國際標準化組織簡介.doc

國際標準化組織國際標準化組織（International Organization for Standardization）簡稱ISO，是世界上最大的非政府性標準化專門機構(gòu)，是國際標準化領(lǐng)域中一個十分重要的組織。ISO的任務(wù)是促進全球范圍內(nèi)的標準化及其有關(guān)活動，以利于國際間產(chǎn)品與服務(wù)的交流，以及在知識、科學、技術(shù)和經(jīng)濟活動中發(fā)展國際間的相互合作。它顯示了強大的生命力，吸引了越來越多的國家參與其活動。 ISO的含義國際標準化組織（International Organization for Standardization）簡稱ISO，是一個全球性的非政府組織，是國際標準化領(lǐng)域中一個十分重要的組織。許多人會注意到，“ISO”與國際標準化組織全稱（International Organization for Standardization）的縮寫并不相同，為什么不是“IOS”呢？其實，“ISO”并不是其全稱首字母的縮寫，而是一個詞，它來源于希臘語，意為“相等”，現(xiàn)在有一系列用它作前綴的詞，諸如“isometric”（意為“尺寸相等”）“isonomy”（意為“法律平等”）。從“相等”到“標準”，內(nèi)涵上的聯(lián)系使“ISO”成為組織的名稱。 ISO是一個國際標準化組織，其成員由來自世界上100多個國家的國家標準化團體組成，代表中國參加ISO的國家機構(gòu)是中國國家技術(shù)監(jiān)督局（CSBTS）。ISO與國際電工委員會（IEC）有密切的聯(lián)系，中國參加IEC的國家機構(gòu)也是國家技術(shù)監(jiān)督局。ISO和IEC作為一個整體擔負著制訂全球協(xié)商一致的國際標準的任務(wù)，ISO和IEC都是非政府機構(gòu)，它們制訂的標準實質(zhì)上是自愿性的，這就意味著這些標準必須是優(yōu)秀的標準，它們會給工業(yè)和服務(wù)業(yè)帶來收益，所以他們自覺使用這些標準。ISO和IEC不是聯(lián)合國機構(gòu)，但它們與聯(lián)合國的許多專門機構(gòu)保持技術(shù)聯(lián)絡(luò)關(guān)系。ISO和IEC有約1000個專業(yè)技術(shù)委員會和分委員會，各會員國以國家為單位參加這些技術(shù)委員會和分委員會的活動。ISO和IEC還有約3000個工作組，ISO、IEC每年制訂和修訂1000個國際標準。 標準的內(nèi)容涉及廣泛，從基礎(chǔ)的緊固件、軸承各種原材料到半成品和成品，其技術(shù)領(lǐng)域涉及信息技術(shù)、交通運輸、農(nóng)業(yè)、保健和環(huán)境等。每個工作機構(gòu)都有自己的工作計劃，該計劃列出需要制訂的標準項目（試驗方法、術(shù)語、規(guī)格、性能要求等）。 ISO的主要功能是為人們制訂國際標準達成一致意見提供一種機制。其主要機構(gòu)及運作規(guī)則都在一本名為ISO/IEC技術(shù)工作導則的文件中予以規(guī)定，其技術(shù)結(jié)構(gòu)在ISO是有800個技術(shù)委員會和分委員會，它們各有一個主席和一個秘書處，秘書處是由各成員國分別擔任，目前承擔秘書國工作的成員團體有30個，各秘書處與位于日內(nèi)瓦的ISO中央秘書處保持直接聯(lián)系。 通過這些工作機構(gòu)，ISO已經(jīng)發(fā)布了17000多個國際標準，如ISO公制螺紋、ISO的A4紙張尺寸、ISO的集裝箱系列（目前世界上95%的海運集裝箱都符合ISO標準）、ISO的膠片速度代碼、ISO的開放系統(tǒng)互聯(lián)（OS2）系列（廣泛用于信息技術(shù)領(lǐng)域）和有名的ISO9000質(zhì)量管理系列標準。 此外，ISO還與450個國際和區(qū)域的組織在標準方面有聯(lián)絡(luò)關(guān)系，特別與國際電信聯(lián)盟（ITU）有密切聯(lián)系。在ISO/IEC系統(tǒng)之外的國際標準機構(gòu)共有28個。每個機構(gòu)都在某一領(lǐng)域制訂一些國際標準，通常它們在聯(lián)合國控制之下。一個典型的例子就是世界衛(wèi)生組織（WHO）。ISO/IEC 制訂的85%的國際標準，剩下的15%由這28個其他國際標準機構(gòu)制訂。 ISO的由來國際標準化活動最早開始于電子領(lǐng)域，于1906年成立了世界上最早的國際標準化機構(gòu)國際電工委員會（IEC）。其他技術(shù)領(lǐng)域的工作原先有成立于1926年的國家標準化協(xié)會的國際聯(lián)盟（International Federation of the National Standardizing Associations，簡稱ISA）承擔，重點在于機械工程方面。ISA的工作由于二次大戰(zhàn)在1942年終止。1946年，來自25個國家的代表在倫敦召開會議，決定成立一個新的國際組織，其目的是促進國際間的合作和工業(yè)標準的統(tǒng)一。于是，ISO這一新組織于1947年2月23日正式成立，總部設(shè)在瑞士的日內(nèi)瓦。ISO于1951年發(fā)布了第一個標準工業(yè)長度測量用標準參考溫度。 ISO的宗旨其宗旨是：在世界范圍內(nèi)促進標準化工作的發(fā)展，以利于國際物資交流和互助，并擴大知識、科學、技術(shù)和經(jīng)濟方面的合作。其主要任務(wù)是：制定國際標準，協(xié)調(diào)世界范圍內(nèi)的標準化工作，與其他國際性組織合作研究有關(guān)標準化問題。 ISO的組織結(jié)構(gòu)ISO的組織機構(gòu)如下：合格評定委員會（CASCO）消費者政策委員會（COPOLCO）發(fā)展中國家事務(wù)委員會（DEVCO）信息系統(tǒng)和服務(wù)委員會（INFCO）特別咨詢小組技術(shù)管理局技術(shù)委員會TC理事會中央秘書處ISO全體大會合格評定委員會（CASCO）消費者政策委員會（COPOLCO）發(fā)展中國家事務(wù)委員會（DEVCO）信息系統(tǒng)和服務(wù)委員會（INFCO）ISO的組織機構(gòu)分為非常設(shè)機構(gòu)和常設(shè)機構(gòu)。