2013-2017大學(xué)英語考試四級漢譯英中英對照匯總.doc

2013-2017大學(xué)英語考試四級漢譯英中英對照匯總*2017*華山來源：2017年四級真題 話題：旅游 創(chuàng)建者：嘉應(yīng)學(xué)院陳昭霞 原文：華山位于華陰市，距西安120公里。華山是秦嶺的一部分，秦嶺不僅分隔陜南與陜北，也分隔華南與華北。與從前人們常去朝拜的泰山不同，華山過去很少有人光臨。因?yàn)樯仙降牡缆窐O其危險(xiǎn)。然而，希望長壽的人卻經(jīng)常上山，因?yàn)樯缴仙L著許多藥草，特別是一些稀有的藥草。自上世紀(jì)90年代安裝纜車以來，參觀人數(shù)大大增加。參考譯文：Located in the City of Huayin, Mount Hua is 120 kilometers from Xian. Mount Hua is part of the Qinling Mountains, which not only separate Northern Shaanxi and Southern Shaanxi, but divide China into Northern and Southern parts. Unlike the widely worshipped Mount Tai, Mount Hua was rarely visited owing to the dangerous paths to the top. However, those who longed for longevity visited Mount Hua on a regular basis because there were numerous medical herbs, particularly the scarce. There has been an increase in the number of travelers since the installation of the cable cars in 1990s.泰山來源：2017年四級真題 話題：旅游 創(chuàng)建者：嘉應(yīng)學(xué)院陳昭霞原文：泰山位于山東省西部。海拔1500余米，方圓約400平方公里。泰山不僅雄偉壯觀，而且是一座歷史文化名山，過去3000多年一直是人們前往朝拜的地方。據(jù)記載，共有72位帝王曾來此游覽。許多作家到泰山獲取靈感，寫詩作文，藝術(shù)家也來此繪畫。山上因此留下了許許多多的文物古跡。泰山如今已成為中國一處主要的旅游景點(diǎn)。參考譯文：Mount Tai, which is located in the west of Shangdong Province, is over 1500 meters above sea level, and covers an area of about 400 square kilometers. Mount Tai is a magnificent mountain. Besides, it is a famous mountain with history and culture. For more than 3000 years, it has been a place where people have taken a journey to worship. It is recorded that a total of 72 emperors have visited it. In addition, writers have traveled to Mount Tai for inspiration, producing poems and essays. Artists come here to draw and paint pictures as well. As a result, a great many cultural relics were left on the mountain. Nowadays Mount Tai has become a main scenic attraction in China.黃山來源：2017年四級真題 話題：旅游 創(chuàng)建者：嘉應(yīng)學(xué)院陳昭霞原文：黃山位于安徽省南部。它風(fēng)景獨(dú)特，尤以其日出和云海著稱。要欣賞大山的宏偉壯麗，通常得向上看。但要欣賞黃山美景，就得向下看。黃山的濕潤氣候有利于茶樹生長，是中國主要產(chǎn)茶地之一。這里還有許多溫泉，其泉水有助于防治皮膚病。黃山是中國主要旅游目的地之一，也是攝影和傳統(tǒng)國畫最受歡迎的主題。參考譯文：Huangshan (Yellow Mountain) is located in southern Anhui Province. The area is well known for its unique scenery, especially sunrise and sea of clouds. To enjoy the magnificence of a mountain, you have to look upwards in most cases. To enjoy Huangshan, however, youve got to look downward. Furthermore, Huangshans moist climate facilitates the growth of tea trees, therefore, the mountain is one of Chinas premier tea-growing areas. In addition, Huangshan has multiple hot springs which help prevent and cure skin illness. Huangshan is one of Chinas major tourist destinations and the most frequent subject of photography and traditional Chinese painting.黃河來源：2017年四級真題 話題：文化 創(chuàng)建者：南京曉莊學(xué)院管姍姍 原文：黃河是亞洲第三、世界第六長的河流。“黃”這個(gè)字描述的是其河水渾濁的顏色。黃河發(fā)源于青海，流經(jīng)九個(gè)省份，最后注入渤海。黃河是中國賴以生存的幾條河流之一。黃河流域(river basin)是中國古代文明的誕生地，也是中國早期歷史上最繁榮的地區(qū)。然而，由于極具破壞力的洪水頻發(fā)，黃河曾造成多次災(zāi)害。在過去幾十年里，政府采取了各種措施防止災(zāi)害發(fā)生。