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1 附錄 I 廢舊輪胎資源綜合利用技術(shù) 摘要: 據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì),目前全世界每年有 15 億條輪胎報(bào)廢,其中北美大約 4 億條,西歐近 2 億條,日本 1 億條 1 5。如何將廢舊輪胎資源化、減量化、無害化,不僅關(guān)系到環(huán)境保護(hù)這個(gè)重要的社會(huì)問題,而且還關(guān)系到持續(xù)發(fā)展這一全球性的戰(zhàn)略問題。 關(guān)鍵詞: 鋼線子午線輪胎 捕雨系統(tǒng) 膠粉 熱分解 汽車給人們帶來了交通便利,公路運(yùn)輸促進(jìn)了國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展。但我們?cè)谙硎鼙憷推穱L經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的成果時(shí),不得不面對(duì)日益增多的廢舊輪胎。據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì),目前全世界每年有 15 億條輪胎報(bào) 廢,其中北美大約 4 億條,西歐近 2 億條,日本 1 億條 1 5。如何將廢舊輪胎資源化、減量化、無害化,不僅關(guān)系到環(huán)境保護(hù)這個(gè)重要的社會(huì)問題,而且還關(guān)系到持續(xù)發(fā)展這一全球性的戰(zhàn)略問題。 合理處置廢舊輪胎,長(zhǎng)期以來一直是環(huán)境保護(hù)的難題。在上世紀(jì) 90 年代,世界各國(guó)最普遍的做法是對(duì)廢舊輪胎進(jìn)行掩埋或堆放。以美國(guó)為例, 1992 年廢舊輪胎掩埋 /堆放率達(dá)到 63%1,5。但隨著地價(jià)上漲,征用土地用作掩埋 /堆放場(chǎng)所越來越困難。另一方面,廢舊輪胎大量堆積,極易引起火災(zāi),造成第二次公害。隨著科學(xué)技術(shù)進(jìn)步,世界各國(guó)紛紛積極開辟?gòu)U舊 輪胎綜合利用新途徑。尤其是近些年來,公眾的環(huán)境保護(hù)意識(shí)日益增強(qiáng),利用廢舊資源培育新型產(chǎn)業(yè),實(shí)現(xiàn)經(jīng)濟(jì)可持續(xù)性發(fā)展成了世界各國(guó)的共識(shí)。目前廢舊輪胎的綜合利用途徑有翻新、原形改制、熱能利用、熱分解、再生膠、膠粉等。 一、輪胎翻新 2,5 9 翻新是利用廢舊輪胎的主要方式和最佳選擇。將已經(jīng)磨損的、不能使用的廢舊輪胎的外層削去,粘貼上膠料,再進(jìn)行硫化,即可得到能夠重新使用的翻新胎。在使用、保養(yǎng)良好的條件下,一條輪胎可以翻新多次,具體地說,尼龍簾線輪胎可翻新 2 3 次,鋼線子午線輪胎可翻新 3 6 次。每翻新一次,可重新獲 得相當(dāng)于新輪胎壽命 60 90的使用壽命,平均里程大約為 5 7 萬公里。通過多次翻新,至少可使輪胎的總壽命延長(zhǎng) 1 2 倍,換句話說,一條輪胎經(jīng)過多次翻新后起碼相當(dāng)于 2 3 條輪胎。而翻新一條廢舊輪胎所消耗的原材料只相當(dāng)于生產(chǎn)一條同規(guī)格新輪胎的 15 30,價(jià)格僅為新輪 2 胎的 20 50。 由于翻新保持了輪胎的原始物性和形狀,耗用的能源和人工都較少,但卻達(dá)到了物盡其用的目的,所以被普遍認(rèn)為是廢舊輪胎最有效的利用方法。另一方面,其他綜合利用方法,譬如生產(chǎn)再生膠、膠粉、熱分解、熱能利用等均或多或少在能源消耗、成本、污染方面存在一些問題,相比之下,廢舊輪胎翻新具有明顯的優(yōu)勢(shì),所以歷來倍受重視。 輪胎翻新最早始于 1907 年的英國(guó),在 1933 年后傳入中國(guó)。傳統(tǒng)的翻新工藝是熱硫化法,該法目前仍是我國(guó)翻胎業(yè)的主導(dǎo)工藝,但在美國(guó)、法國(guó)、日本等發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家已逐漸遭淘汰。最先進(jìn)的翻新工藝是環(huán)狀胎面預(yù)硫化法,它由意大利馬朗貢尼( Marangoni)集團(tuán)于上世紀(jì) 70 年代研發(fā)并于 1973 年投放市場(chǎng)。該集團(tuán)是一家既制造輪胎翻新設(shè)備和檢驗(yàn)設(shè)備,同時(shí)又從事輪胎翻新生產(chǎn)的跨國(guó)公司。與馬朗貢尼齊名的還有美國(guó)奔達(dá)可( Bandag)公司,該公司自上世紀(jì)80 年代投 身輪胎翻新業(yè)以來,每年?duì)I業(yè)額均在 30 億美元以上。近年來崛起的后起之秀是米其林輪胎翻新技術(shù)公司( MRTI),它是排在世界 輪 胎 業(yè) 前 三 名 的 法 國(guó) 米 其 林 集 團(tuán) 設(shè) 在 北 美 地 區(qū) 的 一 家 子 公 司 。MRTI 擁有兩項(xiàng)專利技術(shù):預(yù)硫化翻新( Recamic)技術(shù)和熱硫化翻新( Remix)技術(shù)。通過實(shí)行兩條腿走路的方針,即自辦輪胎翻新廠與向其他輪胎翻新廠出讓技術(shù)使用權(quán)相結(jié)合, MRTI 業(yè)已建立起龐大的輪胎翻新網(wǎng)絡(luò)。該網(wǎng)絡(luò)目前擁有 40 多間 MRTI 翻胎廠和 37 間加盟翻胎廠。只要交上 2.5 萬美元并與 MRTI 簽署五年合約,即可成為 MRTI的加盟翻胎廠 ,享受由 MRTI 租借翻胎生產(chǎn)設(shè)備和提供翻胎生產(chǎn)技術(shù)的服務(wù)。 