ISO的最高權(quán)力機構(gòu)是ISO全體大會（General Assembly），是ISO的非常設(shè)機構(gòu)。1994年以前，全體大會每3年召開一次。全體大會召開時，所有ISO團體成員、通信成員、與ISO有聯(lián)絡(luò)關(guān)系的國際組織均派代表與會，每個成員有3個正式代表的席位，多于3位以的代表以觀察員的身份與會；全體大會的規(guī)模大約200260人。大會的主要議程包括年度報告中涉及的有關(guān)項目的活動情況、ISO的戰(zhàn)略計劃以及財政情況等。ISO中央秘書處承擔全體大會、全體大會設(shè)立的4個政策制定委員會、理事會、技術(shù)管理局和通用標準化原理委員會的秘書處的工作。自1994年開始根據(jù)ISO新章程，ISO全體大會改為一年一次。ISO的主要官員有5位，他們是：ISO主席（President）；ISO副主席（政策）（Vice President，Policy），ISO副主席（技術(shù)）（Vice President，Technical Management）；ISO司庫（Treasurer）；ISO秘書長（SecretaryGeneral），所有主要官員由理事會任命，享有終身任期；ISO秘書長負責主持ISO的日常工作。 國際標準的形成過程國際標準由技術(shù)委員會(TC)和分技術(shù)委員會(SC)經(jīng)過六個階段形成： 第一階段：申請階段；第二階段：預備階段； 第三階段：委員會階段； 第四階段：審查階段； 第五階段：批準階段； 第六階段：發(fā)布階段。 若在開始階段得到的文件比較成熟，則可省略其中的一些階段。ISO成員國ISO Members by Country Country A2 Code Country A3 Code Country Code No. Country Name (English) Standards Body ISO Status AF AFG 004 Afghanistan ANSA Correspondent Member AL ALB 008 Albania DPS Correspondent Member DZ DZA 012 Algeria IANOR Member Body AD AND 020 Andorra IRAM Member Body AO AGO 024 Angola IANORQ Correspondent Member AG ATG 028 Antigua & Barbuda ABBS Subscriber Member AR ARG 032 Argentina IRAM Member Body AM ARM 051 Armenia SARM Member Body AU AUS 036 Australia SA Member Body AT AUT 040 Austria ON Member Body AZ AZE 031 Azerbaijan AZSTAND Member Body BS BHS 044 Bahamas - 1 BH BHR 048 Bahrain BMSD Member Body BD BGD 050 Bangladesh BSTI Member Body BB BRB 052 Barbados BNSI Member Body BY BLR 112 Belarus BELST Member Body BE BEL 056 Belgium NBN Member Body BZ BLZ 084 Belize - 1 BJ BEN 204 Benin CEBENOR Correspondent Member BT BTN 064 Bhutan SQCA Correspondent Member BO BOL 068 Bolivia IBNORCA Correspondent Member BA BIH 070 Bosnia & Herzegovina BASMP Member Body BW BWA 072 Botswana BOBS Member Body BR BRA 076 Brazil ABNT Member Body BN BRB 096 Brunei Darussalam CPRU Correspondent Member BG BGR 100 Bulgaria BDS Member Body BF BFA 854 Burkina Faso FASONORM Correspondent Member BI BDI 108 Burundi BBN Subscriber Member KH KHM 116 Cambodia ISC Subscriber Member CM CMR 120 Cameroon CDNQ Correspondent Member CA CAN 124 Canada SCC Member Body CV CPV 132 Cape Verde - 1 CF CAF 140 Central African Republic - 1 TD TCD 148 Chad - 1 CL CHL 52 Chile INN Member Body CN CHN 156 China SAC Member Body CO COL 170 Colombia ICONTEC Member Body KM COM 174 Comoros - 1 CG COG 178 Congo, Republic of the - 1 CD(ZR) COD 180 Congo, Democratic Republic of the (Zaire) OCC Member Body CR CRI 188 Costa Rica INTECO Member Body CI CIV 384 Côte dIvoire CODINORM Member Body HR HRV 191 Croatia HZN Member Body CU CUB 192 Cuba NC Member Body CY CYP 196 Cyprus CYS Member Body CZ CZE 203 Czech