英語中的主謂一致指的是謂語動詞在人稱和數(shù)上必須與主語保持一致.doc

英語中的主謂一致指的是謂語動詞在人稱和數(shù)上必須與主語保持一致。處理主謂一致問題，可依據(jù)三項原則：語法上一致、意義上一致和就近一致。根據(jù)這些原則，總結(jié)如下：一.謂語動詞用單數(shù)(1)以單數(shù)名詞或代詞、動詞不定式短語、動名詞短語或從句作主語時，謂語動詞一般要用單數(shù)動詞。 例如：To work hard is necessary.努力工作是必要的。 Reading without comprehension is no good.只讀不理解是不好的。 It pays to work hard. 天道酬勤。(2)事件、國家、機(jī)構(gòu)名稱、書刊及其他作品的名稱(專有名詞)用作主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。 例如：The United States was formed in 1776.美國于1776年成立。 The New York Times still has a wide circulation.紐約時報發(fā)行量仍然很大。 Roots is a novel about a black family.根是一部關(guān)于(美國)黑人家庭的小說。(3)表示時間、距離、金額、重量、面積、體積、容積等度量的名詞短語做主語時，謂語用單數(shù)。 例如：Two weeks was too long.兩周太長了。 Ten dollars is a small sum.十美元是個小數(shù)目。 Five times five makes twenty five.五乘以五是二十五。 One and a half bananas is left on the table.一只半香蕉留在桌子上。 4)表示學(xué)科和某些疾病名稱的名詞是復(fù)數(shù)形式，作主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。 例如：Linguistics is a branch of study on human language.語言學(xué)是人類語言中的一個分枝。 (5)有些名詞形式是復(fù)數(shù)，意義為單數(shù)，作主語時，要求單數(shù)動詞。 例如：The chaos was stopped by the police.混亂被警察阻止了。 The news is a great encouragement to us.這新聞對我們來說是一個很大的鼓舞。 Her present whereabouts is still unknown.她目前的行蹤仍然不明。 (6)主語是單數(shù)時，盡管后面跟as well as (以及)，no less than (不少于，多 達(dá))，rather than(而不是)，more than(不止是，超過)，but(除了)，except(除外)，besides( 加之，還有)，with(和一起，和一塊兒)，along with(跟一起)，accompanied by ( 由陪同)，combined with(加上)，in addition to(除以外)，including(包括)，together with(與一起)等，謂語動詞仍用單數(shù)形式。 (7)某些不定代詞，如：either,neither,each,one,other,another,anybody,anyone, anything,somebody,someone,something,everybody,everyone,everything,nobody,no one,nothing 等，當(dāng)他們作主語時，其謂語動詞通常用單數(shù)形式。 例如：Each of the boys has an apple.每個孩子都有蘋果。 Somebody is using the phone.有人正在用電話。 Everything around us is matter.我們周圍一切都是物質(zhì)。 但是口語中當(dāng)either或neither后+of+復(fù)數(shù)名詞(或代詞)作定語時，其謂語動詞也可用復(fù)數(shù)。 例如：Is (Are)either of the boys ready?兩個男孩都準(zhǔn)備好了嗎? Neither of the novels is (are)interesting.哪一本小說都沒意思。(8)集合名詞作主語表示整體概念時，動詞用單數(shù)謂語形式。 例如：The government is made up of senior members of the four main right wing parties. 這屆政府由四個主要右翼黨的高級官員組成。 His family is not very large.他的家庭并不太大。 The staff of our school is opposed to the drastic changes in the system of education. 我們學(xué)校的教員都反對教育體制的激烈改革。 The crowd was deeply stirred by his speech.他的演說深深地打動了聽眾。(9)一般用and連接的兩個單詞或短語做主語時候，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)，用and 連接的成份表示一個單一概念時候，動詞謂語用單數(shù)形式 法制law and order 肥皂水soap and water 茶杯碟子a cup and saucer 刀叉fork and knife 針線the needle and thread 反復(fù)嘗試，不斷摸索trial and error 馬車horse and carriage 歲月time and tide奶油面包bread and butter 盛衰，潮漲潮落the ebb and flow Eg.Bread and butter is our daily food Time and tide waits for no man (10)用and連接的并列成分前面有each,every,many a,no等詞修飾時，意義為單數(shù)，動詞也相應(yīng)地用單數(shù)形式。 例如：In China,every boy and girl has the right to compulsory education.在中國每個兒童都有權(quán)利接受義務(wù)教育。 Each man and woman who takes the TOEFL is supposed to get the score report in five weeks.參加托?？荚嚨拿總€人都能在五個星期內(nèi)收到成績通知單。 Many a student and teacher has seen the film.