非謂語動詞語法講解ppt課件.ppt

非謂語動詞語法講解 1 I 非謂語動詞時態(tài) 語態(tài)形式對照表 2 2 非謂語動詞在句中可作的語法成份 3 1 非謂語動詞大都可在句中作主語 賓語 賓語補足語 表語 定語 狀語等 1 Toseeyouisglad It sgladtoseeyou 2 Iwanttoseeyou 3 Iwanthimtoseeyou 4 Myhopeistoseeyou 5 Heisthemantoseeyou 6 I mgladtoseeyou 7 Iwenttoseeyou 8 Hewentsoearlyastoseeyou 作主語 作賓語 作賓補 作表語 作定語 作原因狀語 作目的狀語 作結(jié)果狀語 4 1 Swimmingishisfavouritesport 2 Heenjoysswimming 3 Ifoundhimswimmingintheriver 4 Hisfavouritesportisswimming 5 Heisthemanswimmingintheriverjustnow 6 SwimminginSummer wecangetcool 作主語 作賓語 作賓補 作表語 作定語 作狀語 5 1 Thiscupisbroken 2 Thisisabrokencup 3 Ifoundthecupbroken 4 BrokenbyTom thecupcan tbeused 過去分詞一般不作主語 賓語 作表語 作表語 作賓語補足語 作狀語 6 3 分詞的用法比較A 在時態(tài)上1 Chinaisadevelopingcountry acountrywhichisdeveloping 2 Japanisadevelopedcountry acountrywhichhasdeveloped 3 Ifoundhimgone thathehadgone 表完成 ing分詞表 進行 ed分詞表 完成 7 B 在語態(tài)上 ing分詞表 主動 ed分詞表 被動 多為及物動詞 1 Isawhimwritingashortnovel thathewaswritingashortnovel 2 HewasreadinganovelwrittenbyCharlesDickens whichwaswrittenbyCharlesDichens 在概念上 ing 表 抽象 習慣 不定式表 具體 偶然 將來 Swimming 抽象 ismyfavouritesportandIlikeswimming 習慣 everyday butIdon tliketoswim 具體 today Iwouldliketoswim 將來 tomorrow 8 C 分詞的完成式一般不用來作定語 只能用作狀語 Theplatformhavingbeenbuiltwillbeusedtoperformon 1 Theplatformbuiltwillbeusedtoperformon Theplatformwhichhasbeenbuiltwillbeusedtoperformon 2 Havinggivenheropinionaboutthebuilding sheleftthemeeting Havingbeenusedforalongtime thecomputerneedsrepairing 作定語 作狀語 9 D ed 主句 不強調(diào)時間先后 Beinged 主句 強調(diào)主句和從句動作同時發(fā)生 Havingbeened 主句 強調(diào)時間先后 如不強調(diào)時間先后可用ed 一般式來代替 1 UsedasameansoftrafficinChina thebikeisveryuseful WritteninsimpleEnglish thebookiseasytoread2 Beingusedbymenow thebikecan tbelenttoyou 3 Havingbeenusedformanyyears thebikeneedsrepairing Havingbeentoldseveraltimes 可以寫成 Toldseveraltimes hecouldn t understandwhatImeant 10 4 非謂語動詞的用法區(qū)別不定式和動名詞作賓語的區(qū)別 下列動詞常用不定式作賓語 aim ask dare appear arrange demand help hesitate pay plan wait fail seek prepare happen mean prove expect wish hope decide refuse offer learn agree choose promise pretend manage care determine afford等 如 Heofferedtohelpus Ididn texpecttofindyouhere Theyrefusedtoaccepthisinvitation Thelittleboypretendedtobeasleepwhenhismothercamein 11 2 下列動詞通常用 ing形式作賓語 admit report appreciate deny explain mention resist stand stop imagine recall suggest mind finish enjoy keep practise miss avoid delay excuse escape consider advise等 如 1 Wouldyoumindmysmokinghere 2 Thegirlwastoldtopractiseplayingthepianoforthreehourseveryday 3 Goodnewskeepscoming Tinasuggestedspendingtheweekendonherfarm 12 3 下列動詞接不定式與接 ing形式意義相近 like love hate dislike begin start prefer continue intend attempt等 e g Iprefermaking tomake anoutlinebeforeIdomyoralcomposition