人機交互論文中英對照.doc

An Agenda for Human-Computer Interaction Research: 交互方式和輸入/輸出設備 Interaction Styles羅伯特jk的雅各布簡介 INTRODUCTION 日益改善的瓶頸交互系統(tǒng)的有用性 The bottleneck in improving the usefulness of interactive systems increasingly 在于在執(zhí)行請求不予處理任務本身，而是在溝lies not in performing the processing task itself but in communicating requests and結果之間的系統(tǒng)和它的用戶。 results between the system and its user. 在這方面取得進展的最好的杠桿 The best leverage for progress in this area因此，現(xiàn)在就是在用戶界面，而不是系統(tǒng)內部。 therefore now lies at the user interface, rather than the system internals. 更快，更 Faster, more便捷的方式為用戶和計算機自然，更多的交流信息 natural, and more convenient means for users and computers to exchange information是必要的。 are needed. 在用戶的身邊，互動系統(tǒng)技術是受制于 On the users side, interactive system technology is constrained by the人際交往能力的性質，機關和;在電腦旁，這是濃度， nature of human communication organs and abilities; on the computer side, it is con- 緊張只有輸入/輸出設備和方法，我們可以發(fā)明。 strained only by input/output devices and methods that we can invent. 我們面臨的挑戰(zhàn) The challenge我們面前的是設計新的設備和對話，更好地適合種和利用 before us is to design new devices and types of dialogues that better fit and exploit the有關特點人類通訊的。 communication-relevant characteristics of humans. The problem of human-computer interaction can be viewed as two powerful信息處理器（人機）企圖相互溝通 information processors (human and computer) attempting to communicate with each其他通過一個窄帶寬，高約束接口（Tufte著，1989）。 other via a narrow-bandwidth, highly constrained interface . 研究Research in這方面的嘗試，以增加在該接口的有用帶寬。 this area attempts to increase the useful bandwidth across that interface. 更快，更 Faster, more自然-特別少的順序，更多的并行-計算機模式的用戶 naturaland particularly less sequential, more parallelmodes of user-computer通信將有助于消除這個瓶頸。 communication will help remove this bottleneck. 一項研究議程人機交互： Interaction Styles and Input/Output Devices 交互方式Robert JK Jacob INTRODUCTION 簡介 The bottleneck in improving the usefulness of interactive systems increasingly 日益改善的障礙交互系統(tǒng)的有用性lies not in performing the processing task itself but in communicating requests and 在于在執(zhí)行請求不予處理任務本身，而是在溝通和results between the system and its user. 結果之間的系統(tǒng)和它的用戶。 The best leverage for progress in this area 在這方面取得進展的最好的杠桿therefore now lies at the user interface, rather than the system internals. 因此，現(xiàn)在就是在用戶界面，而不是系統(tǒng)內部。 Faster, more 更快，更natural, and more convenient means for users and computers to exchange information便捷的方式為用戶和計算機自然，更多的交流信息are needed. 是必要的。 On the users side, interactive system technology is constrained by the 在用戶的身邊，互動系統(tǒng)技術是受制于nature of human communication organs and abilities; on the computer side, it is con-人際交往能力的性質，機關和;在電腦旁，這是濃度, strained only by input/output devices and methods that we can invent. 緊張只有輸入/輸出設備和方法，我們可以發(fā)明。 The challenge 我們面臨的挑戰(zhàn)before us is to design new devices and types of dialogues that better fit and exploit the 我們面前的是設計新的設備和對話，更好地適合種和利用communication-relevant characteristics of humans. 有關特點人類通訊的。 The problem of human-computer interaction can be viewed as two powerful 這種相互作用問題人機可以被看作是兩個強大的information processors (human and computer) attempting to communicate with each信息處理器（人機）企圖相互溝通other via a narrow-bandwidth, highly constrained interface (Tufte, 1989).其他通過一個窄帶寬，高約束接口。 Research in 研究this area attempts to increase the useful bandwidth across that interface.這方面的嘗試，以增加在該接口的有用帶寬。Faster, mo更快，更naturaland particularly less sequential, more parallelmodes of user-computer自然-特別少的順序，更多的并行-計算機模式的用戶communication will help remove this bottleneck. 通信將有助于消除這個瓶頸。