【專題二】代詞和數(shù)詞.doc

【專題二】代詞和數(shù)詞【考點(diǎn)分析】代詞1.人稱代詞主格與賓格的用法；2.名詞性和形容詞性物主代詞的用法；3.反身代詞的用法；4.指示代詞this, that, these, those的用法；5.表示兩者和多者的不定代詞的比較；6.some,any的用法辨析；7.each, every的用法辨析；8.(a) little,(a)few,a bit的用法辨析；9.替代詞it, that, (the) one(s), those的用法辨析；10.another, (the) other(s), else; the rest的用法辨析；11.every-,some-,any-,no-與thing,-one,-body構(gòu)成的復(fù)合不定代詞的用法。數(shù)詞1.基數(shù)詞的確指和不確指；2.數(shù)詞與主謂一致關(guān)系；3.dozen和score的用法；4.序數(shù)詞與冠詞的連用。【知識(shí)點(diǎn)歸納】（一）代詞代詞是高考考查的重點(diǎn)語(yǔ)法項(xiàng)目之一，也是考生容易出錯(cuò)的項(xiàng)目，因?yàn)榇~具有較大靈活性。考生在做代詞選擇填空時(shí)最容易犯的錯(cuò)誤是1）機(jī)械地套用語(yǔ)法規(guī)則；2）用漢語(yǔ)思維去分析題意。從高考考查情況看，高考考查最多的是不定代詞，因?yàn)椴欢ù~是整個(gè)代詞中最為活躍的部分，其次是名詞性物主代詞和反身代詞。I.代詞的分類單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)第一人稱第二人稱第三人稱第一人稱第二人稱第三人稱人稱代詞主格Iyouhe she itweyouthey賓格meyouhim her itusYouthem物主代詞形容詞性myyourhis her itsouryourtheir名詞性mineyourshis hers itsoursyourstheirs反身代詞myselfyourselfhimself herself itselfourselvesyourselvesthemselves指示代詞this that suchthese those such相互代詞賓格each other one another所有格each others one anothers不定代詞可數(shù)one each, many, (a) few ,both, another, either., neither不可數(shù)much, (a) little可數(shù)不可數(shù)any other all some復(fù)合不定代詞anyone anybody anything somebody something someone everyone everything everybody nobody nothing疑問代詞who whom whose which what連接代詞who whom whose which what（參見專題八）關(guān)系代詞who whom whose which that（參見專題八）II.代詞的用法1.人稱代詞在句中作主語(yǔ),用主格，在句中作賓語(yǔ),則用賓格；She teaches them physics.在句中作表語(yǔ),常用賓格；Who is it? Its me.但有時(shí)要用主格：It was I who told him the whole story.在強(qiáng)調(diào)句型中,強(qiáng)調(diào)的是主語(yǔ),故I用主格。兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的人稱代詞并列時(shí),其順序是：?jiǎn)螖?shù)按2,3,1人稱排列，復(fù)數(shù)按1,2,3人稱順序排列。you, she and I ; we, you and they2.物主代詞形容詞性物主代詞只能作賓語(yǔ)We love our motherland.名詞性物主代詞可用作主語(yǔ),表語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)Your coat is black while mine is red.3.反身代詞用作賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)，或主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)的同位語(yǔ)He teaches himself Japanese every evening.（賓語(yǔ)）She is not quite herself today.她今天身體不太舒服。（表語(yǔ)）I myself can repair the bike.（主語(yǔ)的同位語(yǔ)）常用含有反身代詞的慣用語(yǔ)歸納by oneself= alone 獨(dú)自 for oneself獨(dú)立、為自己be oneself處于正常狀態(tài),顯得自然 enjoy oneself玩得愉快seat oneself坐下 dress oneself in 給自己穿devote oneself to專心于、獻(xiàn)身于 help oneself to 自行取用、不用客氣come to oneself蘇醒 make oneself at home 不要客氣4.指示代詞this和that是近指, that和those 是遠(yuǎn)指I dont want this book. I want that one.有時(shí)為了避免重復(fù),常用that/ those 來代表前面出現(xiàn)過的名詞At this time of year, the weather here is much colder than that in Nanjing.this和that都可代表前面提到過的事情,若出現(xiàn)兩個(gè)名詞,指代前面的用that指代較后面的用this；但若指下文將要敘述事情,則只能用this，不能用that。此外，還可用于代替上文中出現(xiàn)過個(gè)單數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞，且后面帶有of短語(yǔ)修飾。Health is above wealth; this cannot give so much happiness as that.健康勝于財(cái)富;財(cái)富不會(huì)像健康那樣帶來那么多幸福(句中this=wealth;that=health) They cant afford it.That/this is their problem.What I want you to remember is this :English is of great use.(此句中this不能用that替換)The population of Shanghai is larger than that of Suzhou.such的用法such 一般在句中作定語(yǔ)和主語(yǔ).用作定語(yǔ)時(shí),它所修飾的名詞前的不定冠詞應(yīng)放在之后。