參考譯文：The Yellow River ranks the third longest in Asia and the sixth longest in the world. The word “yellow” describes the muddy water of the river. The Yellow River，one of several rivers for China to live on，originates from Qinghai，flows through nine provinces, and finally pours into the Bohai Sea. The river basin is not only the birth place of ancient Chinese civilization，but also the most prosperous region in the early history of China. However, due to the frequent devastating floods, it has caused many disasters. In the past few decades, the government has taken various measures to prevent disasters.長江來源：2017年四級真題 話題：其他 創(chuàng)建者：嘉應(yīng)學(xué)院陳昭霞 原文：長江是亞洲最長、世界上第三長的河流。長江流經(jīng)多種不同的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)，是諸多瀕危物種的棲息地，灌溉了中國五分之一的土地。長江流域(river basin)居住著中國三分之一的人口。長江在中國歷史、文化和經(jīng)濟(jì)上起著很大的作用。長江三角洲(delta)產(chǎn)出多大20%的中國國民生產(chǎn)總值。幾千年來，長江一直被用于供水、運(yùn)輸和工業(yè)生產(chǎn)。長江上還坐落著世界最大的水電站。參考譯文：The Yangtze River is the longest river in Asia and the third longest in the world. As a habitat for many endangered species, it flows through diverse ecosystems and irrigates one-fifth of the land in China. One out of three people in China lives in the river basin of the Yangtze River. The Yangtze River plays an important role in the history, culture and economy of China. The Yangtze River Delta generates as much as 20% of the GNP of China. Over thousands of years, the Yangtze River has been used for water supply, transportation and industry. Besides, the worlds largest hydro-electric power station stands on the Yangtze River.珠江來源：2017年四級真題 話題：其他 創(chuàng)建者：嘉應(yīng)學(xué)院陳昭霞 原文：珠江是華南第一大河系，流經(jīng)廣州市，是中國第三長的河流，僅次于長江和黃河。珠江三角洲(delta)是中國最發(fā)達(dá)的地區(qū)之一，面積約11,000平方公里。它在面積和人口方面也是世界上最大的城市聚集區(qū)。珠江三角洲九個(gè)最大城市共有5,700多萬人口。上世紀(jì)70年代末中國改革開放以來，珠江三角洲已成為中國和世界主要經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)域和制造中心之一。參考譯文：The Pearl River, the largest river in southern China, flows across Guangzhou City and is Chinas third long river, second only to the Yangtze River and the Yellow River. The Pearl River Delta is one of the most developed regions in China, covering an area of about 11,000 square kilometers. It is also the largest city gathering area in terms of the area and population. The nine largest cities in the Pearl River Delta have a population of more than 57 million. Since the reform and opening up in the late 1970s, the Pearl River Delta has become one of the major economic regions and manufacturing centers both in China and in the whole world.*2016*功夫來源：2016年四級真題 話題： 創(chuàng)建者：貴州理工學(xué)院徐麗丹 原文： 功夫（Kung Fu)是中國武術(shù)（Marital arts)的俗稱。中國武術(shù)的起源可以追溯到自衛(wèi)的需要、狩獵活動以及古代中國的軍事訓(xùn)練。 它是中國傳統(tǒng)體育運(yùn)動的一種，年輕人和老年人都練。 它以逐漸演變成了中國文化的獨(dú)特元素。作為中國的國寶，功夫有上百種不同的風(fēng)格，是世界上練得最多的武術(shù)形式。有些風(fēng)格模仿了動物的動作，還有一些則受到了中國哲學(xué)思想、神話和傳說的啟發(fā)。參考譯文： Kung Fu is the folk name of Chinese maritial arts, which can be traced back to the needs of self-defense, hunting, and military drill in ancient China. It is one of the Chinese traditional sports practiced by both the young and the old. It has gradually evolved into a unique element of Chinese culture. Kung Fu, as the national treasure of China, includes hundreds of various styles and is the most-practiced form of maritial arts in the world. Some styles imitate the movements of animals, while others are inspired by Chinese philosophical thoughts, myths and legends.