非謂語動詞講解2009.doc

非謂語動詞講解非謂語動詞是指分詞（包括現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞）、不定式、動名詞等三種形式，即： doing , done , to do , doing 。當(dāng)然它們有各自不同的變化形式，如： 現(xiàn)在分詞 doing : 有being done（被動式） ; having done （完成式）; having been done （完成被動式） 不定式 to do : 有to be done （被動式）; to have done （完成式）; to be doing（進行式） 動名詞 doing : 有having done（完成式）; being done（被動式） ; 非謂語動詞的特點： 三種非謂語動詞都具有動詞的特征，雖然它們沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化，但是它們都能帶自己的狀語或有時跟賓語。它們都有各自的特征：分詞具有形容詞和副詞的特征；動名詞具有名詞的特征；不定式具有名詞、形容詞和副詞的特征。具體來講：分詞在句子中可以做定語、表語、狀語或補足語等；動名詞在句子中可以做主語、賓語、表語等；不定式在句子中可以做主語、賓語、表語、補足語或狀語。 下面分別對三種非謂語動詞進行講解：一 動詞不定式先看幾個例句，判斷不定式在句中的成分。1To learn a foreign language is difficult .2 His wish is to be a driver . 3Tom wanted to have a cup of beer . 4The teacher told us to do morning exercises . 5I have nothing to say . 6They went to see their aunt . 7Its easy to see their aunt.8I dont know what to do next .9I heard them make a noise .說明：1動詞不定式作主語, 2.動詞不定式作表語,3.動詞不定式作賓語,4動詞不定式作賓語補足語，5動詞不定式作定語,6動詞不定式作目的狀語,7動詞不定式作真正主語，it 代替動詞不定式，作形式主語。8帶有連接代詞的動詞不定式作賓語,9不帶to 的動詞不定式作賓語補足語。 掌握動詞不定式應(yīng)注意的幾個問題：1 “to” 是不定式符號還是介詞，下列短語中的to 都是介詞。 agree to object to close to , come to , lead to , refer to , equal to , familiar to , point to , thank to , devote to , next to , belong to , be used to , look forward to 2 帶to 還是不帶to I have no choice but to give in I cannot do anything but give in I saw him enter the classroom . （ 但是： He was seen to enter the classroom .） 3 動詞不定式邏輯主語是由for 作為標記的。但是有時用of . Its necessary for you to study hard . Its foolish of him to do it . 與of 連用的形容詞有： good, kind , nice , wise ,clever , foolish , right , wrong , careful , careless , polite , possible 4后接不定式作賓語的動詞有： want , hope , wish , like , begin , try , need , forget , agree , know , promise , teach , refuse , help , arrange , dare , decide , determine , fail , manage , offer , prepare , continue , ask , mean , choose , expect etc.需要賓語補足語的動詞不能用動詞不定式直接做介詞的賓語，而要用it做形式賓語。例如：通常不說We think to obey the laws is important . 而說We think it important to obey the laws . 5不定式的省略。下列短語中，如果意義明確，常常省略到to 。want to , wish to ,hope to , like to , hate to , plan to , try to , love to , have to , ought to , need to , used to , be able to 6不定式作定語，應(yīng)注意兩種關(guān)系：1）動賓關(guān)系： He has a lot of meeting to attend . Please lend me something to write with . He is looking for a room to live He is looking for a room to live in . He has no money and no place to live ( in ) . I think the best way to travel ( by ) is on foot . There is no time to think ( about ) . 2）主謂關(guān)系： She is always the last ( person) to speak at the meeting . -Im going to the post office , for I have a letter to post . ( 邏輯主語是I )-Thank you. But I have no letters to be posted now ( 邏輯主語不是I ) 7不定式作狀語，可以有以下幾種意義： 1） 原因 He is lucky to get here on time . 這種結(jié)構(gòu)中常用的形容詞有： happy , glad , delighted , pleased , sorry , eager , anxious . lucky , fortunate , proud , angry surprised , frightened , disappointed , ready , clever , foolish , worthy 2) 目的 He came to help me with my maths . 3) 結(jié)果 I hurried to get there only to find him out . The book is too hard for the boy to read . He is old enough to go to school . 8 . 不定式作補足語 I saw him play in the street just now . 能跟不帶to 的不定式作補足語的動詞有： see , feel , hear , listen to , look at , watch , let , have make, observe, notice 注: 當(dāng)這些詞為被動式時，不定式要帶to , 如： He was seen to play in the street just now.二動名詞Learning English is very difficult .學(xué)英語非常困難。His job is driving a bus . 他的工作是開車。I enjoy dancing .我喜歡跳舞。I have got used to living in the country . 我已經(jīng)習(xí)慣了住農(nóng)村。Take some sleeping tablets , and you will soon fall asleep . 吃點安眠藥，你很快就會入睡。注意以下幾種結(jié)構(gòu)：1Theres no telling what will happen .=Its impossible to tell what will happen . = No one can tell what will happen . 2Its no use talking with him . Its no good speaking to them like that . 3Theres some difficulty ( in ) doing 在此句型中,difficulty 可以由以下單詞替換: trouble , problem , fun , pleasure , a good time , a hard time 注意以下幾個問題： 1下列動詞后跟不定式與跟動名詞作賓語意義有區(qū)別， forget to do 忘記要做某事 forget doing 忘記做了某事 remember to do記住要做某事 remember doing 記著做了某事 mean to do 有意要做某事mean doing 意味著做了某事 regret to do 對要做的事表示后悔regret doing 對做過去的事后悔cant help to do不能幫助做某事cant help doing 情不自禁做某事try to do 盡力去做某事try doing 試著做某事learn to do 學(xué)著去做某事learn doing 學(xué)會做某事stop to do 停下來去做（另一件事）stop doing 停止做某事go on to do 接著做（另外一件事）go on doing 繼續(xù)做某事used to do 過去做某事be used to doing 習(xí)慣做某事2動名詞作定語與現(xiàn)在分詞作定語意義有區(qū)別動名詞作定語表達 n+ for doing 的含義現(xiàn)在分詞作定語表達 n+which(who) be doing的含義如：a sleeping car = a car for sleeping a running horse = a horse which is running 前者是動名詞 ， 后者是現(xiàn)在分詞又如： drinking water , walking stick running water , sleeping boy 3 動名詞的邏輯主語：動名詞的邏輯主語為代詞或名詞的所有格形式。