MRTI 的興起已經(jīng)嚴(yán)重影響到奔達(dá)可在北美地區(qū)近百年的壟斷地位。 美國(guó) 60以上的廢舊輪胎得到翻新,歐共體規(guī)定 2000 年廢舊輪胎的25必須得到翻新,而我國(guó)與先進(jìn)國(guó)家存在較大的差距,目前得到翻新的廢舊輪胎還不到 10。 二、原形改制 3,5,9,10,11 原形改制是通過捆綁、裁剪、沖切等方式,將廢舊輪胎改造成有利用價(jià)值的物品。最常見的是用作碼頭和船舶的護(hù)舷、沉入海底充當(dāng)人工魚礁、用作航標(biāo)燈的漂浮燈塔等。 美國(guó)每年產(chǎn)生廢舊輪胎 2.5 億條,通過原形改 制可使其 中的500 600 萬條變廢為寶。柵網(wǎng)墊排公司收集廢舊輪胎,用切割機(jī)分 3 離胎圈與胎身,再根據(jù)需要將胎身裁成不同尺寸的膠條,用這些膠條編織成彈性防護(hù)網(wǎng)、防撞擋壁、防滑墊排等。彈性防護(hù)網(wǎng)供建筑、爆破工地?fù)躏w石落物;防撞擋壁供保護(hù)船塢用;防滑墊用來臨時(shí)加固路面,使重型車輛順利通過泥濘地帶。從廢舊輪胎上截取下來的胎圈,還可以被加工成排污管道出售。 美國(guó)康涅狄格州許多居民有將廢舊輪胎代替地下管道使用的好習(xí)慣。他們將廢舊輪胎豎立相疊,排成一列埋入地下,經(jīng)固定充當(dāng)泄洪暗渠,也相當(dāng)經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)用。 美國(guó)加利福尼亞州一位娛樂業(yè) 老板發(fā)明了利用廢舊輪胎改制成的“捕雨系統(tǒng)”,節(jié)約高爾夫球場(chǎng)草坪灌溉費(fèi)用的技術(shù),并為此而申請(qǐng)了專利。所謂“捕雨系統(tǒng)”也就是將廢舊輪胎從中間破開一分為二,然后埋入高爾夫球場(chǎng)草坪深一英尺的地下。遇天下雨時(shí),雨水聚積在半個(gè)輪胎內(nèi),不至于滲漏流失,保證有充足水分供草根吸收,從而減少灌溉次數(shù)。鋪滿一個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的 18 穴高爾夫球場(chǎng),大概要用 120萬條廢舊輪胎,一年可節(jié)約灌溉費(fèi)用 1 7 萬美元。 日本有人發(fā)明了用廢舊輪胎固坡。具體做法是:將廢舊輪胎整齊地?cái)[放在坡面上,然后用水泥澆灌空隙,使廢舊輪胎與坡面連成整體。這種方法不僅節(jié)約水 泥,而且增強(qiáng)了坡面的堅(jiān)固程度,同時(shí)又消耗了廢舊輪胎,其好處何止一舉兩得。 法國(guó)技術(shù)人員用廢舊輪胎建筑“綠色消音墻”,使用證明吸音效果極佳,音頻在 250 2000Hz 的噪音可被吸收掉 85。其具體做法是:沿直徑將廢舊輪胎剖成對(duì)稱的兩半,然后將其傾斜 20層層疊放,再在墻外罩以金屬格柵作為防火護(hù)板。之所以需要傾斜 20擺放,主要是方便排水,避免飄入的雨水積存在輪胎內(nèi)滋生蚊蟲。 與其他綜合利用途徑相比,原形改制是一種非常有價(jià)值的回收利用方法,它在耗費(fèi)能源和人工較少的情況下使廢舊輪胎物盡其用,而且給人們提供了充分發(fā) 揮想象力的空間以及大膽實(shí)踐的機(jī)會(huì)。但該方法消耗的廢舊輪胎量并不大,所以只能當(dāng)作是一種輔助途徑。 三、熱能利用 1,2,4,12,13 廢舊輪胎是一種高熱值材料,其每公斤的發(fā)熱量分別比木材高69%、比煙煤高 10%、比焦炭高 4%。熱能利用就是用廢舊輪胎代替燃料使用。一是直接燃燒回收熱能,此法雖然簡(jiǎn)單,但會(huì)造成大氣污染,不宜提倡;二是將廢舊輪胎破碎,然后按一定比例與各種可燃廢舊物混合,配制成固體垃圾燃料( RDF),供高爐噴吹代替煤、 4 油和焦炭,供水泥回轉(zhuǎn)窯代替煤以及火力發(fā)電用。同時(shí),該法還有副產(chǎn)品 炭黑生成, 經(jīng)活化后可作為補(bǔ)強(qiáng)劑再次用于橡膠制品生產(chǎn)。 如今在美國(guó)、日本以及歐洲許多國(guó)家,有不少水泥廠、發(fā)電廠、造紙廠、鋼鐵廠和冶煉廠都在用廢舊輪胎作燃料,效果非常好,不僅降低了生產(chǎn)成本,而且從根本上解決了廢舊輪胎引起的環(huán)境污染問題。對(duì)水泥廠而言,廢舊輪胎中的鋼絲簾線和胎圈鋼絲正好代替制造水泥所需的鐵礦石成份,也就是說用廢舊輪胎焙燒水泥,可以少加或不加鐵礦石,這真是一物二用,何樂而不為呢? 在所有綜合利用途徑中,熱能利用是目前能夠最大量地消耗廢舊輪胎的唯一途徑,此是其一;由于輪胎是橡膠、鋼絲、纖維等多種不同材料的復(fù)合體 ,這就增加了回收利用的難度,像制造膠粉就必須先對(duì)廢舊輪胎進(jìn)行預(yù)處理,將輪胎中的橡膠部分和鋼絲、纖維部分分離,而熱能利用則無此要求,此是其二;其三是相對(duì)于其他綜合利用途徑,熱能利用的設(shè)備投資最少。因此,近年來熱能利用已逐漸引起各國(guó)政府和環(huán)保組織的重視,被認(rèn)為是處理廢舊輪胎的最好辦法,從而被確定為今后綜合利用廢舊輪胎的重點(diǎn)發(fā)展方向。相信不出三五年,熱能利用將在廢舊輪胎綜合利用中占據(jù)主導(dǎo)地位。 四、再生膠 4,5,9,13 通過化學(xué)方法,使廢舊輪胎橡膠脫硫,得到再生橡膠是綜合利用廢舊輪胎最古老的方法。最早可追溯 到 1847 年,有人發(fā)明了用松節(jié)油和廢硫化橡膠一同煮沸脫硫的方法,得到世界第一批再生膠。在第二次世界大戰(zhàn)期間,各國(guó)都面臨不同程度的橡膠資源匱乏。為彌補(bǔ)不足,各國(guó)大力發(fā)展再生膠生產(chǎn),新工藝、新技術(shù)不斷涌現(xiàn),生產(chǎn)自動(dòng)化程度逐漸提高,再生膠行業(yè)出現(xiàn)了空前興旺的景象。這段時(shí)間是再生膠工業(yè)的鼎盛時(shí)期。