Such is my answer.Such are the results of the exams.I have never seen such beautiful flowers.用作定語(yǔ)時(shí),它所修飾的名詞前的不定冠詞應(yīng)放在such之后such a good book。5.相互代詞在句中可作賓語(yǔ)They help each other and learn from each other.加s后成為所有格,作定語(yǔ)They asked about one anothers life and work.6.不定代詞不定代詞種類較多,在使用時(shí)應(yīng)注意其用法與區(qū)別。為了便于記憶我們擇其重點(diǎn)以表格的形式列出。不定代詞區(qū) 別例 句one, some，any和itone可以泛指人或者事（東西），其復(fù)數(shù)為ones。Weve been looking at the houses but havent found _ we like yet. A.one B.ones C.it D.them Cars do cause us some health problems in fact far more serious _ than mobile phones do. A.one B.ones C.it D.those some可用于疑問句中，表示盼望得到肯定的答復(fù)，或者表示建議，請(qǐng)求等。Your coffee smells great! Its from MexicoWould you like _?A.it B.some C.this D.1ittlesome 和any修飾可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)時(shí)，some表示某個(gè)，any表示任何一個(gè)。I have read this article in some magazine. Please correct the mistakes, if any.Which of the three ways shall I take to the village? _way as you please.A.Each B.Every C.Any D.Eitherone指同類中的一個(gè)，it指代同一種類的東西。記住下列三點(diǎn)區(qū)別：it =the /this/ my+單數(shù)名詞one =a/an+單數(shù)名詞it代替特定的單數(shù)名詞one代替不特定的單數(shù)名詞one之前加上定冠詞the可以表示特指,one前如有形容詞修飾,之前還可以加上不定冠詞,但是it之前既不能加冠詞也不能加形容詞修飾。There is still a copy of the book in the library. Will you go and borrow ? No, Id rather buy in the bookstore. A.it;one B.one;one C.one;it D.it;itThis film is an interesting one.Of all the dresses, this is the one I like best.some多用于肯定句，any多用于疑問句和否定句。Theres _cooking oil in the house. Would you go to the corner store and get _. A.1ittle,some B.1ittle,anyC.a little,some D.a little,anyWe had three sets of garden tools and we seemed to have no use for _.A.none B.either C.any D.eachHe doesnt have _ furniture in his room -just an old desk.A. any B. many C. some D. mucheach和everyeach強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)別，代表的數(shù)可以是兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上，而every強(qiáng)調(diào)整體，所指的數(shù)必須是三個(gè)或三個(gè)以上。Each student has a pocket dictionary.Each (of us) has a dictionary.= We each have a dictionary.Every student has strong and weak points. Every one of us has strong and weak points.all和bothboth指兩個(gè)人或物,而all指三個(gè)以上的人或物. 在句中都可作主語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ),表語(yǔ),同位語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ) Which of the two books will you take? Ill take _and I think _of them is very important to me.A. either; neither B. neither; both C. both; either D. either; bothWhich of those electronic dictionaries do you like most? _.They are both cheap and of great importance.A. None B. Both C. Neither D. All注意：both, all, each, every以及由every構(gòu)成的不定代詞出現(xiàn)在否定句中，不管否定詞在前還是在后，都是部分否定：All of them dont like music=Not all of them like music.他們并不都喜歡音樂。要表示完全否定，需要借助neither，none ，no one ，nothing，nobody等。Neither of them doesnt like music.他們倆都不喜歡音樂。None of them dont like the music.他們都不喜歡音樂。none和nono等于not any，作定語(yǔ)。none作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，代替不可數(shù)名詞，謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)，代替可數(shù)名詞，謂語(yǔ)單復(fù)數(shù)皆可。