液壓傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)課程畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯/中英文翻譯/外文翻譯

中國(guó)地質(zhì)大學(xué)長(zhǎng)城學(xué)院  本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外文資料翻譯  系      別         工程技術(shù)系            專(zhuān)      業(yè)   機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及其自動(dòng)化   學(xué)生姓名        彭江鶴            學(xué)      號(hào)          05211534            指導(dǎo)教師        王澤河            職      稱(chēng)          教  授               2015 年  5 月  4 日   液壓傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)  作者： Hopmans,  ArthurH.  摘   要  液壓傳動(dòng) 是 由 液壓泵 、液壓控制閥、 液壓執(zhí)行元件 和液壓輔件組成的 液壓系統(tǒng) 。液壓泵把機(jī)械能轉(zhuǎn)換成液體的壓力能， 液壓控制閥 和液壓 輔件控制 液壓介質(zhì)的壓力、流量和流動(dòng)方向，將 液壓泵 輸出的壓力能傳給執(zhí)行元件，執(zhí)行元件將液體壓力能轉(zhuǎn)換為機(jī)械能，以完成要求的動(dòng)作。  關(guān)鍵詞： 液壓傳動(dòng)；  氣壓傳動(dòng)；  傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)；  許多液壓傳動(dòng)先前已經(jīng)設(shè)計(jì)出允許操作者無(wú)限變化輸出的變速器，或甚至逆轉(zhuǎn)的傳動(dòng)裝置的輸出作為相對(duì)于輸入。通常情況下，這已經(jīng)通過(guò)使用一個(gè)旋轉(zhuǎn)斜盤(pán)是要么由操作者手動(dòng)或操作液壓動(dòng)機(jī)來(lái)改變通過(guò)旋轉(zhuǎn)泵 頭部具有軸向移動(dòng)的活塞流動(dòng)的液壓流體的。液壓流體從泵頭活塞的流動(dòng)，依次轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)的馬達(dá)頭通過(guò)激勵(lì)相應(yīng)的一組活塞在其中違背一固定凸輪的，因此，旋轉(zhuǎn)安裝在電動(dòng)機(jī)頭的輸出軸。  通常情況下，在現(xiàn)有技術(shù)的變速器已被被設(shè)置有各種功能，例如齒輪減速，剎車(chē)設(shè)定裝置等。不幸的是，這些功能通常是提供外部發(fā)送的和顯著增加整個(gè)裝置的體積和質(zhì)量。申請(qǐng)人確定，這是很期望具有其中基本上所有的這些需要或希望的功能，可以在內(nèi)部提供的發(fā)送，同時(shí)還產(chǎn)生一個(gè)非常有效的和非常有效的傳輸?shù)木C合傳輸。  特別是，這種類(lèi)型的變速器上經(jīng)常使用的設(shè)備，如“零轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)半徑 ”剪草機(jī)之類(lèi)的其中一個(gè)潛在的危險(xiǎn)情況面對(duì)操作者，旁觀者和設(shè)備本身，如果設(shè)備我們?cè)试S繼續(xù)被推進(jìn)應(yīng)的操作者釋放控制，由于當(dāng)操作者無(wú)意中從裝置拋出或變得受傷。因此，“故障自動(dòng)剎車(chē)”機(jī)制經(jīng)常被設(shè)置為傳輸自動(dòng)地返回到中立配置在這種情況下，使得該裝置不會(huì)繼續(xù)供電，如果控制被釋放。  先前傳輸這種類(lèi)型的一般依靠某種外部設(shè)備，比如其目的是為了在操作者控制軸返回到中立位置應(yīng)操作者釋放所述軸的反操作偏壓彈簧。這種類(lèi)型的外部設(shè)備，可以容易地由用戶(hù)或篡改損壞。這種回歸函數(shù)中性到傳輸本身的整合允許在外部零件的減少可被損壞或不適當(dāng)取出并 大大降低，以支持傳輸?shù)母鞣N功能所需的外部結(jié)構(gòu)。  在這種類(lèi)型的用于割草機(jī)的使用和類(lèi)似的傳輸經(jīng)常遇到的另一個(gè)問(wèn)題是，操作時(shí)會(huì)略生澀或有彈性，因?yàn)椴僮髡咄ǔo(wú)法順利地控制從一個(gè)速度到另一個(gè)的過(guò)渡，往往試圖使突然變化。從這些生澀的操作震動(dòng)有一種傾向，穿更重的機(jī)器和操作上也是如此。因此，理想的是抑制這種傳輸?shù)妮敵?，以防止這種不平穩(wěn)的運(yùn)動(dòng)。  不僅是它是期望能夠有一個(gè)返回到中立的功能，如 desribed 以上，但還希望為操作者有積極的感覺(jué)為中立位置時(shí)，不論操作者從空檔移動(dòng)到前進(jìn)或從中立扭轉(zhuǎn)。此功能在本文中稱(chēng)為積極中性功能， 并且在一般情況下，該功能需要操作者在從發(fā)送到任何一個(gè)正向或反向方向的中立姿勢(shì)變換擴(kuò)展更多的能量或運(yùn)動(dòng)相比，量能量消耗或運(yùn)動(dòng)需從一個(gè)速度轉(zhuǎn)移到另一個(gè)在一個(gè)特定的方向。與上面提到的其它特征，最好是需要提供此功能的結(jié)構(gòu)的發(fā)送本身內(nèi)摻入。  為了方便和簡(jiǎn)單起見(jiàn)，優(yōu)選的是，發(fā)送直接從馬達(dá)傳動(dòng) 系接收電力而沒(méi)有穿過(guò)齒輪減速 裝置。不幸的是，大部分的輸出要求是這樣的，輸出旋轉(zhuǎn)速度必須大大降低相比，直接從 馬達(dá)所采取的輸入轉(zhuǎn)速。因此，還希望該傳輸包含一個(gè)內(nèi)部的齒輪減速系統(tǒng)允許大量減少輸出速度比輸入速度，即使當(dāng)具有軸向移動(dòng)的 活塞驅(qū)動(dòng)輸出電動(dòng)機(jī)的類(lèi)型的液壓傳動(dòng)裝置的取向，以提供最大輸出速度。  應(yīng)注意的是，在一些比最大功率低輸出速度時(shí)，幾乎所有的可變輸出傳動(dòng)裝置本身提供的一些齒輪，由于一種或另一種電源旁路的減少，但沒(méi)有已知的申請(qǐng)人的現(xiàn)有技術(shù)的變速器的提供大幅的內(nèi)部的齒輪減速在全輸出）。  某些使用這種類(lèi)型的變速器的車(chē)輛包括制動(dòng)器從而有效地防止車(chē)輛在電動(dòng)機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)的傳輸被停止移動(dòng)。這些制動(dòng)器通常手動(dòng)應(yīng)用和要求的結(jié)構(gòu)安裝在車(chē)輛上的大量。特別是，這種類(lèi)型的駐車(chē)制動(dòng)器通常包括：一個(gè)操作者的杠桿臂與相關(guān)聯(lián)的鍵的杠桿臂連接到制動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)，這反過(guò)來(lái)，鎖定 驅(qū)動(dòng)輪，傳動(dòng)軸或類(lèi)似物。再次，為了簡(jiǎn)化該結(jié)構(gòu)和集成的制動(dòng)功能到傳輸，它被認(rèn)為是理想的申請(qǐng)人構(gòu)建的發(fā)送，將有內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)自動(dòng)接合駐車(chē)制動(dòng)時(shí)的馬達(dá)驅(qū)動(dòng)的傳送被停止。  雖然這種類(lèi)型的駐車(chē)制動(dòng)器是非常有利的，它也有必要提供一種具有倍率結(jié)構(gòu)這將允許操作者選擇性地覆蓋制動(dòng)這樣的制動(dòng)器 ;例如，當(dāng)操作員希望對(duì)車(chē)輛推到不同的位置時(shí)，馬達(dá)將無(wú)法啟動(dòng)。