二戰(zhàn)結(jié)束后,天然橡膠短缺得到緩解,尤其是合成橡膠開始大規(guī)模工業(yè)化生產(chǎn)后,再生膠作為橡膠代用品的地位被完全動(dòng)搖,退居為膠料的配合劑,再生膠生產(chǎn)量、耗用量逐年下降,再生膠市場(chǎng)一年比一年萎縮??梢哉f,如果天然橡膠和合成橡膠的價(jià)格 不提高到足以令再生橡膠具有明顯的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益的話,再生膠工業(yè)的發(fā)展今后很難重新振興。 特別是近些年來,隨著全球環(huán)保之風(fēng)愈吹愈烈,再生膠工業(yè)的諸多劣勢(shì),譬如工藝復(fù)雜,耗費(fèi)能源多,生產(chǎn)過程污染環(huán)境,造成第二次公害等愈加引起公眾關(guān)注。另一方面,與橡膠相比,再生膠 5 由于性能欠佳,應(yīng)用范圍受到限制。因此,發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家早已逐年削減再生膠產(chǎn)量,有計(jì)劃地關(guān)閉再生膠廠,用生產(chǎn)膠粉來取代制造再生膠,再生膠工業(yè)興旺發(fā)達(dá)的時(shí)代已一去不復(fù)返了。 目前采用的再生膠生產(chǎn)技術(shù)有動(dòng)態(tài)脫硫再生法(恩格爾科法)、常溫再生法、低溫再生法( TCR 法)、低溫相 轉(zhuǎn)移催化脫硫法、微波再生法、幅射再生法和壓出再生法。 再生膠的主要用途是在橡膠制品生產(chǎn)中,按一定比例摻入膠料,一來取代一小部分生膠,以降低產(chǎn)品成本,二來改善膠料加工性能。摻有再生膠的膠料可制造各種橡膠制品。再生膠在輪胎中的用量一般為 5,在工業(yè)制品中的用量一般為 10 20,在鞋跟、鞋底等低檔制品中的用量一般可達(dá)到 40左右。 五、膠粉 2,13 15 通過機(jī)械方式將廢舊輪胎粉碎后得到的粉末狀物質(zhì)就是膠粉,其生產(chǎn)工藝有常溫粉碎法、低溫冷凍粉碎法、水沖擊法等。顧名思義,低溫冷凍粉碎法就是利用冷媒(通常是液氮 )將廢舊輪胎冷凍到低于膠料中的高聚物的玻璃化溫度 Tg 值以下(譬如天然橡膠或丁苯橡膠為 90 67),使其脆化后再進(jìn)行粉碎。這樣得到的膠粉,粒度細(xì),流動(dòng)性好,而且具有一系列常溫粉碎膠粉所不具備的特點(diǎn)。 與再生膠相比,膠粉無須脫硫,所以生產(chǎn)過程耗費(fèi)能源少,工藝較再生膠簡(jiǎn)單得多,不排放廢水、廢氣污染環(huán)境,而且膠粉性能優(yōu)異,用途極其廣泛。通過生產(chǎn)膠粉來回收廢舊輪胎是集環(huán)保與資源再利用于一體的很有前途的方式,這也是發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家摒棄再生膠生產(chǎn),將廢舊輪胎利用重點(diǎn)由再生膠轉(zhuǎn)向膠粉和開辟其他利用領(lǐng)域的根源。有專家預(yù)言,制造 膠粉有望成為排在翻新、熱能利用之后的第三種主要途徑。 膠粉有許多重要用途,譬如摻入膠料中可代替部分生膠,降低產(chǎn)品成本;活化膠粉或改性膠粉可用來制造各種橡膠制品(汽車輪胎、汽車配件、運(yùn)輸帶、擋泥板、防塵罩、鞋底和鞋芯、彈性磚、圈和墊等等);與瀝青或水泥混合,用于公路建設(shè)和房屋建筑;與塑料并用可制作防水卷材、農(nóng)用節(jié)水滲灌管、消音板和地板、水管和油管、包裝材料、框架、周轉(zhuǎn)箱、浴缸、水箱;制作涂料、油漆和粘合劑;生產(chǎn)活性炭。 據(jù)外刊報(bào)道,美國(guó)霍華德大學(xué)研究人員用膠粉制成膠板,然后將膠板粘貼在鐵板上代替水泥墻作高速 公路隔音墻。據(jù)介紹,一道 6 長(zhǎng) 1.6 公里、高 8 米的隔音墻可消耗 6 萬條廢舊輪胎。這種隔音墻的制造成本與水泥墻相仿,但隔音效果要比水泥墻好得多。皆因橡膠具有滯后性能,所以其吸收噪音的能力比水泥強(qiáng)。 美國(guó)還用膠粉制造下水道蓋板和街道窨井蓋,既降低了市政工程投資,又減少了廢舊輪胎對(duì)環(huán)境的污染。而日本則將膠粉大量用于制造分別具有安全性、透水性、柔軟的步行感和耐水性等不同功能的橡膠墊、體育場(chǎng)館地板材料、游泳池護(hù)緣、擦字橡皮等,產(chǎn)品不僅成本低,而且易著色。據(jù)說,底層為沙石、表層為膠粉的復(fù)合地磚,其使用壽命可長(zhǎng)達(dá) 50 年。 近幾 年來,膠粉應(yīng)用在我國(guó)也得到長(zhǎng)足進(jìn)展,已有多家機(jī)構(gòu)開發(fā)出多種實(shí)用技術(shù)。北京中創(chuàng)新技術(shù)研究中心就是其中的一例。該中心用膠粉生產(chǎn)彩色彈性地磚取得成功,并已申請(qǐng)國(guó)家專利。這種地磚無毒、無污染、防滑、防霉、防火、耐磨、輕質(zhì)、抗老化,吸收沖擊能力強(qiáng),具有適合人行走、運(yùn)動(dòng)所需的最佳磨擦系數(shù),不僅外觀典雅,腳感舒適,而且成本較低,鋪設(shè)方便,可廣泛用于廣場(chǎng)、公園、人行通道、體育場(chǎng)、泳池、家庭衛(wèi)生間、露臺(tái)、微機(jī)房以及其他各種器械運(yùn)動(dòng)場(chǎng)地和公共場(chǎng)所的地面鋪設(shè)。相信在未來的城鎮(zhèn)道路和公共場(chǎng)館建設(shè)中,這種新型地磚必將大有用武之地,同 時(shí)這類新技術(shù)亦可望成為新的投資熱點(diǎn)。 回收利用廢棄物其實(shí)是一項(xiàng)系統(tǒng)工程。不僅要求在將廢棄物轉(zhuǎn)化成新資源時(shí)成本要低,不要產(chǎn)生新的污染源,而且還要求由廢棄物轉(zhuǎn)化過來的新資源是可用的,最好是能夠被大量地使用和消費(fèi),否則將造成新的資源積壓和浪費(fèi),無法形成“變廢為寶”的良性循環(huán)。