【31-65天】雅思大作文開(kāi)頭、主體、結(jié)尾攻略.doc

大作文的開(kāi)頭大作文的類(lèi)型：?jiǎn)芜呏С?反對(duì)探討雙方陳述利弊半支持半反對(duì)分析解決多重選擇構(gòu)成：引言段 + 主體段 + 結(jié)論段一、引言段組成：開(kāi)頭句（Opening sentence）+ 中心論點(diǎn) 步驟：引入話(huà)題，同義轉(zhuǎn)述，再根據(jù)寫(xiě)作任務(wù)表達(dá)中心論點(diǎn)I、Opening sentence 五種方法:（一）、引人入勝 思路：用一個(gè)比較有趣的話(huà)題先吊起考官的胃口，并吸引他們往下看題目 1：Many schools demand the students to wear uniforms. Some people think that such a practice can undermine their personality and individuality.范文：The issue of whether the practice of requiring students to wearschool uniforms will affect their personality and individuality is of great interest to many people.備選：Be of great concern for many parents引起父母的關(guān)注Be of great importance to many scientists對(duì)科學(xué)家來(lái)說(shuō)至關(guān)重要Be of great significance to both A and B對(duì)于 A 和 B 都是非常重要的題目 2.：人類(lèi)如何定義和追求幸福，這樣的問(wèn)題引起公眾廣泛的爭(zhēng)議。 范文：The question of how human beings can define and pursue happiness is a matter of much contention among the general public.備選：The question of _ has been widely debate in the world of politics.（二）、力排眾議 思路：先駁斥大眾的某個(gè)普遍但卻錯(cuò)誤的觀念，指出其與現(xiàn)實(shí)不符，然后提出自己的想法 或正確想法，并在主體段列舉各種理由、證據(jù)以及活生生和例子來(lái)論證。套路：Although it is + 副詞 + 過(guò)去分詞 + that .，this is .題目 1：The older generations have very traditional ideas about the correct ways of life, thinking and behavior. However, some people think that these ideas are not helpful for the young generations to prepare for modern life.范文 1：Although it is commonly believed that conventional views about a healthy lifestyle and proper conduct are no longer to young peoples needs today, this is actually not the case.題目 2：越來(lái)越少人照看年老的親屬，而是把他們送到專(zhuān)業(yè)人士那邊去。范文 2：Although many people subscribe to the belief that their old relatives can be taken better care of in a nursing home, this is in fact a common misconception that we need to clear up. From my point of view,it is the younger family members who should really be responsible for looking after these old people during the rest of their lives.釋義： 普遍認(rèn)為，但事實(shí)并非如下。Although it is commonly believed that , this is actually not the case.許多人認(rèn)同這樣的觀點(diǎn)，但事實(shí)上這卻是一種我們需要去澄清的普遍錯(cuò)誤觀念。 Although many people subscribe to the belief that ., this is in fact a common misconception that we need to clear up.大眾觀念認(rèn)為.，但是現(xiàn)實(shí)狀況卻遠(yuǎn)比這種觀念復(fù)雜得多。Although conventional wisdom has it that., the reality of the situation is often far more complicated than that.釋義：subscribe to 訂閱、同意、預(yù)訂 conventional wisdom大眾觀念(三)、放眼世界 思路：從“時(shí)間”或“地點(diǎn)”的跨度著手，比如：過(guò)去怎么樣？題目 1：Some people support the development in agriculture, such as farming industry and the scientific creation of new types of fruit and vegetables. Others oppose this development.Discuss both views and state your opinion.范文：Recent decades have witnessed a major transformation in agricultural development, where industrial technologies are being employed and new varieties of crops are being created. Yet, opponents of this development have raised a number of difficult questions. From my opinion of views, this is a really complicated matter, and we need further investigations to understand the bigger picture.備選：Recent decades have witnessed an increase awareness of釋義：understand the bigger picture 了解事物的全貌題目 2：With divorce rates and family breakdowns increasing globally, it is generally accepted that families today are not as close they used to be.范文 2：Divorce and family breakdown were virtually unheard of just 100 years ago. Now, however, almost half of all marriages fail. This phenomenon is symptomatic of the growing distance between family members in modern society.