英語六級語法重點講解_免費下載.doc

大學(xué)英語六級語法重點講解英語六級語法重點講解特殊的虛擬語氣詞should1） It is demanded / necessary / a pity + that結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語從句的謂語動詞要用should 加動詞原形， should 可省略。句型：(1)suggested(2)It isimportantthat+ (should) do(3) a pity(1)suggested, ordered, proposed, required, demanded, requested, insisted； + (should) do(2)important, necessary, natural, strange，a pity, a shame, no wonder(3)It is suggested that we (should) hold a meeting next week.It is necessary that he (should) come to our meeting tomorrow.2）在賓語從句中的應(yīng)用在表示命令、建議、要求等一類動詞后面的從句中。order, suggest, propose, require, demand, request, insist, command, insist + (should) doI suggest that we (should) hold a meeting next week.He insisted that he (should ) be sent there.注意： 如suggest, insist不表示建議 或堅持要某人做某事時，即它們用于其本意暗示、表明、堅持認為時，賓語從句用陳述語氣。The guard at gate insisted that everybody obey the rules.判斷改錯:（錯）You pale face suggests that you (should) be ill. (對) Your pale face suggests that you are ill. (錯) I insisted that you ( should) be wrong. (對) I insisted that you were wrong.3）在表語從句，同位語從句中的應(yīng)用 在suggestion, proposal, idea, plan, order, advice等名詞后面的表語從句、同位語從句中要用虛擬語氣，即（should）+動詞原形。My idea is that we (should) get more people to attend the conference.I make a proposal that we (should) hold a meeting next week.一般現(xiàn)在時代替完成時1) 有些動詞用一般現(xiàn)在時代替完成時：hear, tell, learn, write , understand, forget, know, find , say,remember.I hear (= have heard) he will go to London.I forget (=have forgotten) how old he is.2) 句型 It is since代替It has been since 3) It is (= has been) five years since we last met不定式的特殊句型so as to1） 表示目的；它的否定式是so as not to do。 Tom kept quiet about the accident so as not to lose his job. 湯姆對事故保持沉默是為了不丟掉他的工作。 Go in quietly so as not to wake the baby. 輕點進去，別驚醒了嬰兒。2)so kind as to -勞駕 Would you be so kind as to tell me the time? 勞駕，現(xiàn)在幾點了。None、few、some、any、one、ones的用法一、 none 無1) none作主語，多與of 構(gòu)成短語 none of。 在答語中，none可單獨使用。Are there any pictures on the wall?None.2) none作主語，謂語動詞單復(fù)數(shù)均可。但如做表語，則其單復(fù)數(shù)與表語一致。It is none of your business.二、few 一些，少數(shù)few 作主語時，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)，多用于肯定句。三、some 一些1) 可與復(fù)數(shù)名詞及不可數(shù)名詞連用。2) 當(dāng)做某一解時，也可與單數(shù)名詞連用。（= a certain）You will be sorry for this some day.總有一天，你會后悔這件事的。A certain (some) person has seen you break the rule.某些人不同意你的看法。注意：(1)在肯定疑問句中用some代替any。(2)some用于其他句式中: a.肯定疑問句中：說話人認為對方的答案會是肯定的，或期望得到肯定回答時。Would you like句式中，表委婉請求或建議，如： Would you like some coffee? b.在條件狀語從句中表示確定的意義時，如： If you need some help，let me know. c. some位于主語部分, Some students havent been there before. d. 當(dāng)否定的是整體中的部分時，some可用于否定句。如： I havent heard from some of my old friends these years. 這些年我沒有收到一些老朋友的信。四、any 一些1)any 多用于否定句和疑問句和條件狀語從句中。當(dāng)句中含有任何的意思時，any可用于肯定句。Here are three novels. You may read any.這有三本小說，你可任讀一本。五、one, ones 為復(fù)數(shù)形式ones必須和形容詞連用。如果替代的名詞時無形容詞在前，則用some, any，而不用ones。Have you bought any rulers?Yes，I ve bought some.Only在句首要倒裝的情況Only in this way, can you learn English well.Only after being asked three times did he come to the meeting.如果句子為主從復(fù)合句，則主句倒裝，從句不倒裝Only when he is seriously ill, does he ever stay in bed.