There is no water in the bottle.How much water is there in the bottle? None.None of the students are (is) afraid of difficulties.other和anotherother泛指“另外的，別的”常與其他詞連用，the other day, every other week, some other reason, no other way, the other特指兩者中的另外一個(gè)，復(fù)數(shù)為the others。Both sides have accused of breaking the contract.A.another B. the other C. neither D. eachTwo students in our class failed, but all the others passed the exam.another指“又一個(gè)，另一個(gè)”無所指，復(fù)數(shù)形式是others，泛指“別的人或事”。We had a picnic last term and it was a lot of fun，so lets have _ one this month A.the other Bsome Canother DotherThe trousers are too long, please give me another pair/some others.Some like football, while others like basketball.either和neither前者意思為：兩者中任何一方都；后者意思為：兩者都不。Do you want tea or coffee?_,I really dont mind. A. none B. neither C. either D. allIt was hard for him to learn English in a family,in which _ of the parents spoke the language.A. none B. neither C. both D. eachfew和little;a few和a littlefew 和little 表示沒有多少,含否定意義,而a few 和a little表示一些,有幾個(gè),含肯定意義.另外, few與a few修飾可數(shù)名詞, little與 alittle 修飾不可數(shù)名詞。此外quite a few , quitea little意思是“不少,相當(dāng)多的”。The old man knows a little English.Few of them can speak Russian.7.it的用法用作人稱代詞,代替前文提到的事情。This bike is not mine. Its Peters.用以代替提示代詞this, thatWhat is this? Its a pen.Whose book is that? Its Mikes. 起指示代詞的作用,指一個(gè)人或事物Who is knocking at the door? Its me.Who is making such a noise. It must be the children.指環(huán)境情況等。It was very quiet at the moment.指時(shí)間，季節(jié)，天氣，氣候等What time is it? It is eight oclock.It often rains in summer.指距離It is five kilometers from the office to my home.It is a long way to the factory.作形式主語(yǔ)和形式賓語(yǔ)當(dāng)動(dòng)詞不定式,動(dòng)名詞或從句作主語(yǔ)時(shí),通常把它們放在謂語(yǔ)之后,而用it作句子的形式主語(yǔ)It is not easy to finish the work in two days.It is not a good habit to stay up late.It is no use crying over split milk.It is a pity that you didnt read the book.當(dāng)復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)中的賓語(yǔ)是不定式,動(dòng)名詞,賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí),往往把賓語(yǔ)放在它的補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)后面,而用it作形式賓語(yǔ),放在賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)之前I think it no use arguing with him.I found it very interesting to study English.He made it clear that he was not interested in this subject.注意：see to it that（務(wù)必）和take it for granted that（想當(dāng)然）句型中的it，以及詞組make it中的it（做事成功，搞定）。用于強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)（詳見專題九）要強(qiáng)調(diào)句子的某一部分(通常是主語(yǔ),狀語(yǔ),賓語(yǔ)), 可以把it 當(dāng)作先行詞.這種句子的結(jié)構(gòu)是 “It is(was)+被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分+that (who )+句子的其余部分” .如果強(qiáng)調(diào)的部分是人,可用who whom 代替that I met an old friend in the park yesterday.此句各部分被強(qiáng)調(diào)后句型如下：It was I who /that met an old friend in the park yesterday.It was an old friend who/ that/whom I met in the park yesterday.It was in the park that I met an old friend yesterday.It was yesterday that I met an old friend in the park.（二）數(shù)詞數(shù)詞分兩類：基數(shù)詞和序數(shù)詞I.基數(shù)詞:表示數(shù)目的詞為基數(shù)詞。其表達(dá)式：1.21-99的兩位數(shù)，在十位數(shù)和個(gè)位數(shù)之間加連字符構(gòu)成。如：fifty- three (53)2.101-999的三位數(shù)由hundred加and再加兩位數(shù)或末位數(shù)。three hundred and twenty-five (325)3.