Book9_U1_語法.doc

Book 9_U1_資源庫_語法定語從句復(fù)習(xí)一、語法知識(shí)歸納 定語從句 ( Attributive Clause)句子作定語叫做定語從句。定語從句放在先行詞之后。 定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞有關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。1. 關(guān)系代詞 (Relative pronoun)指代范圍關(guān)系代詞成分人who; that 主語who; whom; that賓語（可省略）物which; that主語which; that賓語（可省略）whose定語 （注意：介詞后不用that） Do you still remember the chicken farm (that) we visited three months ago? 你還記得我們?nèi)齻€(gè)月前參觀過的養(yǎng)雞場嗎？ I live in the house whose window faces the street. (I live in the house the window of which faces the street.) 我住在窗戶朝街的那間房里。2. 關(guān)系副詞 ( Relative adverb) 指代范圍關(guān)系副詞成分時(shí)間when (= 適當(dāng)介詞+ which)狀語地點(diǎn)where (= 適當(dāng)介詞+ which)原因why (= for + which)方式The way that / in which / 省略 We are living in an agewhen many things are done on computer. 我們生活在這樣一個(gè)時(shí)代：許多事情都通過電腦來完成。 定語從句的分類 定語從句分為限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句。限制性定語從句（一）限制性定語從句的基本特征 限制性定語從句對(duì)被修飾的先行詞有限定制約作用，使該詞的含義更具體，更明確。限制性定語從句不能被省略，否則句意就不完整。從句與先行詞之間沒有逗號(hào)。 He has two sons who work in the same company. (Perhaps he has more than two sons.) 他有兩個(gè)在同一家公司工作的兒子。（二）限制性定語從句中關(guān)系代詞的用法 1. that, which 當(dāng)先行詞指物，并且關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中充當(dāng)主語或賓語時(shí)，用which/that引導(dǎo)定語從句。在限制性定語從句中有些情況下只能用關(guān)系代詞that，不用which。(1) 當(dāng)先行詞是不定代詞all, much, little, something, everything, anything, nothing, none, the one時(shí)。 You should hand in all that you have. 你應(yīng)該上交你所有的東西。(2) 當(dāng)先行詞前面被the only, the very, any, few, little, no, all等詞修飾時(shí)。 The only thing that we can do is to give you some money. 我們唯一能做的事就是給你一些錢。(3) 當(dāng)先行詞是形容詞最高級(jí)或先行詞的前面有形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)。 This is the most interesting film that Ive ever seen. 這是我看過的最有趣的電影。(4) 當(dāng)先行詞是序數(shù)詞或它前面有序數(shù)詞修飾時(shí)。 This train is the last that will go to Suzhou. 這是最后一班到蘇州的火車。(5) 當(dāng)先行詞既有人又有物時(shí)。 Do you know the things and persons that they are talking about? 你知道他們?cè)谡務(wù)摰娜撕褪聠幔?6) 當(dāng)主句的主語是疑問詞who或which時(shí)。 Who is the boy that won the gold medal? 獲得金牌的男孩是誰？(7) 有兩個(gè)定語從句時(shí)，其中一個(gè)關(guān)系代詞已用which，另外一個(gè)宜用that。 They secretly built up a small factory which produced things that could cause pollution. 他們悄悄建了一座生產(chǎn)一些能產(chǎn)生污染的東西的小廠。(8) 當(dāng)先行詞在主句中作表語，而關(guān)系代詞也在從句中作表語時(shí)。 Shanghai is no longer the city that it used to be. 上海不再是過去的那座城市了。2. who, whom 當(dāng)先行詞指人，并且關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中充當(dāng)主語時(shí)，用who/that，不可省略；當(dāng)先行詞指人，并且關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中充當(dāng)賓語時(shí)，用whom/that/who，可以省略。She is the girl who lives next door.她就是住在隔壁的女孩。(先行詞在定語從句中作主語) Thats the girl (whom/that) I teach. 那就是我教的女孩。(先行詞在定語從句中作賓語)3. whose 無論先行詞指人還是物，關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作定語時(shí)，用whose，不可省略。 This is the scientist whose achievements are well known. 這就是那位成績卓著的科學(xué)家。 This is the house whose window broke last night. = This is the house of which the window broke last night. = This is the house, the window of which broke last night. 這就是昨晚窗子被打壞的那所房子。4. 介詞+which/whom (1)當(dāng)介詞放在關(guān)系代詞的前面時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞只能用which(指物)或whom(指人)，關(guān)系代詞不能省略。 In the dark street, there wasnt a single person to whom she could turn for help. 在漆黑的街上，沒有一個(gè)她可以求助的人。 注意：在一些固定搭配的動(dòng)詞短語中，由于動(dòng)詞和介詞不可分割，因此不能把介詞置于關(guān)系代詞之前。 This is the pen (which/that) Im looking for. 這是我在找的筆。（不可以說：This is the pen for which Im looking.）(2)當(dāng)介詞位于定語從句的末尾時(shí)，可用that/which (指物)，that/whom/who (指人)作從句中介詞的賓語，而且作介詞賓語的關(guān)系代詞可以省略。 This is the hero (that/who/whom) we are proud of. 這就是我們?yōu)橹湴恋挠⑿邸?This is the pen (that / which) I wrote the letter with. 這就是我用來寫信的筆。