Republic CNI Member Body DK DNK 208 Denmark DS Member Body DJ DJI 262 Djibouti - 1 DM DMA 212 Dominica DBOS Subscriber Member DO DOM 214 Dominican Republic DIGINOR Correspondent Member EC ECU 218 Ecuador INEN Member Body EG EGY 818 Egypt EOS Member Body SV SLV 222 El Salvador CONACYT Correspondent Member GQ GNQ 226 Equatorial Guinea - 1 ER ERI 232 Eritrea ESI Correspondent Member EE EST 233 Estonia EVS Correspondent Member ET ETH 231 Ethiopia QSAE Member Body FJ FJI 242 Fiji FTSQCO Member Body FI FIN 246 Finland SFS Member Body FR FRA 250 France AFNOR Member Body GA GAB 266 Gabon CNTT Correspondent Member GM GMB 270 Gambia, The - 1 GE GEO 268 Georgia GEOSTM Correspondent Member DE DEU 276 Germany DIN Member Body GH GHA 288 Ghana GSB Member Body GR GRC 300 Greece ELOT Member Body GD GRD 308 Grenada - 1 GT GTM 320 Guatemala COGUANOR Correspondent Member GN GIN 324 Guinea INNM Correspondent Member GW GNB 624 Guinea-Bissau DSNPQ Correspondent Member GY GUY 328 Guyana GNBS Subscriber Member HT HTI 332 Haiti - 1 HN HND 340 Honduras COHCIT Subscriber Member HK HKG 344 Hong Kong, China ITCHKSAR Correspondent Member HU HUN 348 Hungary MSZT Member Body IS ISL 352 Iceland IST Member Body IN IND 356 India BIS Member Body ID IDN 360 Indonesia BSN Member Body IR IRN 364 Iran, Islamic Republic of ISIRTI Member Body IQ IRW 368 Iraq COSQC Member Body IE IRL 372 Ireland NSAI Member Body IL ISR 376 Israel SII Member Body IT ITA 380 Italy UNI Member Body JM JAM 388 Jamaica JBS Member Body JP JPN 392 Japan JISC Member Body JO JOR 400 Jordan JISM Member Body KZ KAZ 398 Kazakhstan KAZMEMST Member Body KE KEN 404 Kenya KEBS Member Body KI KIR 296 Kiribati - 1 KP PRK 408 Korea, Democratic Peoples Republic CSK Member Body KR KOR 410 Korea, Republic of KATS Member Body KW KWT 414 Kuwait KOWSMD Member Body KG KGZ 417 Kyrgyzstan KYRGYZST Correspondent Member LA LAO 418 Laos (Lao Peoples Democratic Republic) DISM Subscriber Member LV LVA 428 Latvia LVS Correspondent Member LB LBN 422 Lebanon LIBNOR Member Body LS LSO 426 Lesotho LSQAS Subscriber Member LR LBR 430 Liberia - 1 LY LBY 434 Libyan Arab Jamahiriya LNCSM Member Body LI LIE 438 Liechtenstein - 1 LT LTU 440 Lithuania LST Correspondent Member LU LUX 442 Luxembourg SEE Member Body MO MAC 446 Macau (Macau China) CPTTM Correspondent Member MK MKD 807 Macedonia, The former Yugoslav Republic of ISRM Member Body MG MDG 450 Madagascar BNM Correspondent Member MW MWI 454 Malawi MBS Correspondent Member MY MYS 458 Malaysia DSM Member Body MV MDV 462 Maldives - 1 ML MLI 466 Mali MLIDNI Correspondent Member MT MLT 470 Malta MSA Member Body MH MHL 584 Marshall Islands - 1 MR MRT 478 Mauritania - 1 MU MUS 480 Mauritius MSB Member