Wealllikeplaying toplay tabletennis 但也有細微區(qū)別 指具體某次的行為常用不定式 指慣常的行為常用 ing形式 如 Ilikereadingbooksofthiskind 慣常行為 Ihatetosayso butreallyIcan tgowithyou 具體某次行為 13 Iprefertostayathometoday 具體某次行為 Hepreferswalkingtocycling 慣常行為 一般說來不能用于進行時的動詞如 realize know understand see lose等 多用不定式如 IbegantorealizeIhadbeenwrong Wehatetolosethechance Nowwearebeginningtoseeitmoreclearly 14 4 下列動詞接不定式與接 ing形式意義不同 stoptodo停下 正在做的事 去做另一件事 stopdoing停下正在做的事e g Seeinganoldmancarryingabigbag Istoppedtohelphim Hearingthebell thestudentsstoppedplayingandranintotheclassroom forgettodo忘記做某事 此事未做 forgetdoing忘記曾做過某事 此事已做 Heforgottoposttheletterwhenhewalkedpastthepostoffice I llneverforgetseeinghimforthefirsttime 15 remembertodo記得要做某事 此事未做 rememberdoing記得某事已做過 此事已做 e g Irememberseeingheroncesomewhere Youmustremembertotakeyourumbrellawhenyouleavehome goontodo繼續(xù)做另一件事goondoing接著做同一件事e g Shestoodupandshookhandswithme andthenshewentonwritingsomething AfterIfinishedmyhomework 1wentontoreadthenovel trytodo企圖 想做某事trydoing試著做某事 看看有什么后果發(fā)生 e g Wetriedtopersuadehimtogowithus buthewouldn tlisten Let strydoingtheworksomeotherway 16 meantodo 意思是 打算做某事meandoing意味著做某事e g Revolutionmeanslibratingtheproductiveforce Sorry Ididn tmeantohurtyou regrettodo遺憾地做某事 通常后接say tell等動詞 regretdoing后悔做了某事e g Iregrettotellthatyoudidn tpasstheexamagain Heregrettedhavingtoldherthebadnews 17 5 動詞如 permit allow admit forbid imagine consider advisesbtodosth advisedoingsth advisesbtodosthe g Thedoctoradvisedmenottogotobedtoolate Pleasepermitmetointroducemyselftoyoufirst Yousurelycan tconsiderhimtobeaselfishman Myparentsforbidmetostayoutaftermid night Iallowedthechildrentoplayinmyroomforanotherfiveminutes 18 注意 在imagine consider后通常用 tobe 作賓語補足語 tobe有時可省略 e g You dbetterimagineyourself tobe inhisplace Thesituationwasconsidered tobe prettygood 在consider后 作賓補不定式主要是tobe 行為動詞todo則多用tohavedone形式 如 Weallconsideredhimtohavetoldalie 19 advise permit allow admit forbid imagine considerdoingsth e g Thelittleboyadmittedhavingbrokentheglass Theyshouldn tallowparkinginthestreet it stoonarrow Canyouimaginemybeingsostupid Iforbidsmokinginmyhouse Wedonotpermitsmokingintheoffice 20 即時鞏固練習 用所給動詞的todo或 doing形式填空 1 LittleTomregretted waste somuchtimeplayingcomputergames 2 Theywereexpecting get theresultsoftheexamination 3 Willyouadvisemewhichofthem buy 4 Onthebustheyoungmanpretended notsee theoldwomanstandingbesidehim havingwasted toget tobuy nottosee 21 5 WeallconsiderJohn be anhonestboy 6 Ourbossforbids chat duringofficehours 7 Therulesdonotpermitplayers step outofbounds 8 Theboybeggedtopermithim explain 9 Theyoungmanimagined live onalonelyisland 10 Itwasuselesstoforbidchildren play here toplay living toexplain tostep chatting tobe 22 11 