不定代詞every、no、all、both、neither、nor的用法1）不定代詞有all , both, every, each, either, neither, more, little, few, much, many, another, other, some, any , one, no 以及some, something, anything, everything, somebody, someone, anybody, anyone, nothing , nobody, no one, none, everybody, everyone.等。2） 不定代詞的功能與用法a.除every 和no外不定代詞既可用作名詞，也可用作形容詞。every和no在句中只能作定語。I have no idea about it.b.all 都，指三者以上。all 的主謂一致：all的單復(fù)數(shù)由它所修飾或指代的名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)決定。All goes well. 一切進展得很好。all 通常不與可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)連用，如：不說 all the book，而說 the whole book。但all可與表時間的可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)連用，如 all day，all night，all the year； 但習(xí)慣上不說 all hour，all century。all還可以與一些特殊的單數(shù)名詞連用，如 all China，all the city，all my life， all the way3） both都，指兩者。a.both 與復(fù)數(shù)動詞連用，但 both and可與單數(shù)名詞連用。b.both, all 都可作同位語，其位置在行為動詞前， be 動詞之后。如果助動詞或情態(tài)動詞后面的實義動詞省 去，則位于助動詞或情態(tài)動詞之前。Who can speak Japanese?We both (all) can.4）neither兩者都不a.neither作主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。b. 作定語與單數(shù)名詞連用，但neither nor 用作并列連詞，可與復(fù)數(shù)名詞連用。其謂語采用就近原則。c.可用于下列句型，避免重復(fù)。She cant sing，neither (can) he.neither 與nord.如前句是否定式從句，則主句用neither，而不用 nor。If you dont do it，neither should I.如果你不干，我也不干。e. 如后連續(xù)有幾個否定句式，則用nor，不用neither。He cant sing，nor dance，nor skate.比較may和might1） 表示允許或請求；表示沒有把握的推測；may 放在句首，表示祝愿。May God bless you!He might be at home.注意： might 表示推測時，不表示時態(tài)。只是可能性比may 小。2） 成語： may/might as well，后面接不帶to 的不定式，意為不妨。If that is the case, we may as well try.典型例題Peter _come with us tonight, but he isnt very sure yet.A. mustB. may C. can D. will答案B. 表可能性只能用may.此句意可從后半句推出。though, although的用法注意： 當(dāng)有though, although時，后面的從句不能有but，但是 though 和yet可連用Although its raining, they are still working in the field.雖然在下雨，但他們?nèi)栽诘乩锔苫?。He is very old, but he still works very hard.雖然他很老，但仍然努力地工作。Though the sore be healed, yet a scar may remain.傷口雖愈合，但傷疤留下了。 （諺語）典型例題1） _she is young, she knows quite a lot.A. WhenB. However C. Although D. Unless答案：C。意為雖然她很年輕，卻知道許多。2)as, though 引導(dǎo)的倒裝句as / though引導(dǎo)的讓步從句必須表語或狀語提前（形容詞、副詞、分詞、實義動詞提前）。Child as /though he was, he knew what was the right thing to do.= Though he was a small child, he knew what was the right thing to do.注意： a.句首名詞不能帶任何冠詞。b.句首是實義動詞，其他助動詞放在主語后。如果實義動詞有賓語和狀語，隨實義動詞一起放在主語之前。Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.= Though he tries hard, he never seems雖然他盡了努力，但他的工作總做的不盡人意。3)ever if, even though.即使Well make a trip even though the weather is bad.4) whetheror- 不管都Whether you believe it or not, it is true.5)no matter +疑問詞 或疑問詞+后綴everNo matter what happened, he would not mind.Whatever happened, he would not mind.替換：no matter what = whateverno matter who = whoeverno matter when = wheneverno matter where = whereverno matter which = whicheverno matter how = however注意：no matter 不能引導(dǎo)主語從句和賓語從句。（錯）No matter what you say is of no use now.（對）Whatever you say is of no use now.你現(xiàn)在說什么也沒用了。(Whatever you say是主語從句)（錯）Prisoners have to eat no matter what theyre given,（對）Prisoners have to eat whatever theyre given.囚犯們只能給什么吃什么。從so do I 談起 兩人對話，乙方對甲方的問話?？捎煤喍袒卮鹱鞒?反應(yīng)。例如： Do you like it? - Yes，I do.這同樣適用于陳述句的場合： You worry too much- No，I dont.