5. as as引導(dǎo)的定語從句常和such, so, the same, as 連用Ill buy the same dictionary as you have. 我要買和你一樣的字典。 We have found such materials as are used in their factory. 我們已找到了像他們工廠里用的那種材料。（三）限制性定語從句中關(guān)系副詞的用法 當(dāng)先行詞在定語從句中作狀語時(shí)，要用關(guān)系副詞。其中when = 表時(shí)間的介詞 (如：in, at, during等) + which；where = 表地點(diǎn)的介詞 (如：in, at, on, under等) + which；why = 表原因的介詞 (如：for) + which；how = 表方式的介詞（如：in）+ which。Can you tell me the office where he works? (= in which)你能告訴我他工作的辦公室嗎？Do you know the reason why he is absent? (= for which)你知道他缺席的原因嗎？非限制性定語從句 （一）非限制性定語從句的基本特點(diǎn)有逗號(hào)將主句和從句隔開的定語從句叫非限定性定語從句。 非限制性定語從句的作用是用來提供附加的而非必要的信息， 只是對(duì)先行詞作進(jìn)一步的解釋、補(bǔ)充或說明。若去掉此定語從句，整個(gè)主句意義很明確，不會(huì)引起誤解和歧義。My mother, who is 50 this year, lives with me now. 我的母親50歲了，她現(xiàn)在和我住在一起。注意：非限定性定語從句中不用關(guān)系代詞that（二）非限制性定語從句中關(guān)系代詞、關(guān)系副詞的用法非限制性定語從句中關(guān)系代詞、關(guān)系副詞的用法與限制性定語從句中的用法大體相當(dāng)，但也有一些特別的地方，需要考生注意。1. 在非限制性定語從句中，不可用that引導(dǎo)從句。先行詞指物時(shí)，只可用which。另外，which不僅僅指代先行詞，還可以用來替代主句的整個(gè)內(nèi)容或行為。 Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others, which, of course, made the others envy him. 海倫對(duì)最小兒子要比對(duì)其他孩子好得多，這當(dāng)然使得其他孩子非常妒忌他。 2. 在非限制性定語從句中，可用“名詞/代詞+介詞(of)+which/whom”的結(jié)構(gòu)。 Recently I bought an ancient vase, the price of which was very reasonable. 最近，我買了個(gè)古董花瓶，它的價(jià)格相當(dāng)合理。 3.“復(fù)合介詞短語+關(guān)系代詞which/whom”引導(dǎo)的定語從句非限制性定語從句，從句內(nèi)部常用倒裝語序。 He lived in a big house, in front of which stood a big tall tree. 他住在一棟大房子里，房子前面有棵大樹。 4. 在關(guān)系副詞where/when前有時(shí)可以加介詞from, to等。 China is the birth place of kites, from where kite flying spread to Japan, Korea, Thailand and India. 中國是風(fēng)箏的發(fā)源地，從這里放風(fēng)箏的活動(dòng)傳播到了日本、韓國、泰國和印度。 5. 關(guān)系代詞as, which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時(shí)的區(qū)別(1) as和which都可替代主句的整個(gè)內(nèi)容，而不是主句中的某一個(gè)詞。as 引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句，既可在主句前，又可在主句后，有時(shí)還可插入主句中，而which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句一般置于主句之后。 The weather turned out to be very good, which was more than we could expect. 結(jié)果天氣很好，這出乎我們的意料。 As is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month. = The moon travels round the earth once every month, as/which is known to everybody.眾所周知，月亮每月繞地球一圈。（可轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞性從句：It is known to everybody that the moon travels round the earth once every month. 或What is known to everybody is that the moon travels round the earth once every month.） (2) as多用于下列習(xí)慣用語中：as anybody can see正如人人都能看到的那樣；as is well known = as is known to all眾所周知；as we had expected正如我們所預(yù)料的那樣；as often happens正如經(jīng)常發(fā)生的那樣；as has been said before如上所述；as is mentioned above正如上面提到的。二、語法拓展訓(xùn)練（一）單項(xiàng)填空1. _ is known to the world, Chinas Liu Xiang became the first Asian in history to win the mens 110m hurdles at the Olympic Games. A. That B. Which C. As D. It 2. Living in the Central American desert has its problems, _ obtaining water is not the least. A. of which B. for what C. as D. whose 3. I dont know the reason _ you were absent from the meeting, but I am sure that someone will tell me the reason _ you havent told me. A. why; that B. that; why C. because; which D. of which; that 4. When she came back from abroad, Lucy told us about the cities and the people _ she had visited. A. that B. who C. where D. which 5. Because of the traffic jam _ I was caught, I was late for the meeting. A. by which B. in which C. that D. where 6. There are three things _ make Sydney famous, its beautiful harbor, the Sydney Harbor Bridge and the Sydney Opera House. A. what B. that C. when D. where 7. There is a teapot shaped like a Chinese duck, out of _ mouth tea is supposed to come. A. which B. that C. its