Whyhavetheydelayed open thenewschool 12 Sheenjoys practise dance beforethelargemirror 13 Bytakingthebackway heescaped see 14 I dprefer stay herewaitingforhisarrival 15 Asthemeetingwasbeginning weallstopped talk opening practicing beingseen tostay talking dancing 23 16 ThiskindofcarisnicebutIcan tafford buy one 17 I msorryIforgot tell youaboutthemeeting 18 Shetried comfort mebysayingsomefunnythings19 Goingonwaitingheremeans waste ourtime 20 Theywenton work inthefieldsinspiteoftheheavyrain working wasting comforting totell tobuy 24 2 現(xiàn)在分詞和動名詞作表語的區(qū)別 1 現(xiàn)在分詞用來說明主語的性質(zhì) 可用very來修飾 如 Thenewsissurprising surprising用來說明Thenews的性質(zhì) 可以說verysurprising Hiswordswereencouraging encouraging用來說明Hiswords的性質(zhì) 可以說veryencouraging 動名詞和主語說的是同一件事 不可用very來修飾 如 MyjobisteachingEnglish Myjob teachingEnglish 不可說veryteachingEnglish Teachingisalsolearning Teaching learning 不可說verylearning 25 2 注意現(xiàn)在分詞和動名詞作表語與現(xiàn)在進行時的區(qū)別 如 Hisviewisveryalarming 現(xiàn)在分詞作表語表示主語的性質(zhì) Whathelikestodoisstayingathomealoneandreading 動名詞作表語表示的是某一件事情 HeiswatchingthefootballgameonTV 現(xiàn)在進行時表示某動作在進行 過去分詞作表語與被動語態(tài)的區(qū)別 如 Mybikeisbroken broken形容詞作表語 表示 狀態(tài) MybikewasbrokenbyJim 動詞過去分詞構(gòu)成被動語態(tài) 表示 動作 26 3 還要注意現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞作表語在意義上的區(qū)別 過去分詞作表語表示人的感覺 主語通常是人 現(xiàn)在分詞作表語表示事物本身的特點 主語通常是事物 如 I minterestedinEnglish 我的感覺 覺得有趣 Thefilmisinteresting 電影本身的特點是使人有趣 類似情況還有 surprising surprised exciting excited tiring tired disappointing disappointed encouraging encouraged interesting interested amazed amazing bored boring pleasing pleased astonishing astonished 27 即時鞏固練習 用所給動詞的todo或 doing形式填空 1 Thejourneywasquite tire 2 Thestoryisvery Weare init interest 3 Theresultoftheexammademe disappoint 4 Thiswasreallyan moment excite 5 The boycouldn tbelievehisears astonish tiring interested disappointed exciting astonished interesting 28 即時鞏固練習 6 Itwasa story Wedidn twanttolistenagain bore 7 Heseemedquite attheidea delight 8 Theproblemwasquite press 9 Thepresentsituationis encourage 10 Iwas atwhatshesaid puzzle boring delighted pressing encouraging puzzled 29 4 不定式 分詞和動名詞作定語的區(qū)別 1 動詞不定式作定語通常放在被修飾的名詞后面 如 Ihavesomethingimportanttotellyou Thepoorchildrenhadlittletoeat 它和被修飾的名詞有時有動賓關(guān)系 如 Thereissomebooksforyoutoread 可看成 toreadsomebooks I dliketogetsomethingtodrink 可看成 todrinksomething 30 如果這這個作定語的不定式是一個不及物動詞 注意不可忽略不定式短語中的副詞或介詞 如 Ineedapentowritewith 可看成 towritewiththepen Shenowhasnothingtoworryabout 可看成 toworryaboutnothing 31 2 現(xiàn)在分詞和動名詞作定語的區(qū)別 現(xiàn)在分詞和被修飾的名詞有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系 單個分詞作定語放在被修飾的名詞的前面 分詞短語放在被修飾的名詞的后面 如 Afishingboywasseensittingattheendoftheboat afishingboy aboywhowasfishing