(四)、兼收并蓄 題目 1：誰(shuí)該為修路付費(fèi)，個(gè)人還是政府？范文：Some people hold the opinion that the government should make more investments is expanding and improving road systems, whereasothers who are not so convinced present the counterargument that it is the responsibility of the growing number of private car users to deal with the huge costs. In my opinion, both sides of the argument have theirown reasons, and we need a detailed analysis to get to the root of this controversy.(五)、 異軍突起 題目 1：談個(gè)人科技的發(fā)展與貧富差異 范 文 1 ：With the huge expansion of high technologies available to individuals, it is sometimes argued that economic and cultural gaps between the rich and poor are being further widened.題目 2：淡大型超市和商場(chǎng)的急劇擴(kuò)張.范文 2：With the unprecedented explosion of large supermarkets andshopping malls, a lot of small local shops have quietly disappeared while the remaining ones are struggling for hopeless survival.釋義：unprecedented explosion前所未有的爆發(fā)范文 3：With the continuous and gradual evolution of mass media, many serious crimes are now described in greater detail on newspapers, television and the Internet, raising considerable public concern over personal safety and social stability.范文 4：With the mass extinction of endangered and rare species, manycountries have taken harsh measures against illegal hunting, unregulated dumping of industrial waste and rampant destruction of their natural habitats by human developers.II、中心論點(diǎn)(一）單邊支持/反對(duì)類(lèi)型提問(wèn)：Do you agree or disagree with this statement?范文 1：（反對(duì)）In my opinion, these subject are not only useful but also fascinating, and it is simply too early for primary schoolchildren to study science and technology.（二）半支持半反對(duì)型提問(wèn)：To what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement?范文 2：From my point of view, （三）探討雙方型(可以參考前文“兼收并蓄”套路)提問(wèn)：Discuss both sides and give your own opinion范文 3：1.To my way of thinking, both sides of the argument have their own reasons, and we need a detailed analysis to get to the root of this controversy. 雙方都有理，需要仔細(xì)分析才可了解爭(zhēng)議起因2.To my way of thinking, both these views can be justified to some extent. 一定程度上都有道理3.To my way of thinking, both these views contain some elements of the truth, which will be discussed in detail in the following essay.注：Which 引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句很自然過(guò)渡到主體段（四）分析解決型提問(wèn)：In what ways could mobile phones and Internet be useful to older people? How canold people be encouraged to use this high technology? To my mind, （五）陳述利弊型提問(wèn)：Does the usefulness of this method of learning outweigh its limitations?（advantage = usefulness，disadvantage = limitations） To the best of my knowledge, （六）多重選擇型（少見(jiàn)）提問(wèn)：What others factors should be considered? Of these factors, do you think anyone ismore important than others?As far as I am concerned, 二、主體段拓展八法（一）、舉例論證(Exemplification)Sample 1：亞洲國(guó)家正以驚人的速度變得西方化.以中國(guó)為例,當(dāng)青少年去看電影的時(shí)候,他們 一般都選擇好萊塢大片而不選擇國(guó)產(chǎn)電影.范文 1：The Asian countries are getting westernized at a staggering rate. Take China for example, when youngsters go to the movies, it is common for them to choose Hollywood blockbusters over domestic films.Sampler 2：談大學(xué)教育的兩大功能：就業(yè)與求知范文 2：To begin with, it is really helpful for university students to be taught some job-related skills that have already become a major focus of higher education. A typical example can be found in the effort to develop their interpersonal skills now required by a growing number of companies as one of the most essential qualities of any job candidate.句型：An interesting / striking / typical example of is provided by the story of sb. whoSample 3：動(dòng)物是人類(lèi)的朋友.