在后一種情況下，乙方也能Sodo主語之類 的結(jié)構(gòu)表示看法。 例如甲方說我喜歡蘋果，乙方 如果想表示我也喜歡蘋果，英語可以說：A：I like apples.B：So do I（ I like apples，too。）這里的so在意義上相當(dāng)于in the same way，即同樣、 也那樣，作簡短反應(yīng)表示同樣看法時常用之。就諸如此類的四種結(jié)構(gòu)略作介紹。1Sodo主語結(jié)構(gòu) 在簡短反應(yīng)中表示我也如此或另外一個人也 如此時，也就是主語不同于上文的主語以及上 文并無可用于構(gòu)成倒裝的動詞（即操作詞時）， 可用此結(jié)構(gòu)。例如： A：I like playing football. B：So do I./So does my brother./So did my father. 如果上文有可用于構(gòu)成倒裝的動詞時，則用相同 的動詞或根據(jù)不同人稱用同類的動詞。 I must go - So must I. John can speak French-So can I. Ive got a new car-So has John. She is clever.- So is he.2Neither/Nor do 主語 結(jié)構(gòu) 如果上文表示否定意義而在簡短反應(yīng)中表示同樣 看法時，可用此結(jié)構(gòu)。例如，甲方說I cant swim， 乙方如果想表示我也不會游泳，英語可以說 Neither can I. / Nor can I（I cant either）。 又例如： A：He doesnt speak French. B：Neither/Nor do I. Neither/Nor does my brother. Neither/Nor does my father. 關(guān)于以上兩種結(jié)構(gòu)，有兩點說明： 第一，能用動詞縮略形式。例如： Im going to London. -Sos John。(is) Ive been to New York. -Sos John.(has) Id have gone to Tokyo if I could-Sod John.(would) John hasnt got a visa. -Norve do I(have) Jim and Mary arent acting in the college play. -Neithers Peter.(is)第二，上述甲乙對話如用and連成一句可出自一人 之口。例如： John can speak French and so cant I. John cant speak French and neither/ nor can I. John speaks French and so do I. John doesnt speak French and neither/nor do I. 上述斜體部分相當(dāng)于and I can, too / and I cant either / and I do too / and I dont either 的意思。3So主語do結(jié)構(gòu) 在簡短反應(yīng)中，對別人所說的情況加以肯定以及 主語與上文主語相同時，可用此結(jié)構(gòu)，注意，這 里不用倒裝同序；so 的意義相當(dāng)于indeed, certainly，即不錯、對了。例如： A：John smokes a lot. B: So he does(=He smokes a lot indeed.) 這類簡短反應(yīng)往往帶有說話人的驚奇口吻。例如： A：Look，its raining! B: So it is. 在這里，So it is的含義是 You are right! It is raining；and this surprises me.more than的用法a)接名詞，意為“不僅，不止”，有and的意思。He was more than a scientist, but was a poet.他不僅是為科學(xué)家，還是個詩人。b)接數(shù)詞，意為“.以上”。More than twenty people were injured in the accident.20多人在事故中受傷。c)接形容詞，意為“非常，十分”。He was more than pleased with her performance.他對她的表演非常滿意。d)接含can的從句，意為“如此.不能；.得不”。The beauty of the place is more than I can describe.那地方美得無法形容。e)接動詞，意為“不僅是.而且還.”。They decide to do more than talk about the rise of the cheating.主謂倒裝句的應(yīng)用 主語和謂語是句子的核心，它們之間有兩種語序：一是主語在謂語之前稱為自然語序（Natural Order）；二是主語在謂語之后則稱為倒裝語序（Inverted Order）。而倒裝語序中又有全部倒裝（Full Inversion）和部分倒裝（Partial Inversion）兩種情況。 首先，在全部倒裝的句子中，要把整個謂語放在主語的前面去而構(gòu)成倒裝語序。 例如： There are large numbers of students in the lecture hall. 在There be的句式中，There只是個引導(dǎo)詞而不是主語，真正的主語是后面作表語的名詞或者名詞短語。因此，There be的句式都是全部倒裝的句子。）演講廳里有大量的學(xué)生。 When he ran to the door, there stood a mid-aged man with a lantern in his hand .（此句是為了描述情節(jié)的需要，把倒裝當(dāng)著修辭的手段而寫成了全部倒裝句。句子的主語是a mid-aged man，謂語是stood 。）當(dāng)他向房門跑去時，那兒正立著一位手里拿著一盞燈籠的中年男人。另外，在部分倒裝的句子中，只把謂語的一部分（如情態(tài)動詞、助動詞、或是系動詞be）放到主語的前面去，構(gòu)成倒裝語序。例如：Are you going to take part in the football match against Accounting Department on Friday afternoon? （句子的謂語是are going to take part，are是句子的謂語的一部分；句子的主語是you 。所以，此句是部分倒裝的句子。疑問句都是部分倒裝句。）你打算去參加星期五與會計系進行的足球賽嗎？Hardly could he finish his test paper when the school bell rang .（由于語法要求的原因，本句寫成了部分倒裝的句子。它的自然語序應(yīng)該是：When the bell rang, he could hardly finish his test paper.）他還未做完試卷，下課鈴就響了。了解了倒裝語序的構(gòu)成情況后，我們再來看看倒裝語序在各種不同類句子中的使用情況：A. 