the true shape of the Earth（Geodetic surveys）or treat the earth as a flat surface(Plane surveys). （是考慮地球真實(shí)形狀的大地測(cè)量還是將地球當(dāng)成一個(gè)平面的平面測(cè)量【緊跟著上句】）Additionally, surveys are conducted【表現(xiàn)】 for the purpose of positioning features on the ground(Horizontal surveys), determining the elevation or heights of features(Vertical surveys) or a combination of both.（另外，測(cè)量還分為確定平面位置的水平測(cè)量和確定海拔的高程測(cè)量或兩者的綜合。）Geodetic Surveying（大地測(cè)量）The type of surveying that takes into account the true shape of the earth is called geodetic surveying. （考慮地球真實(shí)形狀的測(cè)量工作稱為大地測(cè)量）This type of survey is suited for large areas and long lines and is used to find the precise location of basic points needed for establishing control for other surveys. （這種測(cè)量適用于大范圍和長(zhǎng)距離的測(cè)量工作，用來(lái)確立基本點(diǎn)的精確位置，用以建立其他測(cè)量工作所需的控制網(wǎng)。）In geodetic surveys, the stations are normally long distances apart, and more precise instruments and surveying methods are required for this type of surveying than for plane surveying.（在大地測(cè)量中，站點(diǎn)經(jīng)常是互相距離很遠(yuǎn)，那么這種測(cè)量就比平面測(cè)量需要更精確的儀器和測(cè)量方法。）Widely spaced, permanent monuments serve as the basis for computing lengths and distances between relative positions. （廣泛間隔開(kāi)的永久標(biāo)石就作為計(jì)算點(diǎn)位之間距離的基礎(chǔ)）【serve當(dāng)作】These basic points with permanent monuments are called geodetic control survey points, which support the production of consistent and compatible data for surveying and mapping projects.（這種永久標(biāo)石點(diǎn)被稱為大地控制點(diǎn)，為測(cè)量和繪圖工作提供可靠和一致的數(shù)據(jù)）In the past, ground-based theodolites, tapes【卷尺】, and electronic devices were the primary geodetic field measurements used. （過(guò)去，大地經(jīng)緯儀【DJ大地經(jīng)緯儀的中文縮寫(xiě)】、卷尺和電子設(shè)備是大地測(cè)量的野外工作初時(shí)【primary】的工具。）Today, the technological expansion of GPS has made it possible to perform extremely accurate geodetic surveys at a fraction of the cost. （現(xiàn)在，GPS技術(shù)的發(fā)展【expansion擴(kuò)充、膨脹】使大地測(cè)量工作花費(fèi)非常小的代價(jià)【a fraction of一小部分】就能獲得極為精確的結(jié)果成為可能。）A thorough knowledge of the principles of geodesy is an absolute prerequisite for the proper planning and execution of geodetic surveys.（大地測(cè)量工作計(jì)劃的編制【planning】和實(shí)施【execution】，【proper恰當(dāng)?shù)?，翻譯時(shí)略掉】，絕對(duì)需要【absolute prerequisite】對(duì)大地測(cè)量學(xué)知識(shí)有全面的掌握?！続 thorough knowledge of the principles of geodesy is an absolute prerequisite 一個(gè)徹底的知識(shí)大地測(cè)量學(xué)的原理的，是絕對(duì)需要的?！浚㊣n Geodetic Surveys, the shape of the earth is thought of as a spheroid, although in a technical sense, it is not really a spheroid. （在大地測(cè)量中，地球的形狀被看成一個(gè)橢球體，雖然在技術(shù)角度來(lái)看，它不是真正的橢球。）Therefore, distances measured on or near the surface of the earth are not along straight lines or planes, but on a curved surface.（因此，在地球表面上或附近測(cè)量距離并不是沿著直線或平面進(jìn)行，而是在一個(gè)曲面上。)Hence, in the computation of distances in geodetic surveys, allowances are made for the earths minor and major diameters from which a spheroid of reference is developed. （因此，在大地測(cè)量距離的計(jì)算中，參考橢球的長(zhǎng)軸與短軸所帶來(lái)的誤差就顯示【develop顯示出來(lái)】出來(lái)。）