Current technology has been stronger in the computer-to-user direction ( output Current technology has been stronger in the computer-to-user direction ( output在計算機科學方面的設備，我們將用以下，但在輸入設備 devices in computer science terms, which we will use hereinafter, but input devices in心理方面的電腦），比用戶到，因此用戶電腦的對話通常是 psychological terms) than user-to-computer, so user-computer dialogues are typically片面的，與計算機帶寬到用戶遠遠大于從該 one-sided, with the bandwidth from the computer to the user far greater than that from用戶的計算機。 user to computer. 我們特別感興趣的輸入媒介，可以幫助糾正 We are especially interested in input media that can help redress這個快速的不平衡從用戶方便地獲取數(shù)據(jù)和。 this imbalance by obtaining data from the user conveniently and rapidly. 輸入是一個 Input is a被忽視的領域相對于輸出，特別是考慮作出的巨大進步 neglected field relative to output, particularly considering the great strides made in計算機圖形，但由于這個原因，也是一個地區(qū)，提供了最大的 computer graphics, but for that reason it is also an area that provides the greatest機會的研究和進展。 opportunity for research and progress. 然而有趣的是，輸入的數(shù)據(jù)的來源 Interestingly, however, input is the source of也許是一個最大的成功故事為基礎的研究理論，在鹽酸-的 perhaps the single biggest success story for theoretically-based research in HCIthe 鼠標（卡，1978）mouse. A basic research program in interactive systems provides the opportunity to go除了為每個特定的用戶界面的直接關注發(fā)展中國家 beyond the immediate concerns of developing the user interface for each particular新的系統(tǒng)，并允許人機交互系統(tǒng)的研究普遍存在的問題，許多未來， new system and allows the study of HCI problems that pervade many future systems,因此這種研究可以有更大的影響力遠長期研究。 and thus such research can have far greater leverage in the long run. 的關系 The relationship基礎研究和應用開發(fā)的理想在這方面形成一個環(huán)流， between basic research and application development in this area ideally forms a circu摩爾鏈：在特定接口的應用推廣和遇到lar chain: specific interface problems encountered in applications are generalized and然后在基礎研究解決的新的互動模式，通過發(fā)明或技術;及 then solved in basic research by inventing new interaction modes or techniques; and這些一般的方法可以適用于除制訂具體的用戶 these general approaches can then be applied to the development of specific user inter面孔。faces. 最后，重要的是要記住，修改一個系統(tǒng)的用戶界面， Finally, it is important to remember that modifying 目前的技術已在計算機強大到用戶的方向（ 輸出devices in computer science terms, which we will use hereinafter, but input devices in在計算機科學方面的設備，我們將用以下，但在輸入設備psychological terms) than user-to-computer, so user-computer dialogues are typically 心理方面的電腦），比用戶到，因此用戶電腦的對話通常是one-sided, with the bandwidth from the computer to the user far greater than that from片面的，與計算機帶寬到用戶遠遠大于從該user to computer.用戶的計算機。 We are especially interested in input media that can help redress 我們特別感興趣的輸入媒介，可以幫助糾正this imbalance by obtaining data from the user conveniently and rapidly.這個快速的不平衡從用戶方便地獲取數(shù)據(jù)和。Input i輸入是一個neglected field relative to output, particularly considering the great strides made in被忽視的領域相對于輸出，特別是考慮作出的巨大進步computer graphics, but for that reason it is also an area that provides the greatest計算機圖形，但由于這個原因，也是一個地區(qū)，提供了最大的opportunity for research and progress.機會的研究和進展。 Interestingly, however, input is the source of 然而有趣的是，輸入的數(shù)據(jù)的來源perhaps the single biggest success story for theoretically-based research in HCIthe也許是一個最大的成功故事為基礎的研究理論HCI-mouse (Card, 19鼠標。 A basic research program in interactive systems provides the opportunity to go一個交互系統(tǒng)的基礎研究項目提供了機會去beyond the immediate concerns of developing the user interface for each particular除了為每個特定的用戶界面的直接關注發(fā)展中國家new system and allows the study of HCI problems that pervade many future systems新的系統(tǒng)，并允許人機交互系統(tǒng)的研究普遍存在的問題，許多未來,and thus such research can have far greater leverage in the long因此這種研究可以有更大的影響力遠長期研究。 