不少老師和學(xué)生都看過這部影片。(11) none(of+名詞或代詞)在正式文體中被看做單數(shù)，謂語動詞用單數(shù)，但非正式文體中也可以用復(fù)數(shù)。 例如：None of us seem to have thought of it.我們中似乎沒有人想到它。 “Is there any letter for me?”“Sorry,theres none.”“有我的信嗎”?“對不起，沒有?！?None of the drivers has (have) turned up.一個司機(jī)都沒有來。 二.謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)(1)用and,both.and連接的并列主語，或在both,(a)few,many,several等修飾語后面謂語動詞通常用復(fù)數(shù)形式。 例如：Plastics and rubber never rot.塑料和橡膠永不生銹。 He and I were classmates when we were at college.他和我大學(xué)時曾是同班同學(xué)。 Both of these novels are interesting.這兩部小說都有意思。 Few people know it.幾乎無人知道。 (2)集體名詞people,police,public,militia,cattle,class,youth等，常用復(fù)數(shù)形式的謂語動詞。 例如：The Chinese people are brave and hardworking.中國人民是勤勞勇敢的。 Most police wear uniforms.絕大多數(shù)警察穿制服。 The cattle are grazing in the sunshine.一群牛在陽光下吃草。(3)當(dāng)表示民族的詞與冠詞合用充當(dāng)主語時，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。 例如：The Japanese were once very aggressive.日本人曾是很具有侵略性的。 The English are more conservative and less talkative than the Americans.英國人比美國人保守且不愛說話。 (4)某些形容詞前面加定冠詞表示一類人。作主語時，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。 例如：The rich are not always selfish.富人不總是自私的。 The wounded are well treated here.傷員在這兒接受良好治療。 The aged suffer from various miseries in this country.老年人在這個國家承受各種悲慘遭遇。 (5)不可數(shù)名詞作主語，其前有表示數(shù)量的復(fù)數(shù)名詞修飾時，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。 例如：Three million tons of coal were exported that year.那年出口三百萬噸煤。 Two million square meters of housing were constructed in my hometown last year.我的家鄉(xiāng)去年蓋了二百萬平方米的住宅。 三.謂語動詞可用單數(shù)也可以用復(fù)數(shù) 1.就近一致有時謂語動詞的人稱和數(shù)與最近的主語保持一致，主要有以下兩種情況： (1)用連詞either.or,neither.nor,whether.or,not only.but(also),or等連接的并列主語，如果一個是單數(shù)，一個是復(fù)數(shù)，則謂語動詞按就近一致原則，與最靠近它的主語一致。 例如：What he does or what he says does not concern me.他做什么或是他說什么與我無關(guān)。 Either the boy or the girl knows him well.不是這男孩就是那女孩了解他。 Neither money nor fame has influence on me. 錢和榮譽(yù)都不會讓我動心。 Not only you but also he is wrong.你和他都錯了。 (2)在倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)中，謂語動詞往往和后面的第一個主語取得一致。 例如：Where is your mother and younger sisters?你的母親和妹妹們在哪里? There is a book,two pencils and some buttons on the table.在桌子上，有一本書，兩支鉛筆和一些扣子。 (3)主語帶有（together/along）with, such as, accompanied by, as well as, no less than, except, besides, with, combined with, in addition to , including, together with 等等附加成分，謂語的數(shù)不受附加成分的影響仍然與主語保持一致.如:Professor Taylor , with six of his students ,is attending a conference in Boston organized to compare current practice in the United States with those of other nations. The president of the college, together with the deans, is planning a conference for the purpose of laying down certain regulations. 2.集體名詞作主語時，謂語動詞的數(shù)取決于主語表示的意思和數(shù)，當(dāng)表示整體時候，謂語動詞就用單數(shù)，當(dāng)強(qiáng)調(diào)集體中的個體時候，謂語動詞就用復(fù)數(shù)。這些集體名詞如：army, audience, band ,government ,group ,flock, police, public ,staff ,team ,troop. Crowd, firm, family 等等 例如：The family is the basic unit of our society.家庭是社會的基本單元。 The family were watching TV.全家人正在看電視。 The committee meets twice a month.