濰坊風(fēng)箏來源：2016年四級真題 話題：文化 創(chuàng)建者：嘉應(yīng)學(xué)院陳昭霞 原文：在山東省濰坊市，風(fēng)箏不僅僅是玩具，而且還是這座城市文化的標(biāo)志。濰坊以“風(fēng)箏之都”而聞名，已有將近2,400年放飛風(fēng)箏的歷史。傳說中國古代哲學(xué)家墨子用了三年時(shí)間在濰坊制作了世界上首個(gè)風(fēng)箏，但放飛的第一天風(fēng)箏就墜落并摔壞了。也有人相信風(fēng)箏是中國古代木匠魯班發(fā)明的。據(jù)說他的風(fēng)箏用木頭和竹子制作，飛了三天后才落地。參考譯文：In Wei fang, Shan dong Province, kites are not only toys, but also cultural symbols of this city. Wei fang is famous as “the capital of kites”, with a history of nearly 2,400 years in flying kites. Legend has it that Mozithe ancient Chinese philosopherspent three years making the first kite of the world right in Weifang, but the kite fell and broke on its first day of flying. It is also believed that the kite was invented by the ancient Chinese carpenter Luban. It is said that his kite was made of wood and bamboo, and flied for three days before falling on the ground.烏鎮(zhèn)來源：2016四級真題 話題：文化 創(chuàng)建者：句酷批改網(wǎng)批改網(wǎng) 原文：烏鎮(zhèn)是浙江的一座古老水鎮(zhèn)，坐落在京杭大運(yùn)河畔。這是一處迷人的地方，有許多古橋、中式旅店和餐館。在過去一千年里，烏鎮(zhèn)的水系和生活方式并未經(jīng)歷多少變化，是一座展現(xiàn)古文明的博物館。烏鎮(zhèn)所有房屋都用石木建造。數(shù)百年來，當(dāng)?shù)厝搜刂舆吔ㄆ鹆俗≌图?。無數(shù)寬敞美麗的庭院藏身于屋舍之間，游客們每到一處都會有驚喜的發(fā)現(xiàn)。參考譯文：Wuzhen is an ancient water town in Zhejiang province, which is located by the Grand Canal of Beijing and Hangzhou. With many ancient bridges, Chinese-style hotels and restaurants, it is regarded as charming and attractive. The water system and lifestyle of Wuzhen have hardly changed over the past one thousand years, which is a museum displaying ancient civilizations. All the houses in Wuzhen are built of stone and wood. For hundreds of years, the local people have built houses and fairs along the river. Countless spacious and beautiful courtyards lie among the houses，which brings amazing findings to the tourists arriving there.紅包來源：2016年四級真題 話題：生活 創(chuàng)建者：南京信息職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院陸冬梅 原文：給紅包（red packets）是過春節(jié)的一個(gè)傳統(tǒng)，就是在一個(gè)紅色的小信封里裝上錢，寓意幸運(yùn)和財(cái)富。紅色是幸運(yùn)色，能給收到紅包的人帶來好運(yùn)。紅包一般是父母給兒女，爺爺奶奶給孫兒孫女，或者親戚朋友給小孩的，一般說來，都是除夕夜給的。 這筆錢也稱作是壓歲錢，代表長輩對晚輩的美好祝福，希望小孩在新的一年里平安，健康。大年初一串親戚朋友，也要給孩子送禮物和紅包。參考譯文：Giving red packets is a tradition during the Spring Festival. A red packet is simply a red envelope with money in it, which symbolizes luck and wealth. Red is the luck color and can bring good luck to the person who receives the red packet. Red packets are usually given to the younger generations by their parents, grandparents, relatives or friends on New Years Eve. The money is also called gift money, which is symbol of good whishes from the elders in the hope that children are safe and healthy in the new year. On the first day of lunar new year, people begin going out to visit friends and relatives, taking with them gifts and red packets for the children. People have to give gifts and red packet to the children when they visit friends and relatives on the first day of lunar new year.*2015*麗江古鎮(zhèn)來源：2015年四級真題 話題：旅游 創(chuàng)建者：嘉應(yīng)學(xué)院陳昭霞 原文：云南省的麗江古鎮(zhèn)是著名的旅游目的地之一。那里的生活節(jié)奏比大多數(shù)中國城市都要緩慢。麗江到處都是美麗的自然風(fēng)光，眾多的少數(shù)民族同胞提供了各式各樣、豐富多彩的文化讓游客體驗(yàn)。歷史上，麗江還以“愛之城”而聞名。當(dāng)?shù)厝酥辛鱾髦S多關(guān)于因愛而生，為愛而死的故事。