The relationship 的關系between basic research and application development in this area ideally forms a circu-基礎研究和應用開發(fā)的理想在這方面形成一個環(huán)流，lar chain: specific interface problems encountered in applications are generalized 摩爾鏈：在特定接口的應用推廣和遇到的問題then solved in basic research by inventing new interaction modes or techniques; and然后在基礎研究解決的新的互動模式，通過發(fā)明或技術;及these general approaches can then be applied to the development of specific user inter-這些一般的方法可以適用于除制訂具體的用戶faces.面孔。 Finally, it is important to remember that modifying the user interface of a sys- 最后，重要的是要記住，修改一個系統(tǒng)的用戶界面，tem, particularly the characteristics of its input/output media is not simply tinke透射電子顯微鏡，特別是媒體的特點，其輸入/輸出不只是修修補補with the superficial appearance of the system.該系統(tǒng)與表面外觀。 It changes the users fundamental per- 它改變了用戶的基本每ception of a system (Ledgard, 1980).按照一個系統(tǒng)。 Interaction research goes to the heart of how 去互動研究如何對心臟。the user interface of a sys透射電子顯微鏡，特別是媒體的特點，其輸入/輸出不只是修修補補tem, particularly the characteristics of its input/output media is not simply tinkering該系統(tǒng)與表面外觀。 with the superficial appearance of the system. 它改變了用戶的基本每 It changes the users fundamental perception一個系統(tǒng)（萊德加德，1980）。ception of a system .Interaction research goes to the heart of how.人民的理解和使用計算機系統(tǒng)，而不是簡單的表面。 people comprehend and work with computer systems, not simply the surface. 下一個交互風格 Interaction Style 除了這個總的框架，超越設備的改善，特別是 Beyond this general framework, and beyond improvements in particular device技術，計算機類的趨勢是一個新的輸入/輸出設備和人力 technologies, a trend toward a new class of input/output device and human-computer交互風格正在形成。 interaction style is emerging. 其設備對輸入外地特別是 Its effect on the field of input devices specifically is to用戶提供移動的對象為促動 ，通過具體的命令 move from providing objects for the user to actuate through specific commands to簡單地 感應使用者的身體。 simply sensing the users body. 尼爾森介紹了這種新一代互動 Nielsen describes this next generation interaction作風非命令為基礎： style as non-command-based: people comprehend and work with computer systems, not simply the surface“第五代用戶界面模式似乎是圍繞著 The fifth generation user interface paradigm seems to be centered around非基于命令的對話。 non-command-based dialogues. 這個詞是有點消極的方式 This term is a somewhat negative way of描述一個新的互動形式，但到目前為止，統(tǒng)一概念 characterizing a new form of interaction but so far, the unifying concept似乎是完全放棄所有的耳朵的基本原則， does seem to be exactly the abandonment of the principle underlying all ear肝范例：這是一個對話的具體和精確控制lier paradigms: That a dialogue has to be controlled by specific and precise和由用戶發(fā)出的命令作出答復和處理由計算機。 commands issued by the user and processed and replied to by the computer.新接口往往甚至沒有傳統(tǒng)意義上的對話 The new interfaces are often not even dialogues in the traditional meaning of這個詞，盡管他們顯然有一些分析 the word, even though they obviously can be analyzed as having some dialogue content at some level since they do involve the exchange of infor-mation之間的用戶和計算機。 mation between a user and a computer.人民的理解和使用計算機系統(tǒng)，而不是簡單的表面。 The Next Interaction Style 交互風格 Beyond this general framework, and beyond improvements in particular device 除了這個總的框架，超越設備的改善，特別是technologies, a trend toward a new class of input/output device and human-computer技術，計算機類的趨勢是一個新的輸入/輸出設備和人力interaction style is emerging.交互風格正在形成。 Its effect on the field of input devices specifically is to 其設備對輸入外地特別是move from providing objects for the user to actuate through specific commands to用戶提供移動的對象為促動 ，通過具體的命令simply sensing the users body.簡單地感應使用者的身體。 Nielsen describes this next generation interaction尼爾森介紹了這種新一代互動 style as non-command-based: 作風非命令為基礎：“第五代用戶界面模式似乎是圍繞著non-command-based dialogues. 非基于命令的對話。