委員會一月開兩次會。 The committee are divided in opinion.委員會意見有分歧。 The audience was enormous.觀眾人很多。 The audience were greatly moved at the words.聽了這話聽眾都很感動。3.一些表示數(shù)量的短語與名詞連用時，謂語動詞的數(shù)取決于名詞的數(shù)。名詞是復(fù)數(shù)，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)，反之就用單數(shù)。 這些短語有：a lot of(lots of),plenty of,a heap of (heaps of),half of,two thirds of,ninety percent of,part of,rest of,some of,none of等。 例如：Lots of damage was caused by the fire.火災(zāi)造成了很大的損失。 Two thirds of people present are women.在場三分之二的人是婦女。 40 percent of the students come from the south of China.40%的學(xué)生來自中國的南方。 A number of students were late.許多同學(xué)遲到了。 4.定語從句中關(guān)系代詞作主語時，其謂語動詞的數(shù)必須與其先行詞一致。 例如：I,who am your friend,will try my best to help you.我作為你的朋友會盡力幫助你。 Each of us who are his classmates is willing to help him.我們這些他的同班同學(xué)都樂意幫助他。 5.代詞的一致 代詞一致是指句中代詞應(yīng)在數(shù)、性、人稱等方面彼此保持一致，或者與它所照應(yīng)的名詞詞組在某些方面保持一致。 例如：He is devoted to his aged mother.他全心全意地照顧他的年邁的母親。 The city is proud of its parks.這座城市為它所擁有的公園而自豪。 You will be late for your appointment.你約會要遲到了。 The old man hurt his foot.老人傷了他的腳。 (1) 由and連接兩個先行詞時，代詞用復(fù)數(shù)。 例如：The tourist and businessmen lost their luggage in the accident.在事故中旅游者和商人丟失了行李。 (2) 由either.or,neither.nor,not only.but (also),or連接先行詞，如果兩個先行詞在數(shù)和性上是一致的，就用其相應(yīng)的一致的人稱代詞；如果兩個先行詞在數(shù)或性上不一致，人稱代詞一般與鄰近的先行詞在數(shù)、性上保持一致。 例如：Neither Mary nor Alice has her key with her.瑪麗和愛麗絲都沒帶鑰匙。 Neither the package nor the letters have reached their destination.包裹和信都未到達(dá)目的地。 Did Andrew or Alice lose herself confidence?是安德魯還是艾麗斯失去了信心? Not only Tom but I can do my work well.我和湯姆都能將工作做好。 在正式語體中，如果兩個先行詞在性或數(shù)上不一致，則用兩個不同的人稱代詞。如： If either David or Janet comes,he or she will want a drink. 如果是大衛(wèi)或珍妮特來，他或她是要喝點兒的。 (3) 當(dāng)each,everyone,everybody,no one,none,nobody,anyone,anybody,someone,somebody 用作主語或主語的限定詞時，其相應(yīng)的代詞一般按照語法一致原則，采取單數(shù)形式。 例如：Everybody talked at the top of his voice.每個人使勁扯著嗓門講話。 None of the boys can do it,can he?沒人能做這件事，他行嗎? Nobody wants to go there,does he?沒人愿意去那兒，他愿意嗎? 在非正式文體中，也可根據(jù)意義一致原則用復(fù)數(shù)代詞。 例如：Everybody knows what they have to do.每個人都知道他們必須做什么。 (4) everything,anything,something,nothing之類的不定代詞作主語時，句中相應(yīng)的代詞，一般只按語法一致的原則，用其單數(shù)的形式。 例如：Everything is ready,isnt it?一切都準(zhǔn)備好了，對吧? Something strange happened,didnt it?不是嗎?某種奇怪的事情發(fā)生了。 (5) 當(dāng)主語為復(fù)數(shù)形式，后跟each作同位語時，如果each位于動詞之前，其后的代詞或相應(yīng)的限定詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式；如果each位于動詞之后，其后的代詞或相應(yīng)的限定詞用單數(shù)形式。 例如：They each have two coats.他們每人兩件外衣。 We are each responsible for his own family.我們各自負(fù)責(zé)自己的家6.某些固定結(jié)構(gòu)中主語與謂語的數(shù)： 第一組： a great many + 可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù) 謂語用復(fù)數(shù) a number of + 可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù) 謂語用復(fù)數(shù) the majority of + 可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù) 謂語用復(fù)數(shù) 第二組； the number of + 可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù) 謂語用單數(shù) each/every + 可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù) 謂語用單數(shù) neither/either