基數(shù)詞hundred，thousand，million，billion表示確切數(shù)目時(shí)不能加sfive thousand students (五千個(gè)學(xué)生)但在表示不確切數(shù)目時(shí)，要用復(fù)數(shù)形式，如：hundreds ofthousands of students(許多學(xué)生)4.dozen和score的復(fù)數(shù)形式應(yīng)注意以下幾點(diǎn)：dozen表示：一打，十二個(gè)，score表示：二十；當(dāng)dozen與數(shù)詞，或many，several等連用時(shí)，不加“s”，所修飾的名詞前常省去“of；score則不然。two dozen pencils兩打鉛筆two score of pencils四十支鉛筆dozens of people=scores of people許多人當(dāng)后面的名詞前有these，“those，“them， us等詞時(shí), dozen后應(yīng)加of 。a dozen of these peopletwo dozen of them three score and ten people中不加of(七十人)II.序數(shù)詞：表示順序的數(shù)詞為序數(shù)詞。其表達(dá)式：1.序數(shù)詞一般由基數(shù)詞后+th構(gòu)成，前面一般加定冠詞the，表示“第幾”the two hundredth，the eighteenth加不定冠詞，則意為“又一,再一”.I like the film very much, so I want to see it a second time.2.以ty結(jié)尾的基數(shù)詞構(gòu)成序數(shù)詞時(shí)，先把y改成i，再加eth。如：the twentieth，the fiftieth3.不規(guī)則的序數(shù)詞有以下幾個(gè)：first，second，third，fifth，eighth，ninth，twelfth4.“二十”以上的多位數(shù)，個(gè)位數(shù)用序數(shù)詞，其余仍用基數(shù)詞。ninety-third one hundred and forty-ninth5.基數(shù)詞與序數(shù)詞連用時(shí)，通常是序數(shù)詞在前the first two pages of the book(這本書的前兩頁(yè))III.分?jǐn)?shù)、小數(shù)和百分?jǐn)?shù)的表達(dá)1.分?jǐn)?shù)由基數(shù)詞和序數(shù)詞合成，分子用基數(shù)詞，分母用序數(shù)詞，分子大于1時(shí)，分母的序數(shù)詞要用復(fù)數(shù)形式1/3：one(a)third 2/3：two thirds three-sevenths：七分之三特殊的表達(dá)1/2：one(a)half 1/4：one(a)quarterone(a)fourth 3/4：three quarters分子與分母之間加in或out of,分子在前，分母在后，分子分母都用基數(shù)詞one in ten：十分之一 five in eight：八分之五one out of ten：十分之一 five out of eight：八分之五2.百分?jǐn)?shù)的表示法表示百分?jǐn)?shù)直接將數(shù)詞放在單詞percent前面即可：twenty percent=20%百分之二十。注意：分?jǐn)?shù)和百分?jǐn)?shù)后面不能直接接名詞或代詞，而用以下形式：分?jǐn)?shù)/百分?jǐn)?shù)of +冠詞/限定詞+名詞/代詞，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與of后的名詞在人稱和數(shù)上保持一致Two-thirds of the money was spent on food.About seventy percent of the earth surface is covered by water.3.小數(shù)的表示法小數(shù)的表示法，小數(shù)點(diǎn)前的總值發(fā)同其他數(shù)詞一樣，小數(shù)點(diǎn)用point,小數(shù)點(diǎn)后面的數(shù)讀成個(gè)位數(shù)9.65表示為nine point six five。218.39表示為two hundred and eighteen point three nine。注意：小數(shù)點(diǎn)讀point，“零”讀字母o的音或zero，小數(shù)點(diǎn)前就按基數(shù)詞去讀，小數(shù)點(diǎn)后的數(shù)字按個(gè)位基數(shù)詞依次讀出。62.62讀作sixty-two zero point six twoIV.數(shù)詞的其它表達(dá)式1.序號(hào)的表示法單純的序號(hào)，可在基數(shù)詞前加number,簡(jiǎn)寫為No.。No.1第一號(hào)事物名詞的序號(hào)表達(dá)法有什所不同：對(duì)于一些小序號(hào)可有序數(shù)詞也可用基數(shù)詞表達(dá)，形式分別為：the +序數(shù)詞 + 名詞；名詞 + 基數(shù)詞第一次世界大戰(zhàn)可以表示為the First World War或World War I。對(duì)于一些大序號(hào)我們通常只用一種表達(dá)法，即名詞 + 數(shù)詞501號(hào)房間表示為Room 501538路公共汽車表示為Bus 538可用a/the + number + 基數(shù)詞 + 名詞a No.5 bus一輛五路公共汽車the No.8 bus那輛8路公共汽車2.倍數(shù)的表達(dá)方式一般情況下我們用以下三種倍數(shù)表達(dá)方式：倍數(shù)用在as+形容詞/副詞（原級(jí)）+名詞+ as結(jié)構(gòu)之前They have three times as many cows as we do.他們擁有的奶牛是我們的三倍多。倍數(shù)放在形容詞或副詞的比較級(jí)之前或by + 倍數(shù)用在比較級(jí)之后This rope is four times longer than that one.They produced more products in 2009 than those in 2008 by twice. 2009年的產(chǎn)品是2008年的兩倍倍數(shù)用在表示度量名詞前，其基本結(jié)構(gòu)為：倍數(shù) + the + size / length / weight + of + 表示比較對(duì)象的名詞，也可用于倍數(shù) + what引導(dǎo)的從句中This room is three times the size of that one.The college is twice what it was 5 years ago.這個(gè)學(xué)院是5年前的兩倍。You cant imagine that rats eat 40 to 50 times their weight.3.大約數(shù)的表示法用ten、dozen、score、hundred、thousand、million等數(shù)詞的復(fù)數(shù)后加of短語(yǔ)來表示幾十、幾百、上千、成千上萬等大約數(shù)概念The little boy buys dozens of pencils every term.