This term is a somewhat negative way of這個詞是有點消極的方式characterizing a new form of interaction but so far, the unifying concept描述一個新的互動形式，但到目前為止，統(tǒng)一概念does seem to be exactly the abandonment of the principle underlying all ear-似乎是完全放棄所有的耳朵的基本原則lier paradigms: That a dialogue has to be controlled by specific and precise，肝范例：這是一個對話的具體和精確控制commands issued by the user and processed and replied to by the computer.和由用戶發(fā)出的命令作出答復和處理由計算機。The new interfaces are often not even dialogues in the traditional meaning of新接口往往甚至沒有傳統(tǒng)意義上的對話the word, even though they obviously can be analyzed as having some這個詞，盡管他們顯然有一些分析dialogue content at some level since they do involve the exchange of infor-對話層次的內容，因為他們做一些涉及Infor的交流， mation between a user and a computermation之間的用戶和計算機。 The principles shown at CHI90 在CHI90所示的原則which I am summarizing as being non-command-based interaction are eye我所總結的是非基于命令的交互的眼睛tracking interfaces, artificial realities, play-along music accompaniment, and跟蹤接口，人工現(xiàn)實，發(fā)揮沿音樂伴奏， agents. (Nielsen, 1990)和代理商。The principles shown at CHI90我所總結的是非基于命令的交互的眼睛 which I am summarizing as being non-command-based interaction are eye跟蹤接口，人工現(xiàn)實，發(fā)揮沿音樂伴奏， tracking interfaces, artificial realities, play-along music accompaniment, and代理商。“（尼爾森，1990） agents. This new style of input will require new devices, new types of interaction tech-niques，新的軟件方法來對付他們。 niques, and new software approaches to deal with them. 不同于傳統(tǒng)的投入， Unlike traditional inputs,如鍵盤和鼠標，代表的新的投入故意少一個驅動的 such as keyboards and mice, the new inputs represent less intentional actuation of a設備或發(fā)出的命令，但更喜歡用戶被動監(jiān)測。 device or issuance of a command, but are more like passive monitoring of the user.出于這個原因，往往會出現(xiàn)投入同時又與一，因為不同 For that reason the inputs tend to occur concurrently with one another, as different用戶方面的進行監(jiān)測。 aspects of the user are monitored. 從dev的觀點研究點對輸入 From the point of view of research in input dev冰，這種風格需要改變傳統(tǒng)設備被動設備ices, this style requires a change from conventional devices to passive equipment that感官的用戶。 senses the user. 這種設備的例子是不顯眼的三維跟蹤器， Examples of such devices are unobtrusive three-dimensional trackers,手工測量裝置，識別）遙控攝影機（加上適當?shù)姆绞?，范?hand-measuring devices, remote cameras (plus appropriate pattern recognition), range照相機，眼球運動監(jiān)測，甚至生理監(jiān)視器。 cameras, eye movement monitors, and even physiological monitors. “自然” The natural這些輸入設備的素質都非常匹配新的輸出技術，如 qualities of these input devices are well matched to new output technologies such as立體顯示，頭加上顯示器，方向性，非語音音頻。 stereoscopic displays, head-coupled displays, and directional, non-speech audio.Common Characteristics of the Emerging Interaction Styles 在討論研究的具體領域，我們會考慮整體環(huán)境， Before discussing specific areas of research, we will consider the overall environ彪是在地平線上。ment that is on the horizon. 新的非命令式的特點可以基于 The new non-command-based style can be characterized作為觀察的基礎上的用戶而不是用戶驅動。 as based on observation of the user rather than user actuated. 本節(jié)列舉 This section enumerates和一些新的接口的共同特點，他們要求這些 some of the common characteristics of these new 這種輸入新的樣式將需要新設備，新類型的互動技術， niques, and new software approaches to deal with them. niques，新的軟件方法來對付他們。 Unlike traditional inputs, 不同于傳統(tǒng)的投入， such as keyboards and mice, the new inputs represent less intentional actuation of如鍵盤和鼠標，代表的新的投入故意少一個驅動的device or issuance of a command, but are more like passive monitoring of the user.設備或發(fā)出的命令，但更喜歡用戶被動監(jiān)測。For that reason the inputs tend to occur concurrently with one another, as different出于這個原因，往往會出現(xiàn)投入同時又與一，因為不同aspects of the user are monitored.用戶方面的進行監(jiān)測。 From the point of view of research in input d從dev的觀點研究點對輸入ices, this style requires a change from conventional devices to passive equipment that，這種風格需要改變傳統(tǒng)設備被動設備senses the user.感官的用戶。 