Body MX MEX 484 Mexico DGN Member Body FM FSM 583 Micronesia, Federated States Of - 1 MD MDA 498 Moldova, Republic of MOLDST Correspondent Member MC MCO 492 Monaco - 1 MN MNG 496 Mongolia MASM Member Body (YS)2 - - Montenegro ISME Correspondent Member MA MAR 504 Morocco SNIMA Member Body MZ MOZ 508 Mozambique INNOQ Correspondent Member MM MMR 104 Myanmar MSTRD Correspondent Member NA NAM 516 Namibia NSIQO Correspondent Member NR NRU 520 Nauru - 1 NP NPL 524 Nepal NBSM Correspondent Member NL NLD 528 The Netherlands NEN Member Body NZ NZL 554 New Zealand SNZ Member Body NI NIC 558 Nicaragua DTNM Correspondent Member NE NER 562 Niger DNQM Correspondent Member NG NGA 566 Nigeria SON Member Body NO NOR 578 Norway SN Member Body OM OMN 512 Oman DGSM Member Body PK PAK 586 Pakistan PSQCA Member Body PW PLW 585 Palau - 1 PS PSE 275 Palestinian State3 PSI Correspondent Member PA PAN 591 Panama COPANIT Member Body PG PNG 598 Papua New Guinea NISIT Correspondent Member PY PRY 600 Paraguay INTN Correspondent Member PE PER 604 Peru INDECOPI Member Body PH PHL 608 The Philippines BPS Member Body PL POL 616 Poland PKN Member Body PT PRT 620 Portugal IPQ Member Body QA QAT 634 Qatar QS Member Body RO ROU 642 Romania ASRO Member Body RU RUS 643 Russian Federation GOST R Member Body RW RWA 646 Rwanda RBS Correspondent Member KN KNA 659 St. Kitts & Nevis - 1 LC LCA 662 St. Lucia SLBS Member Body VC VCT 670 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines SVGBS Subscriber Member WS WSM 882 Samoa - 1 SM SMR 674 San Marino - 1 ST STP 678 São Tom & Prncipe - 1 SA SAU 682 Saudi Arabia SASO Member Body SN SEN 686 Senegal ASN Correspondent Member CS SCG 891 Serbia ISS Member Body SC SYC 690 Seychelles SBS Correspondent Member SL SLE 694 Sierra Leone - 1 SG SGP 702 Singapore SPRING SG Member Body SK SVK 703 Slovakia SUTN Member Body SI SVN 705 Slovenia SIST Member Body SB SLB 090 Solomon Islands - 1 SO SOM 706 Somalia - 1 ZA ZAF 710 South Africa SABS Member Body ES ESP 724 Spain AENOR 1. Member Body LK LKA 144 Sri Lanka SLSI Member Body SD SDN 736 Sudan SSMO Member Body SR SUR 740 Suriname SSB Subscriber member SZ SWZ 748 Swaziland SQAS Correspondent Member SE SWE 752 Sweden SIS Member Body CH CHE 756 Switzerland SNV Member Body SY SYR 760 Syrian Arab Republic SASMO Member Body TW TWN 158 Taiwan - 1 TJ TJK 762 Tajikistan TJKSTN Correspondent Member TZ TZA 834 Tanzania, United Republic of TBS Member Body TH THA 764 Thailand TISI Member Body TL(TP) TLS 206 Timor Leste, Democratic Republic of (East Timor) - 1 TG TGO 768 Togo CSN Correspondent Member TO TON 776 Tonga - 1 TT TTO 780 Trinidad & Tobago TTBS Member Body TN TUN 788 Tunisia INNORPI Member Body TR TUR 792 Turkey