例如，海豚經(jīng)常從沉船里營(yíng)救船員.范文 3：Animals are humans companions. To illustrate, dolphins often rescue sailors from sinking ships.Sample 4：大量證據(jù)表明，破裂家庭的子女出現(xiàn)情感、行為障礙或觸犯法律的可能性是完整家庭子女的 23 倍。范文 4：A large body of evidence proves that children from broken families are two or three times as likely as those in intact families to have emotional or behavioral problems or get into trouble with the law.Sampler 5：個(gè)人教育與社會(huì)發(fā)展之間的關(guān)系（特別是）范文 5：Decent education for every individual contributes significantly to the overall well-being of society, especially/particularly when their personal achievements amount to a driving force of social progress.Sampler 6：學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)壓力（特別強(qiáng)調(diào)）范文 6：It is not uncommon that school teachers nowadays tend to exert undue academic pressure on young students, with particular emphasis on consistently good performance in all sorts of tests and examinations.Sampler 7：這點(diǎn)可以通過(guò) 來(lái)說(shuō)明Sampler 7：It is evident from the information supplied that male are far more likely to commit crimes. This point can be illustrated/emphasized by the fact that male offenders accounted for 96% of prison inmates.（二）、引用論證思路：引用“科學(xué)證據(jù)、研究成果、學(xué)術(shù)刊物、統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)”Sample ：?jiǎn)T工和雇主能否都獲益于“在家上班”范文：There is some incontrovertible to suggest that both employees and employers can benefit a lot from the growing trend of telecommuting. According to a recent article published in the world-famous Nature Journal, while the average telecommuter can save a considerable portion of their travel expenses, it is estimated that their companies can cut operational costs by almost one third if 25% of the staff are allowed to work at home.句型：0 According to a recent article published in the world-famous Time Magazine, 0 According to a recent survey conducted by a group of American researchers of the University of Chicago, 國(guó) 家大 學(xué)AmericanUniversity of Southern CaliforniaYale UniversityBritishUniversity of OxfordUniversity of CambridgeCanadianUniversity of TorontoYork UniversityAustralianUniversity of SydneyUniversity of Queensland（三）、遞進(jìn)論證模板：To begin with In the second place LastlySample 1：科學(xué)研究應(yīng)由政府還是私人機(jī)構(gòu)開(kāi)展范文 1： There are many reasons for entrusting scientific research to the governments rather than private companies. 支持 1To begin with, many large-scale and long-term research projects require substantial funding that only national governments can afford. 支持 2In the second place, first-rate scientists who enjoy international reputation are largely concentrated in government-sponsored research institutions. 支 持 3Lastly, since most private companies are profit-orientated, the findings and conclusions from their research are more likely to be skewed or biased and even represent the interests of a small group.剖析：支持 1：大型、長(zhǎng)期的研究項(xiàng)目需要大量的資金，通常只有政府有這樣的財(cái)力； 支持 2：一流科學(xué)家大量集中在由政府資助的研究機(jī)構(gòu)中；支持 3：私人機(jī)構(gòu)大都以利益為導(dǎo)向，故而得出的結(jié)果可能是歪曲或帶有偏見(jiàn)的，甚至代表某些小團(tuán)體的利益。注意：不要用 Last but not least，否則引起考官反感，直接用 Lastly 即可!句型：（適用說(shuō)明缺點(diǎn)）0 One major problems/advantage/measure of 0 Another big risk/benefit/sound approach is that Furthermore, there is a third undesirable development Sample 2：由廣泛使用手機(jī)所帶來(lái)的社會(huì)、健康和技術(shù)問(wèn)題范文 2：It has become increasingly apparent that the widespread use of cell phones gives rise to a number of problems in modern society. 支持 1One major problems of using mobile devices too regularly is that they are posing a potential threat to human health in form of the microwave radiation emitted. 