如今，在中外游客眼中，這個(gè)古鎮(zhèn)被視為愛情和浪漫的天堂。參考譯文： The ancient town of Lijiang in Yunnan province is one of the famous tourist destinations. Its living rhythm is slower than that of most other Chinese cities. Lijiang is full of natural beautiful sceneries，where numerous minority nationalities provide rich and varied cultures in order to give tourists a different experience. Historically， Lijiang was also known as “ the city of love”. Plenty of stories about living for love and dying for love have been spread among the natives. Nowadays， the old town equals the paradise of love and romance in the eyes of Chinese and foreign tourists.外國人漢語演講比賽來源：2015年四級真題 話題：教育 創(chuàng)建者：嘉應(yīng)學(xué)院陳昭霞 原文：今年在長沙舉行了一年一度的外國人漢語演講比賽。這項(xiàng)比賽證明是促進(jìn)中國世界其他地區(qū)文化交流的好方法。它為世界各地的年輕人提供了更好地了解中國的機(jī)會。來自87個(gè)國家共計(jì)126位選手聚集在湖南省省會參加了從7月6號到8月5號進(jìn)行的半決賽和決賽。比賽并不是唯一的活動，選手們還有機(jī)會參觀了中國其他地區(qū)的著名景點(diǎn)和歷史名勝。參考譯文： The annual Chinese speech contest for foreigners was held in Changsha this year. The contest proves to be a good way to promote cultural exchanges between China and other parts of the world. It offers the young all over the world an opportunity to know more about China.126 candidates from 87 nations gathered in the capital of Hunan province to attend the semifinal and the final from July 6 to August 5. Besides the contest， the candidates also got a chance to visit famous tourist attractions and historical interests in other parts of China.中國父母教育孩子方式來源：2015年四級真題 話題：教育 創(chuàng)建者：嘉應(yīng)學(xué)院陳昭霞 原文：中國的父母往往過于關(guān)注孩子的學(xué)習(xí)，以至于不要他們幫忙做家務(wù)。他們對孩子的首要要求就是努力學(xué)習(xí)，考得好，能上名牌大學(xué)。他們相信這是為孩子好，因?yàn)樵谥袊@樣競爭激烈的社會里，只有好成績才能保證前途光明。中國父母還認(rèn)為，如果孩子在社會上取得大的成就，父母就會受到尊重。因此，他們愿意犧牲自己的時(shí)間，愛好和興趣，為孩子提供更好的條件。參考譯文： Chinese parents tend to place so much emphasis on their childrens learning that they wont let their kids do any housework. The primary demands that they want to make of their children are to study hard，to achieve high grades in order to enter top universities.They believe it is good for their children because in such a highly competitive society， only the best achievement can ensure a bright prospect. Also， Chinese parents claim that they will be respected if their children get significant status in the society. Therefore， they are willing to sacrifice time， habits and interest of their own to provide their children with better living conditions. 中國的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展來源：2015年四級真題 話題：經(jīng)濟(jì) 創(chuàng)建者：嘉應(yīng)學(xué)院陳昭霞 原文：中國是世界上最古老的文明之一，構(gòu)成現(xiàn)代世界基礎(chǔ)的許多元素都起源于中國，中國現(xiàn)在擁有世界上發(fā)展最快的經(jīng)濟(jì)，并經(jīng)歷著一次新的工業(yè)革命，中國還啟動了雄心勃勃的太空探索計(jì)劃，其中包括到2020年建成一個(gè)太空站。目前，中國是世界上最大的出口國之一，并正在吸引大量外國投資。同時(shí)，它在海外投資數(shù)十億美元，2011年，中國超越日本成為世界第二大經(jīng)濟(jì)體。參考譯文：China is one of the worlds most ancient civilizations. Many elements that founded the modern world originated in China. China has the worlds fastest growing enconomy and is undergoing a new industrial revolution. China has also launched its ambitious space exploration plan, including building a space station by 2020. At present, China is one of the worlds largest exporters and is attaching a large number of foreign investment. Meanwhile, it has invented billions of dollars overseas. In 2011, China surpassed Japan and became the sencond largest economy in the world.