在疑問句中各種疑問句一般地說都是倒裝語序。例如：Will they come to see us this weekend ? 這個周末他們將來看我們嗎？Are you talking about the film you saw last Monday ?你們是在談?wù)撃銈兩现芤豢吹哪遣侩娪皢?？Can you speak another foreign language except English?除開英語，你還能說另一種外語嗎？Where did you buy the dictionary, in the book store nearby or in Xinhua bookstore?你在哪兒買的這本詞典，是在附近的書店還是在新華書店？She is not a student, isnt she ? 她不是個學(xué)生，對嗎？B. 在感嘆句中某些感嘆句也用倒裝語序。例如：Isnt it a beautiful garden ! 多么美麗的花園?。hat a beautiful garden it is ! 多么美麗的花園?。。ㄔ谶@種句式中，主語在謂語之前，屬于自然語序。對于主語和謂語而言，語序沒有倒裝。）Have you ever seen such a naughty kid like him !你見過那個孩子像他這么調(diào)皮！C. 在陳述句中 陳述句在一般情況下用自然語序；但由于英語語法的某些原因，陳述句也要使用倒裝語序。這些原因大致可以歸納 1) 為了避免句子部分內(nèi)容不必要的重復(fù)，常用so + be動詞（助動詞、情態(tài)動詞）+主語或neither / nor + be動詞（助動詞、情態(tài)動詞）+主語的倒裝句式。其中第一個句式表示與前面所述的肯定情況相同， 第二個句式表示與前面所述的否定情況相同。例如： His brother is a college student; so is mine. 他弟弟是大學(xué)生，我弟弟也是。 His brother is not a college student; nor is min . 他弟弟不是大學(xué)生，我弟弟也不是。 He used to have his further study abroad; so did I. 他曾去國外深造過，我也去過。 He didnt use to have his further study abroad; neither did I. 他沒去國外深造過，我也沒有。 One of my friends can speak three foreign languages; so can his wife. 我的一個朋友會說三門外國語，他的妻子也會。 One of my friends cannot speak three foreign languages; neither can his wife .我的一個朋友不會說三門外國語，他的妻子也不會。 They are now preparing for their final examinations; so are we . 他們正在為期末考試作準(zhǔn)備，我們也一樣。 They are not now preparing for their final examinations; nor are we . 他們沒在為期末考試作準(zhǔn)備，我們也沒有。2）具有否定意義的詞或短語置于句首時（除否定詞修飾主語外），句子一般要寫成部分倒裝句。這類詞或短語常見的有：not, never, seldom, hardly, rarely, scarcely, by no means, under no circumstances, in no way, at no time, no sooner (than), hardly (when), not only (but also), not until ,等。例如： Hardly had she sat down when she heard someone knocking at the door . 她還沒來得及坐下來，就聽見有人敲門。 Not until twelve oclock did he go to bed last night . 他昨晚直到十二點鐘才睡覺。 Never have my sisters been to Hong Kong before . 我的妹妹們以前從未去過香港。 No sooner had I returned home from New Zealand than I bought a house and went to live there.我從新西蘭一回國，就買了一棟房子并在那兒住下了。So far as I know, seldom does Mary come back to see her mother. 就我所知，瑪利幾乎很難回來看她媽媽。 Scarcely a drop of rain fell here last fall . （否定詞修飾主語時，句子不用倒裝。） 去年秋天，這兒幾乎沒下一滴雨。英語中否定句的用法1) 一般否定句I dont know this. No news is good news.There is no person /not a person/not any person in the house.2)特指否定He went to his office, not to see him.I am sorry for not coming on time.I dont think/believe/suppose/feel/imagine you are right.3)部分否定I dont know all of them.I cant see everybody/everything.All the answers are not right.（并非所有答案都對。）All is not gold that glitters. （閃光的不一定都是金子。）Both of them are not right.（并非兩人都對。）4)全體否定None of my friends smoke.I can see nothing/nobody.Nothing can be so simple as this.Neither of them is right.5) 延續(xù)否定You didnt see him, neither/nor did I.You dont know, I dont know either.He doesnt know English, let alone/to say nothing of/not to speak of French.6) 半否定句We seldom/hardly/scarcely/barely hear such fine singing.I know little English.I saw few people.7) 雙重否定You cant make something out of nothing.Whats done cannot be undone.There is no sweet without sweat.No gain without pains.I cant help /keep/ laughing whenev