支持 2Another big risk is that cell phone technology is often manipulated and even abused to extract and sell users personal information to those unscrupulous marketing companies. 支 持 3Furthermore, there is a third undesirable development: Since cell phones can provide criminals with increased mobility and accessibility to critical data, the number of unsolved crimes is steadily on the rise.剖析：支持 1：健康層面 - 微波輻射對(duì)健康構(gòu)成潛在的危害 支持 2：技術(shù)方面 - 技術(shù)濫用，個(gè)人信息被作為商品賣(mài)支持 3：社會(huì)層面 給犯罪分子作案增加了便利，導(dǎo)致懸案增加釋義：pose a potential treat(risks) to 構(gòu)成潛在的危害（威脅）unscrupulous肆無(wú)忌憚的undesirable不受歡迎的，可能招致麻煩的unsolved crimes懸案（四）、對(duì)比論證（Comparison and Contrast）思路：正面思維枯竭時(shí)，可以換位思考（“逆向思維”），通過(guò) A 烘托出 B 的優(yōu)/缺點(diǎn)題目：探討老師應(yīng)該教會(huì)學(xué)生辯明是否？還是只負(fù)責(zé)課程教授而不管其他方面提綱：正面論述 1 道德品質(zhì)的教育比知識(shí)更重要（遞進(jìn)法） 正面論述 2 良好的行為可以促進(jìn)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)進(jìn)步（遞進(jìn)法）正面論述 3 最新的研究證據(jù)表明：優(yōu)秀的學(xué)生往往兩面俱佳（引用法） 反面論述 1 放棄道德行為的教育會(huì)產(chǎn)生許多問(wèn)題（對(duì)比法）范例：., teaching students how to distinguish right from wrong is matter of utmost importance in education, especially during their formative years.【支持 1】To begin with, such moral education is often regarded by most teachers as much more important than teaching them academic knowledge. 【支持 2】In addition, being fully aware of the difference between right and wrong effectively improves their own behavior, which can in turn facilitate their learning process. 【支 持 3】According to a recent study conducted by a team of Canadian researchers of University of Toronto, many top students in high school not only perform well academically, but they also generally show decent behavior in a consistent way.【支持 4】In sharp contrast, not providing young students with a proper moral education is a sure recipe for disaster because a number of serious problems may result from this failure.釋義：facilitate their learning process 促進(jìn)學(xué)習(xí)（facilitate 便利、促進(jìn)）a sure recipe for disaster災(zāi)難性的后果（五）、因果認(rèn)證(Cause and effect)思路：分為兩類(lèi)講事物原因；事情結(jié)果。模板 1：Be 動(dòng)詞 + 過(guò)去分詞 + 介詞0 be (directly) linked to . 0 be (strongly) related to 0 be (unquestionably) tied to 0 be (closely) connected with 0 be (largely) associated with 模板 2：0 as 0 since 0 due to 0 owing to 0 hence 0 thus 0 therefore 0 as a consequence/result/consequently 0 thereby:以此達(dá)到目的(不能用在句首,而且后面是加動(dòng)名詞) 題目 1：生態(tài)問(wèn)題正在被惡化,因此,我們必須采取措施解決環(huán)境問(wèn)題.范文 1：The ecological problems are being aggravated; therefore, it is imperative that we take measures to combat the pollution of the environment.題目 2：政府應(yīng)該提高公眾的環(huán)保意識(shí),以此來(lái)促進(jìn)可持續(xù)發(fā)展并且創(chuàng)造一個(gè)更適合人類(lèi)生 存的環(huán)境.范文 2：The government should raise the public awareness of environmental preservation, thereby promoting sustainable development and creating a more livable environment.模板 3：0 lead to (從句) 0 give rise to (從句) 0 contribute to (從句) 0 result in (從句) 題目 3：Many people use distance-learning programs (study material post, TV, Internet, etc) to study at home, but some think that it cannot bring as benefits as attending college or university. To what extent to you agree or disagree with this opinion?解析：屬于半支持半反對(duì)類(lèi)型：主體段一：提出反對(duì)理由 寫(xiě) distance learning 的好處(Benefits) 主體段二：提出支持理由 寫(xiě) distance learning 的壞處之一(Problem1) 主體段三：提出支持理由 寫(xiě) distance learning 的壞處之二(Problem2)范文 3：(主體段二)【主題句】Despite the convenience and relatively low cost of distance learning, it would be wise for us to consider it downside.【支持 1】One of the biggest problems is that it cannot create an environment that is conducive to the students learning process, especially the much-needed interaction with their professors and classmates.