中國的主要飲食來源：2015年四級真題 話題：生活 創(chuàng)建者：嘉應(yīng)學(xué)院陳昭霞 原文：在西方人心目中，和中國聯(lián)系最為密切的基本食物是大米。長期以來，大米在中國人的飲食中占據(jù)很重要的地位，以至于有諺語說“巧婦難為無米之炊”。中國南方大多數(shù)種植水稻，人們通常以大米為食；而華北大部分地區(qū)因?yàn)檫^于寒冷或干燥，無法種植水稻，那里的主要作物是小麥。在中國，有些人用面粉做面包，但大多數(shù)人用面粉做饅頭和面條。參考譯文：In the eyes of Westerners, the basic food that have the closest connection with China is rice. For a long time, rice is of great significance in the Chinese diet. There is even a saying that even a capable housewife cannot cook a meal without rice. In the south of China, people plant and live on rice, while people in the most areas of North China plant wheat instead because of the excessively cold and dry climate. In China, some people use flour to make bread, while some people make steamed buns and noodles with flour.中國人的消費(fèi)觀來源：2015年四級真題 話題：經(jīng)濟(jì) 創(chuàng)建者：內(nèi)蒙古大學(xué)趙澍 原文：假日經(jīng)濟(jì)的現(xiàn)象表明：中國消費(fèi)者的消費(fèi)觀正在發(fā)生巨大變化。根據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)，中國消費(fèi)者的消費(fèi)需求正在從基本生活必需品轉(zhuǎn)向?qū)π蓍e、舒適和個(gè)人發(fā)展的需求。同時(shí)，中國人的消費(fèi)觀在蓬勃發(fā)展的假日經(jīng)濟(jì)中正變得成熟。因此產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)做相應(yīng)調(diào)整，來適應(yīng)社會的發(fā)展。另一方面，服務(wù)質(zhì)量要改善，以滿足人們提高生活質(zhì)量的要求。參考譯文：The phenomenon of holiday economy shows that Chinese peoples consumption concept is undertaking great changes .According to statistics, the demands of Chinese consumers are shifting from the basic necessities of life to leisure, comfort and personal development .Therefore, the structure of products should be adjusted accordingly to adapt to social development. On the other hand, services should be improved to satisfy peoples demand for an improved quality of life.快遞服務(wù)來源：2015年6月四級真題 話題：經(jīng)濟(jì) 創(chuàng)建者：句酷批改網(wǎng)批改網(wǎng) 原文：據(jù)報(bào)道，今年中國快遞服務(wù)（courier service）將遞送大約120億件包裹。這將使中國有可能趕超美國成為世界上最大的快遞市場。大多數(shù)包裹里裝著網(wǎng)上訂購的物品。中國給數(shù)百萬在線零售商以極具競爭力的價(jià)格銷售商品的機(jī)會。僅在11月11日，中國消費(fèi)者就從國內(nèi)最大的購物平臺購買了價(jià)值90億美元的商品。中國有不少這樣的特殊購物日。因此，快遞業(yè)在中國擴(kuò)展就不足為奇了。參考譯文：It is reported that Chinas courier service will deliver about 12 billion parcels this year, which means most probably China will surpass America and become the worlds largest express market. Most packages contain goods ordered online.China provides oppoortunities for millions of online retailers to sell goods at extremely competitive prices. Only on November 11th, Chinese consumers brought commodities worth $9 billon from the largest shopping platform of China. There are a lot of such special shopping days in China. As a result, the expansion of express industry is not surprising at all in China.*2014*大熊貓來源：2014年四級真題 話題：其他 創(chuàng)建者：北京信息科技大學(xué)趙玉華 原文：大熊貓是一種溫順的動物，長著獨(dú)特的黑白皮毛。因其數(shù)量極少，大熊貓已被列為瀕危物種。大熊貓對于世界自然基金會(WWF)有著特殊意義。自1961年該基金會成立以來，大熊貓就一直是它的徽標(biāo)。大熊貓是熊科中最稀有的成員，主要生活在中國西南部的森林里。目前大約有1000只大熊貓。這些以竹為食的動物正面臨許多威脅。因此，確保大熊貓的生存比以往更重要。