數(shù)打鉛筆Thousands of people died in the earthquake.數(shù)千人Every year tens of thousands of people go to work in Guangdong Province.用less than、under、below、almost、nearly、up to等來表示小于或接近某數(shù)目He is good at English, so he can finish the paper in less than two hours.不到兩個(gè)小時(shí)用more than、over、above、beyond、or more等來表示超過或多于某個(gè)數(shù)目Peking University has a history of more than 100 years.有100多年的歷史用or、or so、about、around、some、more or less等表示在某一數(shù)目左右About 50 people were present at that time.用to、from to、between and表示介于兩數(shù)詞His salary rises from 20 dollars a week to 35 dollars a week.從每周20美元漲到每周35美元注意：dozen、score、hundred、thousand、million作數(shù)詞表示確切數(shù)量時(shí)，不用復(fù)數(shù)three score, five dozen, seven million等。4.鐘點(diǎn)、日期、年齡的表達(dá)式鐘點(diǎn)正讀法10：20：ten twenty倒讀法9：30：half past nine(九點(diǎn)半)7：05：five past seven(七點(diǎn)過五分)8：50：ten to nine (八點(diǎn)五十；差十分是九點(diǎn))表示整點(diǎn)8:00：eight oclock (sharp)表示在某個(gè)鐘點(diǎn)，用介詞atThey begin to work at half past seven(他們七點(diǎn)半開始工作。)日期年代用基數(shù)詞，在某年要用介詞in：He was born in l983.他出生于1983年。月份首字母要大寫，在某月也用介詞in，如果有年代出現(xiàn)，在月份名后加年代，中間用逗號(hào)：It happened in January，2009這事發(fā)生在2009年1月。月日同時(shí)出現(xiàn)時(shí)可有兩種表示法：英國(guó)說法：順序?yàn)橄热蘸笤拢?(th)May(五月四日讀成：the fourth of May)美國(guó)說法：順序?yàn)橄仍潞笕眨篗ay 4(th)(五月四日讀成：May the fourth)表示在某月某日，不管用在前還是在后，都用介詞on：The meeting will be held on March 9(th)Well leave for Shanghai on 8th June年月日同時(shí)出現(xiàn)時(shí)，年代位于最后，其前加逗號(hào)：Mary was born on January 1st，1990.表示“在幾十年代”用in十the十逢十的數(shù)詞復(fù)數(shù)：in the 1990s1990s 年齡用基數(shù)詞表示年齡。如：The baby is one year old表示“在某人的幾十歲”時(shí)，可用介詞in+ ones+整十位數(shù)的復(fù)數(shù)形式：She is still in her twenties她才二十幾歲。但表示十多歲時(shí)用：in ones teens表示“一個(gè)九歲的男孩”，可以有多種表達(dá)法a boy of nine，a boy of nine years old，a boy of nine years of age，a nine-year-old boy注意：與基數(shù)詞合成的定語(yǔ)，其中的名詞用單數(shù)：a three-month-old baby，a five-year plan?！靖呖碱A(yù)測(cè)】1.What do you think of your new colleagues?They are mostly very kind,but_is so good to me as John.A. no one B. none C. every one D. some one2.Will you see to _ that all the papers should be handed in after class? All right.A. this B. it C. me D. them3.He was nearly drowned once.When was _?_ was 1998 when he was in middle school.A. that; It B. this; This C. this; It D. that; This4.Your coffee smells great！Its from Mexico.Would you like_?A.any B. little C. this D. some5.Which of the two dictionaries do you want?I want_.Please show me_.A. none; another B. all; the other C. neither; the other D. neither; another6. I spent the whole day repairing the motorbike. The work was _ simple.A. nothing but B. anything but C. something of D. all except7. The information on the Internet gets around much more rapidly than _ in the newspaper. A. it B. those C. that D.one8. For quite _ students，their teachers advice is more important than _ of their parents A.few,one B.a few,that C.a little,some D.a lot,many 9.Did you reach the top of the mountain?Yes. Even I myself didnt believe I could make_.A. that B. it C.this D. them10.Because the first pair of shoes did not fit properly, I asked for _.A. another shoes B. another one C. the others ones D. an