例如：His coming made us very happy . 4動名詞的語態(tài)和時態(tài) 5 動名詞主動形式表被動的情況： need doing , want doing , require doing 例如： This room needs painting . 這個房間需要粉刷。 6只能跟動名詞作賓語的動詞： admit , avoid , advise , consider , delay , deny , enjoy , escape , excuse , fancy , finish , complete , forbid , imagine , mind , miss , permit . practise , require , suggest , risk , keep, take to , look forward to , get down to , feel like , cant help , cant stand , be used to ,insist on , succeed in , set about, give up , include , 三 分詞 1 The story is interesting . Im interested in it . 這個故事有興趣，我對這個故事感興趣。 2 . This is a moving film . 這是一部動人的電影。 3. The secretary worked late into the night , preparing a long speech for the president . 秘書工作到深夜，為主席準備一篇長篇演講稿。 4. Given more time , Ill do it well . 如果給我多一點時間，我會做的更好。When he passed the back of the street , he saw the thief stealing some money from the bank . 當(dāng)他后街時，看到小偷正從銀行偷錢。 應(yīng)注意的幾個問題： 1現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞的區(qū)別 Do you know the woman talking to Tom ? = Do you know the woman who is talking to Tom ? The soldier wounded in the war has become a doctor.= The soldier who was wounded in the war has become a doctor.China is a developing country and America is a developed country. 2分詞作表語 The news sounds encouraging . They got very excited . 1）現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞作表語的區(qū)別： The news is interesting . He is interested in the news .doing 作表語，主語與表語是主謂關(guān)系 ；done 作表語，主語與表語是動賓關(guān)系。 2）表語與被動式的區(qū)別：The blackboard was broken by Xiao Ming .（強調(diào)動作） The blackboard is broken . Youd better have it repaired.（強調(diào)狀態(tài)） 3）常作表語的過去分詞： amused , injured , covered , known , dressed , lost , broken , gone , delighted, excited , pleased , satisfied , married , worried , surprised , interested , burnt , shut , crowded , wounded , drank , done 3現(xiàn)在分詞、動名詞 現(xiàn)在進行時的區(qū)別The situation in our country is encouraging . (表語)The situation in our country is encouraging the people . ( 現(xiàn)在進行時)My job is looking after the little baby . (動名詞)能回答how-question 的是現(xiàn)在分詞，能回答what-question 的動名詞，即不能回答how-question 也不能回答what-question 的是現(xiàn)在進行時。 例如： How is the situation in our country ? It is encouraging . What is your job ? My job is looking after the little baby . 4注意的四種結(jié)構(gòu)： have something to do 有某事要做 have something done 使某事被做 have somebody do something 使某人做某事 have something doing 讓某事一直做著5 需要跟反身代詞作賓語的動詞：seat , prepare , hide , dress 如：I seated myself on the chair .I was seated on the chair . 6分詞做狀語與不定式的區(qū)別： 分詞做狀語表示時間、原因、讓步、 條件、方式、伴隨等；而不定式表示目的和結(jié)果。 Having finished the homework , I went home . （ 時間） Being a Party member , I should work hard . （原因） Given more time ,I can do my work better . （ 條件 ） He ran out of the classroom ,shouting at the boy. （ 伴隨） To get more knowledge , we must work harder and harder . ( 目的 ) He is old enough to join the army . （ 結(jié)果） 7分詞、動名詞和不定式作定語的區(qū)別 a running horse 現(xiàn)在分詞 = a horse that is running a fallen leaf 過去分詞 = a leaf that has already fallen a walking stick 動名詞 = a stick for walking something to do 不定式 = something that I should do 8不定式被動式、分詞的被動式和過去分詞的區(qū)別：I have a problem to be discussed at the meeting . ( 將來)The building being built on the river is the Science Museum . （正在進行） The building completed three years ago is now in bad conditions . （ 過去） 9分詞做狀語需要注意的一個問題： 分詞與句子主語的邏輯關(guān)系 Seeing from the hill , the city looks beautiful .( 錯誤 ) Seen from the hill , the city looks beautiful . （ 正確） Seeing 與the city 不是主謂關(guān)系；seen 與city 是動賓關(guān)系練習(xí)I .單項選擇1.Most of the people _ to the party were famous scientists.A. invited B. to invite C. being invited D. inviting 2. _ many times, but he still couldnt understand it . A. Having being told B. Though had been told C. He was told D. Having told 3. She reached the top of the hill and stopped _ on a big rock by the side of the path . A.to have rested B. testing C. to rest D. rest 4. The next morning she found the man _ in bed , dead . A. lying B. lie C. lay D. laying 5. The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier , _ it more difficult .A. to make B. not to make C. not making D. to not make6 . The Olympic Games , _ in 776 B.C., did not include women plays until 1912 . A.first playing B.to be first played C. first played D. to be first playing7 . -You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting .- Well , now I regret _that . A. to do B. to be doing C. to have done D. having done 8 . The visiting Minister expressed