粉碎廢舊輪胎生產(chǎn)膠粉也不例外。為達(dá)到上述目的,世界各國(guó)近年來一直在積極拓展膠粉應(yīng)用范圍,鍥而不舍地尋找新的用途。 膠粉與瀝青共混得到改性瀝青,將其用于公路建設(shè)是最近 10 年間世界各國(guó)的重點(diǎn)發(fā)展方向。膠粉摻入到瀝青中,可提高瀝青的韌性,而且由于能 夠吸收瀝青中的油蠟,減少了游離蠟含量,從而使瀝青對(duì)溫度的敏感性下降。用膠粉改性瀝青鋪設(shè)的路面比普通瀝青路面更耐用,低噪音,少產(chǎn)生裂紋,耐候性更好,壽命長(zhǎng)一倍,嚴(yán)寒天氣不易結(jié)冰。據(jù)介紹,用膠粉改性瀝青鋪設(shè)一條雙向高等級(jí)公路,每公里路面可消耗 1 萬條廢舊輪胎制成的膠粉。從上世紀(jì) 90 年代開始,以美國(guó)為首的西方國(guó)家紛紛以立法形式,鼓勵(lì)或強(qiáng)制在公路修建中使用膠粉。如美國(guó)國(guó)會(huì)于 1991 年通過的陸上綜合運(yùn)輸經(jīng) 7 濟(jì)法案( ISTEA)就明文規(guī)定,從 1994 年起凡用聯(lián)邦撥款采購(gòu)熱拌瀝青混合料的,其中 5的撥款必須用來采購(gòu)膠粉改 性瀝青,以后每年遞增 5,到 1997 年增加到 20。該法案出臺(tái)后,從根本上推進(jìn)了膠粉在公路修建中的應(yīng)用。到上世紀(jì)末,美國(guó)鋪設(shè)的膠粉改性瀝青路面已超過 1.1 萬公里。此外日本、俄羅斯、加拿大、瑞典、韓國(guó)、芬蘭等亦已成功地將膠粉改性瀝青用于修建高速或高等級(jí)公路。 近年來,我國(guó)每年修建公路需消耗多達(dá) 200 300 萬噸的瀝青,公路維護(hù)保養(yǎng)所消耗的瀝青還不包括在內(nèi)。若在瀝青中摻入 15的膠粉,則每年可消耗膠粉 30 40 萬噸。其結(jié)果必然是既不用進(jìn)口昂貴的 SBS 改性瀝青,又疏通了膠粉的消費(fèi)渠道,使國(guó)內(nèi)自有資源得到充分的利用 ,扶持了膠粉生產(chǎn)企業(yè)的發(fā)展,促進(jìn)了廢舊輪胎的回收利用。 六、熱分解 2,4,9,12,15 熱分解就是用高溫加熱廢舊輪胎,促使其分解成油、可燃?xì)怏w、碳粉。熱分解所得的油與商業(yè)燃油特性相近,可用于直接燃燒或與石油提取的燃油混合后使用,也可以用作橡膠加工軟化劑。熱分解所得的可燃?xì)怏w主要由氫和甲烷等組成,可作燃料使用,也可以就地燃燒供熱分解過程的需要。熱分解所得的碳粉可代替炭黑使用,或經(jīng)處理后制成特種吸附劑。這種吸附劑對(duì)水中污物,尤其是水銀等有毒金屬有極強(qiáng)的濾清作用。此外,熱分解產(chǎn)物還有廢鋼絲。 最近英國(guó)研究人 員對(duì)傳統(tǒng)熱分解技術(shù)進(jìn)行了改革,由先前的有氧條件變?yōu)闊o氧狀態(tài),進(jìn)一步提高了分解產(chǎn)物的經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值,從而使該技術(shù)具有更廣闊的應(yīng)用前景。 據(jù)美國(guó)的一份資料介紹,利用熱分解技術(shù)處理廢舊輪胎,每分解 4 條輪胎,可獲得 3 美元利潤(rùn)。但熱分解目前存在的設(shè)備投資大、操作費(fèi)用高的問題仍然有待解決,否則勢(shì)必妨礙該法的推廣和擴(kuò)大使用。 七、結(jié)語 輪胎工業(yè)的原材料在很大程度上依賴于石油,特別是在天然橡膠資源缺乏、大量使用合成橡膠和合成纖維的國(guó)家, 70以上的原材料是以石油為基礎(chǔ)。在美國(guó),每生產(chǎn) 1 條乘用輪胎要消耗 26 升石油,每生產(chǎn) 1 條載重輪 胎要消耗 106 升石油??梢哉f,不管以何種方式利用廢舊輪胎,其最終結(jié)果都是提高了石油的利用價(jià)值,在目前能源日趨緊張的形勢(shì)下,回收利用廢舊輪胎對(duì)節(jié)約能源具有重大 8 意義。我國(guó)是一個(gè)橡膠消費(fèi)大國(guó), 2000 年汽車輪胎產(chǎn)量就達(dá)到 7828萬條,廢舊輪胎日益增多,已成為亟待解決的問題。如不未雨綢繆,及早治理,必將給城鄉(xiāng)環(huán)境帶來不良影響。勿庸置疑,努力開發(fā)各種處理廢舊輪胎的新技術(shù)、新工藝,對(duì)充分利用再生資源,減少環(huán)境污染,改善人類的生存環(huán)境具有積極意義。 參考文獻(xiàn): 1、 廢變寶公司 簡(jiǎn)論我國(guó)廢舊橡膠粉現(xiàn)狀與未來 再生資源研究 2001 2、 聶永豐等 三廢處理工程技術(shù)手冊(cè) 北京 化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社 2000 9 附錄 II Old tires resource utilization technologies Name : Long Hua Units: mechanical 02-5 Ban 9th Abstract: According to statistics, there are currently 1.5 billion worldwide each year, spent tyres, North America about 400 million, nearly 200 million, Western Europe, Japan, 15 100 million. How old tyres of resources, reductions of, the sound of, not only related to the environmental protection of this important social problem, but also