Examples of such devices are unobtrusive three-dimensional trackers,這種設備的例子是不顯眼的三維跟蹤器， hand-measuring devices, remote cameras (plus appropriate pattern recognition), range（手工測量裝置，識別）遙控攝影機加上適當?shù)姆绞剑秶鷆ameras, eye movement monitors, and even physiological monitors.照相機，眼球運動監(jiān)測，甚至生理監(jiān)視器。 The natural “自然” qualities of these input devices are well matched to new output technologies such as 這些輸入設備的素質都非常匹配新的輸出技術，如stereoscopic displays, head-coupled displays, and directional, non-speech audio.立體顯示，頭加上顯示器，方向性，非語音音頻。Common Characteristics of the Emerging Interaction Styles 互動形式共同特點的新興 Before discussing specific areas of research, we will consider the overall environ- 在討論研究的具體領域，我們會考慮整體環(huán)境ment that is on the horizon.是在地平線上。 The new non-command-based style can be characterized 新的非命令式的特點可以基于as based on observation of the user rather than user actuated.作為觀察的基礎上的用戶而不是用戶驅動。This section enumerates 本節(jié)列舉some of the common characteristics of these new interfaces and the requirements they和一些新的接口的共同特點，他們要求這些impose on their software, hardware, and input/output devices (Green, 1991).強加給他們的軟件，硬件和輸入/輸出設備。 interfaces and the requirements they強加給他們的軟件，硬件和輸入/輸出設備（綠，1991）。 impose on their software, hardware, and input/output devices. These interfaces are more highly interactive than their predecessors. 也就是說，他們 That is, they為了避免限制用戶的輸入設置有效的，無論什么狀態(tài) attempt to avoid restricting the users set of valid inputs, no matter what state the申請所在，這是更重要的，僅僅移動到一個不太moded互動 application is in. This is more significant that just moving to a less mode interaction風格：一指揮基地的詞匯什么可以被認為是增加劇作家， style: the base vocabulary of what can be considered a command increased dramati和Cally。cally. 他們還通常有兩個基本appli許多自由度的， They also typically have many degrees of freedom in both the underlying appli-陽離子和交互設備。 cation and the interaction devices. 例如，一個標準的數(shù)據(jù)手套有16度 For example a standard DataGlove has 16 degrees自由，每一個都可以進行采樣多達60次的市盈率。 of freedom, each of which can be sampled up to 60 times per second. 此外， In addition, the用戶可以一般工作幾個輸入或輸出設備的同時。 user may typically operate several input or output devices simultaneously. 這些 These接口，因此需要一個大量的輸入和輸出的帶寬，從而導致 interfaces thus require large amounts of input and output bandwidth, which leads to a資源需要投入大量的硬件來處理高比特率數(shù)據(jù)作為 need for devoting significant hardware resources to processing high bit rates of data as以及數(shù)據(jù)壓縮與識別算法，需要處理大量的，但 well as to data reduction and recognition algorithms needed to handle voluminous, but不精確的投入。 imprecise inputs. 新的界面風格特點也將更加密切設備 New interface styles will also be characterized by devices that are more closely匹配比計算機的用戶的特性。 matched to the users characteristics than the computers. 而不是一個用戶培訓 Rather than training a user操作鍵盤，他可能被允許使用他現(xiàn)有的，自然的交際 to operate a keyboard, he might be allowed to use his existing, natural communicative技能（比如手勢，語音，手寫，甚至眼球運動），而 abilities (such as gesture, speech, handwriting, or even eye movements), while the計算機將被編程來感知用戶的操作和解釋他們在 computer will be programmed to perceive the users actions and interpret them in a這樣有意義的對話。 way meaningful to the dialogue. 這個解釋將需要越來越多 This interpretation will require an increasing amount致力于互動的處理能力以及技術處理用戶 of processing power devoted to user interaction as well as techniques for 這些接口更高度的互動比他們的前輩。 That is, they 也就是說，他們attempt to avoid restricting the users set of valid inputs, no matter what state the為了避免限制用戶的輸入設置有效的，無論什么狀態(tài)application is in. This is more significant that just moving to a less moded interaction申請所在，這是更重要的，僅僅移動到一個不太方式互動style: the base vocabulary of what can be considered a command increased dramati-風格：一指揮基地的詞匯什么可以被認為是增加明顯性cally.They also typically have many degrees of freedom in both the underlying appli-他們還通常有兩個基本應用cation and the