The position of each geodetic station is related to this spheroid. （每個(gè)大地站點(diǎn)的位置都與這個(gè)橢球有關(guān)）The positions are expressed as latitudes(angles north or south of the Equator) and longitudes(angles east or west of a prime meridian) or as northings and eastings on a rectangular grid.（這個(gè)位置是用緯度（與赤道面所成的角）和經(jīng)度（與初子午線所成的角）或用在直角坐標(biāo)系中的北距和東距來(lái)表示。）A geodetic survey establishes the fundamentals for the determination of the surface and gravity field of a country. （大地測(cè)量為建立國(guó)家范圍內(nèi)的重力場(chǎng)和確定地表架構(gòu)提供【establishes建立】基礎(chǔ)）This is realized by coordinates and gravity values of a sufficiently large number of control points, arranged in geodetic and gravimetric networks.（這將由測(cè)定布設(shè)在大地網(wǎng)和重力網(wǎng)中數(shù)量十分巨大的控制點(diǎn)，所得到的坐標(biāo)和重力值來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)）In this fundamental work, curvature and the gravity field of the earth must be considered.（在這項(xiàng)基礎(chǔ)工作中，地球的曲率和重力場(chǎng)都應(yīng)被考慮。）Plane Surveying（平面測(cè)量）The type of surveying in which the mean surface of the earth is considered a plane, or in which the curvature of the earth can be disregarded without significant error, generally is called plane surveying.（這種類型的測(cè)量把地球平均的表面視作平面，或認(rèn)為地球曲率帶來(lái)的誤差可以忽略不計(jì)，這樣的測(cè)量工作稱為平面測(cè)量significant重大的，不翻譯也行）The term is used to designate survey work in which the distances or areas involved are of limited extent.（這個(gè)術(shù)語(yǔ)曾指涉及的距離及范圍非常有限的測(cè)量工作【extent范圍】）With regard to horizontal distances and directions, a level line is considered mathematically straight, the direction of the plumb line is considered to be the same at all points within the limits of the survey, and all angles are considered to be plane angles.（由于被當(dāng)成了水平距離和方向，水平線被當(dāng)成直線【省略掉mathematically】，在這個(gè)有限范圍內(nèi)所有點(diǎn)上的鉛垂線方向被認(rèn)為是相同的，所有的角被認(rèn)為都是平面角。）To make computations in plane surveying, you will use formulas of plane trigonometry, algebra, and analytical geometry. （在平面測(cè)量的計(jì)算中，你可以使用平面三角、代數(shù)、和平面解析幾何的公式）For small areas, precise results may be obtained with plane surveying methods, but the accuracy and precision of such results will decrease as the area surveyed increases in size. （小范圍內(nèi)，平面測(cè)量方法可以獲得精確的結(jié)果，但是隨著范圍的擴(kuò)大，精度和準(zhǔn)確度將隨之下降）For example, the length of an arc 18.5 km long lying in the earths surface is only 7mm greater than the subtended chord and, further, the difference between the sum of the angles in a plane triangle and the sum of those in a spherical triangle is only 0.51 second for a triangle at the earths surface having an area of 100km2 . （例如，地球表面一條18.5km長(zhǎng)的弧只比其所對(duì)的【subtend與相對(duì)】弦長(zhǎng)7mm，【further進(jìn)一步，可以省略】，在一個(gè)面積為100平方公里的平面三角形中的內(nèi)角和與對(duì)應(yīng)球面三角形中的內(nèi)角和之差只有0.51秒）It will be appreciated that the curvature of the earth must be taken into consideration only in precise surveys of large areas.（只有在大面積的精密測(cè)量工作中地球曲率才必需被考慮【appreciated重視】。）A great number of surveys are of the plane surveying type.