related to the sustainable development of the global strategy. Keyword: Telegraph meridian tyres catch stormwater system Jiaofen thermal decomposition Motor brought traffic facilities, road transport for the development of the national economy. But we enjoy the facilities and taste the results of economic development, had to face a growing number of old tyres.According to statistics, there are currently 1.5 billion worldwide each year, spent tyres, North America about 400 million, nearly 200 million, Western Europe, Japan, 15 100 million. How old tyres of resources, reductions of, the sound of, not only related to the environmental protection of this important social problem, but also related to the sustainable development of the global strategy. Reasonable disposition of old tires, environmental protection has long been a problem. In the 1990s, the world is the most common practices of old tyres for burial or stowage. 10 In the United States, for example, old tires buried 1992 / stowage rate 63%1,5. However, as land prices rise, the expropriation of land for burial / stowage places increasingly difficult. On the other hand, a large number of old tires piled up, could easily trigger fires, resulting in the second hazard. Along with scientific and technological progress, the nations of the world have actively open up new avenues of old tires use. Especially in recent years, growing public awareness of environmental protection, the use of waste resources to nurture new industries, economic sustainable development has become the world in 1992. Currently the cost for a renovation of old tires, prototype restructuring, the use of heat, thermal decomposition, renewable plastic, Jiaofen. One, tyres renovation 2,59 Renovation of the main ways is to use old tires and the best choice. Will have wear and tear, can not use the old tyres outer cut, paste, glue, another alum, will be able to re-use renovation births. In the use and maintenance of good conditions, a number of tyres can be refurbished, specifically, nylon tyres can Lianxian renovation 23 times Telegraph meridian tyres may renovation 36 times. Each refurbished one can regain the equivalent new tyre life 6090% useful life, the average mileage of about 10,000 km 57. Through repeated renovation, extension of life expectancy at least allow tyres total 12 times, in other words, a tyre through several refurbished minimum of the equivalent of 23 tyres. And the renovation of an old tyres only to the production of a raw material consumed with the specifications 1530% new tyres, new tyres for the 2050% prices. The renovation maintained