【支持 2】This may result in a terrible sense of disconnection and even social isolation among the learners.【支持 3】In comparison, attending college or university is a more pleasant and exciting experience for young students as they can combine academic learning with a wide variety of social and extracurricular activities.備注：本段寫(xiě)作模式為“1+3”，即一個(gè)主題句+三個(gè)支持句?！局黝}句】以 despite 為引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句開(kāi)始，總結(jié)主體段一中分析的好處，可視為“轉(zhuǎn)折法； 支持 1】為“遞進(jìn)法”；【支持 2】為“指代法”+“因果法”；【支持 3】采用了“對(duì)比法”。（六）、指代法思路：用詞出現(xiàn) this, that, these, those, it, they, such 等代詞，與其他方法配合應(yīng)用 模板 1：This is clearly shown in the following example: .(從句) +舉例法題目 1：淡新聞報(bào)紙對(duì)人們思想的巨大影響適用于傳媒/網(wǎng)絡(luò)類(lèi)話(huà)題范文 1：When it comes to how public opinion is formed, newspapers are unquestionably one of the strongest powers. This is clearly shown in the following example: many high school students in America who take the SAT are in the habit of citing articles from a wide variety of influential newspapers in their writing.模板 2：This has already been proved by the case of +舉例法題目 2：談越來(lái)越多年輕人失業(yè)的社會(huì)問(wèn)題范文 2：There is no denying that chronic youth joblessness is a contributing factor of social instability. This has already been proved by the case of increased criminal activities among unemployed or underemployed urban youngsters, many of whom even regard these wrongdoings as a way to make a living.（七）、轉(zhuǎn)折法套路：0 However, . 從句 0 Yet, 從句 0 Nevertheless, 從句 0 Nonetheless, 從句 0 In spite of,. （8） 、小結(jié)法 思路：在其他方法無(wú)法使用或很難使用的時(shí)候，可以考慮用“小結(jié)法”來(lái)湊數(shù) 注意：無(wú)論多少個(gè)主體段，但“小結(jié)法”只可用在其他一個(gè)，不可多用。三、結(jié)尾段四法構(gòu)成：歸納句（歸納主體段的主要論點(diǎn)）；收尾句（以下四法）詞匯：0 in general 0 on the whole 0 generally 0 in summary 0 in conclusion 0 to summarize 0 to conclude 0 to sum up 歸納觀點(diǎn)：0 From the above comparison and contrast, anyone can safely conclude that 0 When the advantages and disadvantages are carefully compared, the most striking conclusion is self-evident. 0 Judging from all evidence offered, we may reasonably come to/draw the conclusion that 0 From what has been discussed above, we may safely arrive at the conclusion that 通用句型：0 It is true that to do brings about both positive and negative results. 0 But we can try our best to reduce the negative influence to the least extent. Besides, compared with the positives effects, the disadvantages would not so much. 0 What we must do is make sure that the positive ones are encouragedand the negative ones are eliminated as far as possible. 0 All these opinions make sense, and consequently it is hard to choose the best of them. In my opinion, such matters must be left to individuals conscience. （一）、建議法思路：針對(duì)一個(gè)問(wèn)題提出自己的建議或提出一種妥善的解決之道模板：0 Therefore, it is (strongly) suggested that （從句） 0 It is urgent (necessary) that appropriate (effective/proper) actions l (measures/steps/method) should be taken to correct (improve) 0 Both government and ordinary citizens should join hands to make this 0 world a better place to live in, not only for ourselves, but also for 0 future generations. 題目：Many parents complain that computer games have no value to their children studies. On the contrary, those online games have produced a lot of negative on their mental and physical development. Do you agree or disagree with this view?結(jié)尾段范文：In summary, from both physiological and psychological points of view, computer games are indeed valueless and may exert negative impact on the development of young children. Therefore, it highl