（多數(shù)的測(cè)量工作都是屬于平面測(cè)量類型）Surveys for the location and construction of highways, railroads, canals, and in general, the surveys necessary for the works of human beings are plane surveys, as are the surveys made to establish boundaries, except state and national. （【特定】區(qū)域測(cè)量、公路【highway是干道的意思，speedway、freeway才是高速公路】建設(shè)、鐵路、溝渠等，總的來(lái)說(shuō)與人們工作密切相關(guān)的測(cè)量工作都是平面測(cè)量，不包括州界和國(guó)界測(cè)量在內(nèi)的邊界測(cè)量也同屬平面測(cè)量）However, with the increasing size and sophistication of engineering and other scientific projects, surveyors who restrict their practice to plane surveying are severely limited in the types of surveys in which they can be engaged.（然而，隨著工程和其他科學(xué)項(xiàng)目越來(lái)越大越來(lái)越復(fù)雜，在限定【restrict約束】于從事平面測(cè)量工作的測(cè)量員在他們可以從事的測(cè)量類型上受到嚴(yán)格【severely嚴(yán)格的】限制?！厩懊嬷v多數(shù)測(cè)量工作為平面測(cè)量，這里就轉(zhuǎn)折的說(shuō)從事平面測(cè)量的人員能進(jìn)行的工作越來(lái)越少】）The operation of determining elevation usually is considered a division of plane surveying. （我們通常把高程的測(cè)量與平面測(cè)量分開(kāi)來(lái)。）Elevations are referred to the geoid.（高程參考的是大地水準(zhǔn)面?！净蛘哒f(shuō)高程是相對(duì)于大地水準(zhǔn)面而言的】）The geoid is theoretical only.（大地水準(zhǔn)面只是在理論上存在）It is the natural extension of the mean sea level surface under the landmass. （它是平均海平面在大陸下的自然延伸?！舅瞧骄Ｆ矫媛哟┻^(guò)大陸而成的】）We could illustrate this idea by digging an imaginary trench across the country linking the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.（我們可以通過(guò)挖掘一個(gè)的想象中的連通大西洋和太平洋溝渠【trench】來(lái)闡明【illustrate】這個(gè)概念。） If we allowed the trench to fill with seawater, the surface of the water in the trench would represent he geoid. （如果我們?cè)试S這條溝渠注滿海水，溝渠里的水面就代表大地水準(zhǔn)面。）So for all intents and purposes, the geoid is the same as mean sea level. （因此，從所有的目的和用途出發(fā)，【直譯：由于（為了？）所有的計(jì)劃和目標(biāo)】大地水準(zhǔn)面與平均海平面是一樣的。）【for引導(dǎo)原因】Mean sea level is the average level of the ocean surface halfway between the highest and lowest levels recorded. （平均海平面是海水表面高度的記錄值的平均值?！局弊g：平均海平面是指海水面的最高和最低記錄之間紀(jì)錄值的平均值?！浚￤e use mean sea level as a datum or, curiously and incorrectly, a datum plane upon which we can reference or describe the heights of features on, above or below the ground. （我們用平均海平面作為一個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)，或不常用地和不準(zhǔn)確地，當(dāng)作一個(gè)基準(zhǔn)面【datum plane】，通過(guò)它我們可以參考和描述地上、地表、地下的情況。）Imagine a true plane tangent to the surface of mean sea level at a given point. （想象一個(gè)真正的平面與平均海平面在一個(gè)特定【given特定的、指定的】點(diǎn)上相切【tangent正切的、相切的】。）At horizontal distances of 1km from the point of tangency, the vertical distances(or elevations) of the plane above the surface represented by mean sea level are 7.8cm.（在離切點(diǎn)1km的地方，這個(gè)平面高于平均海平面的垂直距離為7.8cm?！緍epresent by通過(guò)描述】）Obviously, curvature of the earths surface is a factor that cannot be neglected in obtaining even rough values of elevations. （很明顯，即使在獲取粗略的高程值的時(shí)候，地球表面曲率也是一個(gè)不可忽略的因素。）The ordinary procedure in determining elevations, such as【像這樣、例如】 balancing backsight and foresight distance in di