此外，有利的是具有這種類(lèi)型，它允許操作者選擇性地接合時(shí)，電動(dòng)機(jī)被操作的制動(dòng)器的制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)。這允許操作者從車(chē)輛在電機(jī)，而不必?fù)?dān)心車(chē)輛滾動(dòng)下坡等的運(yùn)行卸除。  申請(qǐng)人還認(rèn)為有希望的是提供一種 移植塊地安裝在泵頭部和馬達(dá)頭其中將納入必要流動(dòng)通道的發(fā)送之間，止回閥等，以非常有效地和簡(jiǎn)單地提供用于流的流體圍繞傳動(dòng)和消除需要用于連接泵頭部和馬達(dá)頭軟管。移植塊還設(shè)置有一個(gè)流體流旁路到允許操作者推動(dòng)相關(guān)聯(lián)的車(chē)輛沒(méi)有流體鎖定車(chē)輛的車(chē)輪的液壓動(dòng)作。  一個(gè)統(tǒng)一的傳輸本文中所描述的類(lèi)型的進(jìn)一步優(yōu)選的特征包括，對(duì)于某些實(shí)施方案中，車(chē)輛車(chē)輪可以直接在傳輸?shù)妮敵鲚S安裝，而在車(chē)輛的相對(duì)側(cè)透射驅(qū)動(dòng)輪由單個(gè)輸入驅(qū)動(dòng)共同軸，還同時(shí)提供一個(gè)齒輪減速，如上所述，內(nèi)部的傳輸。這允許在部件高度有效的利用，并減少并為簡(jiǎn)化起見(jiàn)，在所得的載體 ?？商娲?，傳輸是足夠柔韌的，對(duì)于一些實(shí)施例中，輸入軸可以是成角度的相對(duì)于可以由泵頭部和馬達(dá)頭變速器之間的移植塊的修改來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)輸出軸。此外，積分電荷泵被確定為所希望的。電荷泵由開(kāi)關(guān)輸入軸，其提供化妝液壓流體到泵頭部，同時(shí)允許循環(huán)流體用于冷卻和過(guò)濾的驅(qū)動(dòng)。   Hydraulic transmission system Many hydraulic transmissions have been previously designed which allow an operator to infinitely vary the output of the transmission or even to reverse the output of the transmission as compared to the input. Normally, this has been accomplished by use of a swash plate which is either manually operated by the operator or hydraulically motivated to vary flow of hydraulic fluid through a rotating pump head having axially moving pistons. The flow of hydraulic fluid from the pump head pistons, in turn, rotates a motor head by motivating a corresponding set of pistons therein acting against a fixed cam and, consequently, rotates an output axle attached to the motor head. Typically, the prior art transmissions have been provided with various features such as gear reduction, brake setting equipment and the like. Unfortunately, these features are usually provided external of the transmission and significantly add to the volume and mass of the overall apparatus. Applicants determined that it was quite desirable to have an integrated transmission wherein substantially all of these necessary or desirable functions could be provided internally in the transmission, while also producing a highly effective and quite efficient transmission. In particular, transmissions of this type are frequently used on equipment such as "zero turning radius" lawnmowers and the like wherein a potentially dangerous situation confronts the operator, bystander and the equipment itself if the device us allowed to continue to be propelled should the operator release the controls, as when the operator is inadvertently thrown from the device or becomes injured. Therefore, a "deadman" mechanism is often provided for automatically returning the transmission to a neutral configuration in such a situation such that the device does not continue to be powered, if the controls are released. Previous transmissions of this type have generally relied on some kind of external device such as counter-operating biasing springs which are designed to return the operator control shaft to a neutral position should the operator release the shaft. External devices of this type can be easily tampered with by a user or damaged. Integration of such a return to neutral function into the transmission itself allows for a reduction in external parts which can be damaged or inappropriately removed and substantially reduces the external structure required to support various features of the transmission. Another problem frequently encountered in transmissions of this type for use in lawnmowers and the like is that operation tends to be somewhat jerky or bouncy, as the operator is usually unable to smoothly control the transition from one speed to another and often attempts to make abrupt changes. Vibration from such jerky operation has a tendency to wear more heavily on the machine and the operator as well. Consequently, it is