the original objects and shapes tyres, the consumption of energy and have less artificial, but to make the best use of 11 a purpose, is generally regarded as the most effective use of old tyres. On the other hand, uses methods such as the production of renewable plastic, Jiaofen, thermal decomposition, all more or less in the use of thermal energy consumption, cost, pollution exist some problems, compared with the refurbishment of old tires obvious advantages, it has always attracted attention. Tire renovation began in 1907 the first British in 1933 after entering China. The renovation process is the traditional hot sulphide law, which still remained the countrys leading crafts industry through births, but in the United States, France, Japan and other developed countries have gradually been eliminated. The renovation process is the most advanced pre sulphide cyclic pattern law, which the Italian Maran Gongni (solid) groups in the 1970s developed and put on the market in 1973. The Group is a renovation of both manufacturing equipment and testing equipment tyres, while the transnational corporations engaged in the production of tyres renovation. And the United States are anxious to share the honor Malanggongni (Bandag) company since the 1980s in tyres renovation industry has an annual turnover is under 30 million. In recent years, rising up-and-coming talent is Mijilin tyres renovation Technology Corporation (MRTI), which is ranked top in the world tyre industry Mijilin group based in France, a subsidiary of the North American region. MRTI has two patented technologies : pre sulphide renovation (Recamic) technical renovation and hot sulphide (Remix) technology. Through the imposition of walking on two legs approach, running tyres refurbished plant and transferring technology to other plants the right to use tyres renovation combined MRTI has built a huge network of tyres renovation. The network now has more than 40 factories and 37-MRTI through births between joining 12 through births plant. As long as friends and MRTI 25,000 U.S. dollars and signed a five-year contract, the union could become MRTI through births plant enjoyment by MRTI leased through births production equipment and technical services provided through births. MRTI has been seriously affected by the rise in the North American region for nearly 100 years discussing monopoly. 