參考譯文：The giant panda is a kind of gentle/tame animal with a black-and-white coat. It has been listed as an endangered animal due to its very limited number. The giant panda is of great significance to WWF (World Wide Fund For Nature). The panda has been its symbol since its establishment in 1961. The giant panda is the rarest animal in the bear family, mainly living in the forests in south west of China. Now, there are approximately 1,000 giant pandas. The animal that mainly feeds on bamboo is faced with many threats. Therefore, to ensure its safety is of greater importance than before.互聯(lián)網(wǎng)來源：2014年12月四級真題 話題：生活 創(chuàng)建者：句酷批改網(wǎng)批改網(wǎng) 原文：中國的互聯(lián)網(wǎng)社區(qū)是全世界發(fā)展最快的。2010年，中國約有4.2億網(wǎng)民(netizens)，并且人數(shù)還在迅速增長。互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的日漸流行帶來了重大的社會變化。中國網(wǎng)民往往不同美國網(wǎng)民。美國網(wǎng)民更多的是受實(shí)際需要的驅(qū)使，用互聯(lián)網(wǎng)為工具發(fā)電子郵件、買賣商品、規(guī)劃旅程或付款。中國網(wǎng)民更多是出于社交原因使用互聯(lián)網(wǎng)，因而更廣泛地使用QQ、聊天室等。參考譯文：Chinas Internet community develops fastest all over the world. There were nearly 420 million netizens in china in 2010, and the number is still getting larger and larger. The increasing popularity of the Internet has created a significant social change. The chinese netizens are different from the American netizens. American netizens are more driven by the real necessity, and they use the Internet to send emails, do some shopping, make a travel plan or make a payment. However, chinese netizens use the Internet mainly out of the social intercourse , so the chat rooms and QQ are widely used by them .旅游來源：2014年12月四級真題 話題：旅游 創(chuàng)建者：句酷批改網(wǎng)批改網(wǎng) 原文：越來越多的中國年輕人正在對旅游產(chǎn)生興趣，這是近年來的新趨勢。年輕游客數(shù)量的不斷增加，可以歸因于他們迅速提高的收入和探索外部世界的好奇心。隨著旅行多了，年輕人在大城市和著名景點(diǎn)花的時(shí)間少了，他們反而更為偏遠(yuǎn)的地方所吸引。有些人甚至選擇長途背包旅行。最近調(diào)查顯示，很多年輕人想要通過旅行體驗(yàn)不同的文化、豐富知識、擴(kuò)展視野。參考譯文：More and more Chinese young people are interested in tourism, which is a new trend recently. The rising number of young tourists can be attributed to their rapidly increasing income and the curiosity of exploring the outside world. As travel growing, young people spend less time in big cities and famous scenic spots, instead they are more attracted by remote areas. Some even choose long-distance backpacking trip. A recent survey shows that via traveling, many young people want to experience different culture, enrich knowledge and expand their horizon.讀書的重要性來源：2014年四級真題 話題：教育 創(chuàng)建者：洛陽師范學(xué)院王芳 有范文原文：中國教育工作者早就認(rèn)識到讀書對于國家的重要意義。有些教育工作者2003年就建議設(shè)立全民讀書日。他們強(qiáng)調(diào)，人們應(yīng)當(dāng)讀好書，尤其是經(jīng)典著作。通過閱讀，人們能更好地學(xué)會感恩、有責(zé)任心和與人合作，而教育的目的正是要培養(yǎng)這些基本素質(zhì)。閱讀對于中小學(xué)生尤為重要，假如他們沒有在這個(gè)關(guān)鍵時(shí)期培養(yǎng)閱讀的興趣，以后要養(yǎng)成閱讀的習(xí)慣就很難了。參考譯文：Chinese educators have realized the importance of reading for the country. Some educators recommended the establishment of national reading day in 2003 . They stressed that people should read books, especially the classical works. Through reading, people can learn to be grateful, to have the sense of responsibility and to work with others better, and the purpose of education is to cultivate these qualities. Reading is very important for primary and middle school students. If they do not foster interest in reading in this key period, it is very difficult to develop the habit of r