desirable to dampen the output of such a transmission to prevent such jerky motion. Not only is it desirable to be able to have a return to neutral function, as desribed above, but it is also desirable for the operator to have a positive feel for the neutral position, whether the operator is moving from neutral to forward or from neutral to reverse. This feature is referred to herein as a positive neutral function and, in general, the feature requires that the operator extend more energy or movement in converting from the neutral orientation of the transmission to either a forward or reverse orientation, as compared to the amount of energy expended or movement required to transfer from one speed to another in a particular direction. As with the other features noted above, it is desirable that the structure required to provide this feature be incorporated within the transmission itself. For reasons of convenience and simplicity, it is preferable that the transmission receive power directly from the motor drive train without passing through gear reduction apparatus. Unfortunately, most output requirements are such that the output rotational speed must be substantially reduced as compared to the input rotational speed taken directly from the motor. Consequently, it is further desirable that the transmission incorporate an internal gear reduction system allowing for a substantial reduction in output speed as compared to input speed, even when the hydrostatic transmission of the type having axially moving pistons driving the output motor is oriented to provide the maximum output speed. (It is noted that at some lower than maximum output speeds, virtually all variable output transmissions inherently provide some gear reduction because of power bypass of one type or another, but none of the prior art transmissions known to applicants provide a substantial internal gear reduction at full output). Certain of the vehicles utilizing transmissions of this type include brakes which effectively prevent the vehicle from moving when the motor driving the transmission is stopped. These brakes are usually manually applied and require a substantial amount of structure mounted on the vehicle. In particular, parking brakes of this type have usually included an operator lever arm with an associated linkage connecting the lever arm to a brake mechanism which, in turn, locks the drive wheels, drive shaft or the like. Again, to simplify this structure and to integrate the braking function into the transmission, it was deemed desirable by applicants to construct a transmission which would have internal structure to automatically engage a parking brake when the motor driving the transmission was stopped. While a parking brake of this type is highly advantageous, it is also necessary to provide such a brake with an override structure which will allow the operator to selectively override the brake; for example, where the operator wishes to push the vehicle to a different position when the motor will not start. Further, it is advantageous to have a braking system of this type which allows the operator to selectively engage the brake when the motor is operating. This allows the operator to dismount from the vehicle while the motor is running without fear of the vehicle rolling downhill or the like. Applicants also deemed it desirable to provide a porting block mountable between the pump head and motor head of the transmission which would incorporate necessary flow channels, check valves and the like to very effectively and simply provide for flow of fluid about the transmission and to eliminate the need for hoses connecting the pump head and motor head. The porting block is also provided with a fluid flow bypass to allow an operator to push an associated vehicle without the hydra