Thesoldierridingahorsewasmybrother thesoldierridingahorse thesoldierwhowasridingahorse 動名詞用來說明用途 和被修飾的名詞在邏輯上無主謂關(guān)系 動名詞作定語只能放在被修飾的名詞的前面 如 Therewasonlyonefishingboatontheriver afishingboat aboatusedforfishing Theoldmanneedsawalkingstickwhenhegoesout awalkingstick astickusedforwalking 32 3 不定式 現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞作定語有時在時態(tài)上有區(qū)別 不定式作定語表示將來的動作 如 Thebridgetobebuiltnextmonthisthethirdbridgeacrosstheriver 現(xiàn)在分詞作定語表示正在進行的動作 如 Thebridgebeingbuiltnowisthethirdbridgeacrosstheriver 過去分詞作定語表示已完成的動作 如 Thebridgebuiltlastyearisthethirdbridgeacrosstheriver 33 即時鞏固練習 用所給動詞的正確形式填空 1 Theman question inthepolicestationnowisaspy 2 Aman respect otherswillberespected 3 shecanfindnoone make friendswith 4 Isthereanybody answer thequestion 5 Halfoftheguests invite totheconferencewereforeigners beingquestioned respecting tomake toanswer invited 34 6 Shewouldbethebest agree theopinion 7 Thematter discuss isveryimportant 8 Thatistheway operate themachine 9 Shewasthenaprofessor love byallherstudents 10 Withmuchmoney spend theboyformedabadhabit toagree beingdiscussed tooperate loved tospend 35 5 不定式 現(xiàn)在分詞 過去分詞作賓補的區(qū)別 現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補和賓語在邏輯上有主動關(guān)系 強調(diào)動作在進行 如 Isawhimfallingoffhisbikejustatthatmoment 看到他時他正從自行車上掉下來 Hefoundhimselflyingonthegroundwhenhecametohimself 他蘇醒過來時正躺在地上 不定式作賓補和賓語在邏輯上有主動關(guān)系 強調(diào)動作的過程 如 Isawhimfalloffhisbikeandhurthisleftleg 36 看到他從自行車上掉下來 并且摔傷了腿 動作有先后 是全過程 Theyweremadetoworkdayandnight 他們被迫日夜干活 天天如此 不是某個時刻正在干活 過去分詞作賓補和賓語在邏輯上有被動關(guān)系 如 Iheardmynamecalledbysomeone 我的名字被叫 myname和called是被動關(guān)系 Ifeltagreatweighttakenoffmymind 重擔被卸下來了 agreatweight和takenoff是被動關(guān)系 37 即時鞏固練習 用所給動詞的正確形式填空 1 Imeanttobuyaneveningpaper butIdidn tseeanyone sell them 2 Iknowthat be afact 3 Pauldoesn thavetobemade learn Healwaysworkhard 4 Thepatientwaswarned noteat aftertheexamine 5 JustnowIsawaman walk inthestreet withalittlegirl seat onhisshoulder selling tobe tolearn nottoeat walking seated 38 6 Theladylovedtohaveherluggage weigh 7 Whodidtheteacherhave clean theblackboardjustnow 8 Businessesarebeginning develop newmethodsofreachingcustomers 9 Thethiefwascaught steal goodsinthesupermarketagain 10 WhathappenedtoMr Whiteearlythismorning Oh hewasseen knock downandthedriver drive away weighed clean todevelop stealing knocked drove 39 6 不定式和現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語的區(qū)別 不定式作狀語表示 原因 結(jié)果 目的 分詞作狀語表示 原因 結(jié)果 時間 伴隨情況 1 不定式和分詞表示原因時的區(qū)別 不定式表示原因通常跟在某些表示感情的形容詞后 用來說明產(chǎn)生這種感情的原因 如 Iwassoexcitedtohearthenews 不定式tohearthenews表示激動的原因 Weweresurprisedtoseesuchgreatchangesinthatvillage 不定式toseesuchgreatchangesinthatvillage表示驚訝的原因 分詞表示原因時 它相當于一個原因狀語從句 如 