60% of waste tyres are American renovation, the EC provided 25% of 2000 waste tyres must be renovated, and my presence larger gap with the advanced countries, which is now being refurbished old tires less than 10%. Second, the Company restructured 3,5,9,10,11 Company tied up through restructuring, tailoring, Chongqie way, old tires into usable items. The most common is for the pier and ship fenders, the land sank to the bottom of the sea to serve as artificial reefs, as a floating buoy lights beacon. 250 million scrap tires generated annually America, through restructuring will enable the Company changed 500600 million spent for Po. Ring network pad platoon companies collect old tires, and used cutting machines separation births are births circle, then according to the needs of different sizes of plastic births are cut as with the flexible plastic woven into protective net, crash barriers block wall, non-slippery cushion platoon. Flexible protective network for the construction, flying rock blasting site turned up materials. Crash barriers block wall for the protection of shipyards; Skid - proof pad for the temporary reinforcement of the road so that heavy vehicles pass muddy strip. From old tyres down on the interception of births circle, but also can be processed into outfall sale. Connecticut, many U.S. residents will use old tires to 13 replace underground piping good habits. They will be worn tyres erected cons, alighted buried in the ground, as fixed by flood carrying culverts, are also quite economical and practical. USA California invented a boss using old tyres entertainment industry restructuring into catch stormwater system, the cost savings golf course lawn irrigation technology, and thus apply for a patent. The so-called catch stormwater system that is to be broken up among the old tires from one into two, and then buried in a golf course lawn feet deep underground. In the world of rain, rainwater accumulated in the first half of tyres, so leakage wastage, and ensure adequate moisture for grass-roots absorb, thereby reducing the frequency of irrigation. Top of a standard 18 hole golf course, about 1.2 million of scrap tyres have a year to save irrigation costs 17 million. It was invented by Japans old tyres while slope. Practice is : to be worn tyres were placed in the surface, and then use cement irrigation gaps so that old tires and even into the overall depth. This approach not only save cement, and reinforced the solid surface level, while consumption of old tires, its benefits In addition to killing two birds with one stone. French technicians using old tyres building green fabric walls, the use of sound-absorbing effect that the excellent audio in 2502000Hz noise can be absorbed into 85%. The specific practices are : Split along diameter will be worn tyres symmetrical two and a half, and