D. whose 8. The soldiers had to sleep in their wet clothes, _ most uncomfortable. A. which I think it wasB. which I think was C. which I think D. that I think was 9. The humans are destroying nature day by day, _ of course, will cause severe punishment from it sooner or later. A. who B. when C. where D. which 10. The World Expo 2010 is being held at a time _ the world is looking for a new kind of balance between nature and cities.A. when B. whereC. which D. that11. Bears often hide themselves in places _ cant be found by hunters.A. in whichB. whereC. thatD. /12. I got an email from Susan, _ said she was going abroad for sightseeing. Fantastic! Thats what she has been dreaming of.A. which B. she C. who D. it 13. After graduation from high school we will reach a point _ we have to decide which university to attend. A. that B. what C. which D. where14. An idea occurred to me _ I might turn to my English teacher for help. A. that B. which C. where D. when 15. Safety in school has been of great concern because of frequent reports about accidents _ students got injured or killed while in school. A. that B. when C. in which D. for which 16. You can use a larger plastic bottle, _ is cut off, _ as a pot to grow flowers in.A. of which the top; with its top B. whose top; with its topC. whose top; the top of itD. the top of which; with its top17. The Olympic snowboarding event, _, was exciting. A. on which many people watched B. where many people watched TVC. which many people watched on TVD. where many people watched on TV18. Cathy was a teacher from Newcastle, _ is almost as far north as you can go.A. whoB. whichC. thatD. where19. In our _, anyone _ breaks the law should be punished.A. opinions; thatB. opinions; whoC. opinion; heD. opinion; who20. It was in the lab _ was taken charge of by Professor Zhang _ they did the experiment.A. where; that B. which; where C. that; whereD. which; that21. Where did you see him for the first time?It was in the factory _ we worked.A. thatB. whereC. whichD. when 22. Where did you find your wallet? It was in the shop _ I bought the shirt. A. thatB. whichC. whereD. there23. She may have missed the train, _ she wont arrive for another hour.A. in which B. when C. in which case D. in that case 24. Every time Ashtita tries to break a record, he reaches a point _ he feels he cannot physically do any more. A. where B. that C. when D. which25. Was it through Mary, _ was working at a high school, _ you got to know Tom?A. who; whoB. that; which C. who; that D. who; which26. He made another wonderful discovery, _ of great importance to science. A. which I think is B. which I think it is C. which I think D. I think which is 27. Was _ Bill, _ played basketball very well, _ helped the blind man cross the road?Yes, of course. He is always ready to help others. A. it; that; who B. this; who; that C. which; that; that D. it; who; that28. Europe has achieved more in controlling the AIDS virus than Asia in the past ten years, _ the number of people infected with the virus is going up sharply.A. whenB. that C. so that D. where29. Life is like a long race _ we compete with others to go beyond ourselves.A. why B. what C. that D. where30. The girl in plain clothes, _ was wonderfully calm in face of danger, was just sixteen years old.A. when B. which C. what D. who （二）句子改錯(cuò)1. The book that I borrowed it from the library is well written. 2. The house stood at the place which the roads meet. 3. Did you see the young man whom was chosen the League secretary? 4. We shall visit the university where my father teaches there. 5. The person whom you want to see comes. 6. Can you think of anyone whos house is on a pile of rocks? 