of + 可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù) 謂語用單數(shù) one and a half + 可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù) 謂語用單數(shù) 第三組； more than one + 可數(shù)名詞單數(shù) 謂語用單數(shù) many a + 可數(shù)名詞單數(shù) 謂語用單數(shù) 第四組； the greater part of a large proportion of 50% of one third of plenty of the rest of 謂語的數(shù)與of 后面的名詞一致 第五組； (n)either(n)or. not only. but also not .but 謂語的數(shù)與主語的第二部分（即(n)or/ but also/ but引導(dǎo)的后面部分）一致. 注意比較： More students than one have been referred to More than one student is going to buy this book一致性問題(一)動詞時態(tài)的一致 時態(tài)的一致可以分為下面幾種情況：1.簡單句：當(dāng)句子中有兩個或兩個以上的謂語動詞共用同一個主語時，一般謂語動詞的時態(tài)要求保持一致。2.并列句：由并列連接詞(有時可能省略掉連接詞)連接的兩個句子也要求時態(tài)上的一致，這類連接詞有and,as well as等。由but連接的并列句，后面的句子往往有語氣的轉(zhuǎn)折，時態(tài)要視情況而定。3.主從復(fù)合句中主句和從句之間時態(tài)的一致關(guān)系。(1)在賓語從句中主句和從句之間的時態(tài)的一致關(guān)系，通常由主句謂語的時態(tài)決定從句謂語的時態(tài)。A.若主句謂語動詞是現(xiàn)在時或?qū)頃r，如：一般現(xiàn)在時，現(xiàn)在完成時，一般將來時，將來完成時等，從句可以根據(jù)需要使用任何時態(tài)。B.若主句謂語動詞是過去時態(tài)(一般過去時，過去進(jìn)行時，過去完成時，過去將來時，過去將來完成時)，從句謂語動詞也必須是過去時態(tài)。a.如果從句動作與主句動作同時發(fā)生，從句用一般過去時或過去進(jìn)行時。b.當(dāng)從句動作發(fā)生在主句動作之前，從句要用過去完成時。c.當(dāng)從句動作發(fā)生在主句動作之后，從句要用過去將來時。C.當(dāng)從句表示客觀事物或真理，或人們已經(jīng)公認(rèn)的道理時，其時態(tài)不受主句謂語動詞的時態(tài)的影響。即使主句謂語動詞使用了過去時的某種時態(tài)，從句的時態(tài)仍然是現(xiàn)在的某種時態(tài)。D.當(dāng)從句表示并未出現(xiàn)或尚未實現(xiàn)的愿望時，必須用過去時態(tài)。E.有些形容詞后面可跟有從句，這種從句一般可看作賓語從句，其謂語也應(yīng)與主句謂語的時態(tài)保持一致?？筛@種賓語從句的形容詞有：afraid,glad,sure,confident,sorry,certain,conscious,aware等。一致的原則與賓語從句相同。例如：Im confident that Ill pass the exam.我有信心通過考試。He was lucky that he wasnt killed.他很幸運(yùn)沒有被殺死。(2)在主語從句，表語從句和同位語從句中，主句和從句之間的時態(tài)一致關(guān)系所遵守的法則和賓語從句相同。例如：It appears that some little trouble was caused by a woman, whose name has not been ascertained.看來這件小小的麻煩是由一個至今尚不清楚其姓名的女人所引起的。It was known long ago that Professor Einstein played a key role in the development of the theory of relativity.人們早已知道，愛因斯坦教授對相對論的發(fā)展起了關(guān)鍵作用。It was proved centuries ago that the speed of light is 186,000 miles a second.幾世紀(jì)前就證實了光的速度為每秒186，000英里。The fact that man would soon be able to visit the moon built up new scientific interest in earths nearest neighbor.人類不久可以游覽月球的事實，引起了對地球最近鄰居的新的科學(xué)興趣。(3)定語從句與主句的時態(tài)一致關(guān)系A(chǔ).若定語從句的謂語表示的動作和主句謂語表示的動作同時發(fā)生，則要求使用同樣的時態(tài)。例如：The original manuscript of “The Theory of Relativity” was written by Einstein who was then an employee in a patent office.“相對論”的原稿是由當(dāng)時在一家專利辦公室工作的愛因斯坦寫的。Almost every morning I receive invitation cards to visit exhibitions,on which are illustrations of the machines displayed.幾乎每天早晨我都要收到參觀展覽會的請柬，上面印著展出的機(jī)器的插圖。B.主句與定語從句的謂語表示的動作如果不是同時發(fā)生，時態(tài)則不要求一致。例如：Have you seen the new golf clubs that Mr.Stevens gave Bill?你看過史蒂文斯先生給比爾的那些新高爾夫球棒了嗎?I painted several pictures that are now on show in the museums.我畫了幾張畫，現(xiàn)在正在博物館里展出。(4)狀語從句與主句的時態(tài)一致關(guān)系A(chǔ).如果狀語從句的謂語表示的動作和主句謂語表示的動作同時發(fā)生，則要求使用同樣的時態(tài)。例如：Immanual Kant was so regular in his habits that until the day he died people were able to set their watches by his actions.伊邁努爾?康德的習(xí)慣那么有規(guī)律，以至直到他死以前人們都能按他的行動來對表。When Abraham