TSE Member Body TM TKM 795 Turkmenistan MSST Correspondent Member TV TUV 798 Tuvalu - 1 UG UGA 800 Uganda UNBS Correspondent Member UA UKR 804 Ukraine DSSU Member Body AE ARE 784 United Arab Emirates ESMA Member Body UK GBR 826 United Kingdom (Great Britain) BSI Member Body 45 US USA 840 United States ANSI Member Body UY URY 858 Uruguay UNIT Member Body UZ UZB 860 Uzbekistan UZSTANDARD Member Body VU VUT 548 Vanuatu - 1 VA VAT 336 Vatican City (Holy See) - 1 VE VEN 862 Venezuela FONDONORMA Member Body VN VNM 704 Vietnam TCVN Member Body EH ESH 732 Western Sahara - 1 YE YEM 887 Yemen YSMO Correspondent Member ZM ZMB 894 Zambia ZABS Correspondent Member ZW ZWE 816 Zimbabwe SAZ Member Body 1.Does not have representation in ISO under any membership class as of January 2008. 2.Macedonia, Montenegro, and Serbia were part of Former Yugoslavia. Although it is a country, ISO 3166-1993 (E) does not separately list Montenegro. 3.Although not technically a Country, the Palestinian State has representation in ISO as if it was. 4.Although technically the official country name for the UK is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland it is referred to as Great Britain by the ISO. 5.Although technically they are Countries, England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland are not listed separately from Great Britain in ISO 3166-1993 (E) and do not have their own ISO representation. 外部連接國際標準化組織的正式網(wǎng)站（英文及法文）/ ISO (International Organization for Standardization) is the worlds largest developer and publisher of International Standards.ISO is a network of the national standards institutes of 157 countries, one member per country, with a Central Secretariat in Geneva, Switzerland, that coordinates the system. ISO is a non-governmental organization that forms a bridge between the public and private sectors. On the one hand, many of its member institutes are part of the governmental structure of their countries, or are mandated by their government. On the other hand, other members have their roots uniquely in the private sector, having been set up by national partnerships of industry associations. Therefore, ISO enables a consensus to be reached on solutions that meet both the requirements of business and the broader needs of society.ISO forms a bridge between the public and private sectors.ISO質(zhì)量體系標準包括ISO9000、10000及14000三種系列。ISO9000標準明確了質(zhì)量管理和質(zhì)量保證體系，適用于生產(chǎn)型及服務(wù)型企業(yè)。ISO10000標準為從事和審核質(zhì)量管理和質(zhì)量保證體系提供了指導方針。ISO14000標準明確了環(huán)境質(zhì)量管理體系。ISO9000質(zhì)量體系標準包括了3個體系標準和8條指導方針。3個體系標準分別是ISO9001、9002和9003；8個指導方針是ISO9000-1至4和ISO9004-1至4。其中首要標準是ISO9001，它為設(shè)計、制造產(chǎn)品及提供服務(wù)的組織，明確指出了一套完整質(zhì)量體系中的20條要素。ISO900