7. The day which I was to start arrived at last. 8. I have known the reason which she is so worried. 9. This is the girl who practice playing the piano everyday. 10. The watch which her mother gave it to her works very well. 11. This is the shop which keep open till eleven at night. 12. Is she the girl who her grandfather was a Red Army man? 13. The worker who repaired our house live next door to Li Huas. 14. The girl studies music plays the violin very well. 15. The house in where we live is very large. 16. The street which lead us to the Beijing Station is wide and long. 17. Do you know the driver whom caused the traffic accident where a man was killed? 18. Has she returned you the novel that you lent it to her last Friday? 19. This is the one hundredth letter which she has received from that boy. 20. This is the woman to who my mother talked just now. （三）真題回顧1. Because of the financial crisis, days are gone _ local 5-star hotels charged 6,000 Yuan for one night. (2009江蘇) A. if B. when C. which D. since2. Theyve won their last three matches, _ I find a bit surprising. (2009遼寧)A. that B. when C. what D. which3. A person _ e-mail account is full wont be able to send or receive any e-mails. (2009天津) A. who B. whom C. whose D. whoever4. Its helpful to put children in a situation _ they can see themselves differently. (2009福建) A. that B. when C. which D. where 5. Whenever I met her, _ was fairly often, she greeted me with a sweet smile. (2009山東) A. who B. which C. when D. that 6. Many children, _ parents are away working in big cities, are taken good care of in the village. (2009安徽)A. their B. whose C. of them D. with whom7. I have reached a point in my life _ I am supposed to make decisions of my own. (2009浙江) A. which B. where C. how D. why 8. She brought with her three friends, none of _ I had ever met before. (2009全國)A. them B. whoC. whom D. these9. Gun control is a subject _ Americans have argued for a long time. (2009陜西)A. of which B. with which C. about which D. into which10. I was born in New Orleans, Louisiana, a city _ name will create a picture of beautiful trees and green grass in our mind. (2009湖南)A. which B. of which C. that D. whose 11. Life is like a long race _ we compete with others to go beyond ourselves. A. why B. what C. that D. where 12. What do you think of teaching, Bob?I find it fun and challenging. It is a job _ you are doing something serious but interesting. (2009北京) A. whereB. which C. when D. that13. My friend showed me round the town, _ was very kind of him. (2009全國II) A. whichB. that C. where D. it 14. Shell never forget her stay there _ she found her son who had gone missing two years before. (2009四川)A. thatB. whichC. whereD. when15. The house I grew up _ has been taken down and replaced by an office building. (2009江西)A. in it B. in C. in that D. in which16. The visitor _ passport was stolen was on his way to the US. (2009上海春)A. ones B. his C. whos D. whose17. The Science Museum, _ we visited during a recent trip to Britain, is one of Londons tourist attractions. (2008江蘇) A. which B. whatC. thatD. where18. By nine oclock, all the Olympic torch bearers had reached the top of Mount Qomolangma, _ appeared a rare rainbow soon. (2008福建)A. of which B. on which C. from which D. above which19. Yesterday she sold her car, _ she bought a month ago. (2008浙江)A. whom B. where C. that D. which20. Occasions are quite rare _ I have the time to spend a day with my kids. (2008山東)A. whoB. whichC. whyD. when21. Later in this chapter cases will be introduced to readers _ consumer complaints have resulted in changes in the law. (2008江西)A. where B. when C. who D. which22. The man pulled out a gold watch, _ were made of small diamonds. (2008陜西)A. the hands of whom B. whom the hands ofC. which the hands of D.