then in favor of 20 meridian east at its height, and then cover with metal grilles in the wall panels as fire protection. The need to display more 20 meridian east, mainly to facilitate drainage and to avoid floating into the rain-breeding of mosquitoes in tires. Compared with other integrated way, prototype 14 restructuring is a very valuable recycling methods, which consume less energy and labour conditions to make the best use of waste tyres, but will provide the space imaginatively and boldly practice opportunities. However, the method of consumption waste tyres are not large, so only as a supplementary means. Third, the use of thermal 1,2,4,12,13 Old tires is a high fever value materials, the Fat calories per kg, respectively, 69% higher than wood, and 10% higher than bituminous coal, coke higher than 4%. Heat is used to replace worn tires fuel use. First, direct burning heat recovery, the law is simple, but will cause air pollution, it advocates; Second, old tyres broken, and then by a certain proportion of combustible waste material and mixed solid waste into fuel preparation (RDF), for furnace Penchui replace coal, oil and coke, and coal for cement Huizhuanyao replace coal. At the same time, there are by-products of the law - black generation, as shown by the active agent can again for rubber production. Today in the United States, Japan and many European countries, many plants, power plants, paper mills, steel mills and smelters in using old tires as fuel, and the effect was very good, not only reduced production costs, but fundamentally solve the problem of environmental pollution caused by old tires. Of the plant, the steel wire Lianxian old tyres and steel wire births circle of iron ore is required to replace cement manufacturing components, namely the use of old tyres roast cement, less plus or without iron ore, which is really a two objects used, why? In all integrated way, the heat is used to the greatest exertion old tyres only way to survey the plot, this is one; The tyres are rubber, steel wool, fibre and other various 15 materials complex, which increased the difficulty of recycling, as it must be to create Jiaofen old tires for processing, rubber tyres, parts and steel wire, fibre segment separation, and no use of the heat, this is the second; Third, relative to other sources means the use of thermal equipment investment minimum. Therefore, the use of heat in recent years have gradually aroused the attention of Governments and environmental groups, is considered the best way to deal with old tyres
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