Beingamonitor shetakesleadineverything Beingamonitor Asshewasamonitor KnowingsomeEnglish heofferedtobeaninterviewerforus KnowingsomeEnglish AsheknewsomeEnglish 40 2 不定式和分詞表示結(jié)果時的區(qū)別 不定式表示結(jié)果 含有沒有預(yù)料到的情況的意味 如 Igotuponlytofinditwasrainingoutside 起來時沒有料到在下雨 Hewastooexcitedtosayaword 太激動了說不出話 是沒有預(yù)料到的情況 分詞表示結(jié)果包含著一種必然發(fā)生的情況 如 Hisparentsdied leavinghimalotofmoney 父母去世 錢留給兒子 這是自然的事 Theoutputofirondecreasedby23 lastyear reaching80 000tons 產(chǎn)量下降 到了80 000噸 這是必然結(jié)果 41 即時鞏固練習 用所給動詞的正確形式填空 1 Whywastheofficialmeetingcalled select newofficers 2 get backmystory herefusedtheinvitation 3 Thebeautifulgirltriedtokillherselfonly save 4 When face withastrongenemy theyhadalwaysretreated 5 wear outafteralongwalk Henrycalledandsaidhecouldn tcome Toselect Toget tobesaved faced Worn 42 6 Hewassaidtohaverefusedagiftfromher know thatitmeantabribe 7 Thepresidentexpressedhissatisfactionwiththeco operation add thathehadenjoyedhisstayhere 8 Thepresidentpromisedtokeepalltheboardmembers inform ofhowthenegotiationsweregoingon 9 allow todevelophistalent hecouldbecomeanexcellentartist 10 invite togotocamping Paulorderedanewsleepingbag knowing adding informed Havingbeenallowed Havingbeeninvited 43 4 使用非謂語動詞的注意事項 1 動詞不定式可以和疑問代詞或副詞when what where why who whom which how一起構(gòu)成不定式短語 但不說whytodo Whynotdo 它表達一種建議 和此部分所說的todo無關(guān) 疑問代詞或副詞 todo 的作用相當于一個名詞性從句 如 Myteacherdidn ttellmewhattodonext whatIshoulddonext Hesaidheknewhowtodoit howheshoulddoit ThisisthefirsttimeIhavecometothisdry Idon tknowwhichwaytogo whichwayIshouldgo 44 4 使用非謂語動詞的注意事項 2 形式主語和形式賓語 形式主語 當作主語的不定式或動名詞短語過長 謂語部分太短 常用it作形式主語 而把真正的主語放到后面 以保持句子的平衡 如 Itiseasytoworkoutthisproblem Itismydutytohelpthepeoplewhoareintrouble 形式賓語 當作賓語的不定式或動名詞短語過長 賓補部分太短 常用it作形式賓語 而把真正的賓語放到賓補后面 亦為保持句子的平衡 如 Ifounditeasytoanswerthisquestion Wethinkitnogoodgivinglittlechildrentoomuchmoney 45 3 不定式符號的省略 1 兩個不定式并列時 后一個常省去to Itoldhertostayandwaitformetocomeback 但表示對比關(guān)系時 要帶to Hehasn tdecidedtostayatschoolortogohome 2 在下列句型中不定式符號to常省去 Whynotdo wouldratherdo thando You dbetterdo donothingbutdo havenothingtodobutdo 3 簡短回答中的不定式符號to后的動詞常省去 有時to亦省去 Wouldyouliketohavedinnerwithus I dloveto 46 4 有些動詞后面作賓語補足語的不定式不帶to 這些動詞是 see watch notice lookat hear listento feel make have et 等感官動詞和使役動詞 這些動詞如果用于被動語態(tài) 后面的不定式要帶to Hisfathermadehimwritetwentymoresentences Hewasmadetowritetwentymoresentencesbyhisfather help后面作賓語補足語的不定式可以帶to 也可以不帶to Ioftenhelp to dohouseworkathome 5 被省略的不定式是作助動詞用的have或be時 要保留這些助動詞 Heisnotwhatheusedtobe Didhetellyoutoattendthemeeting No Ioughttohavebeen 47 4 分詞作狀語時 分詞前可加連詞表示強調(diào) Whenheated icecanbechangedintowater Thoughtired Iwentonwiththework Whilewalkinginthestreet Isawaroadaccident 5 分詞表伴隨情況 其動作和謂語動作須同時發(fā)生 Ihadtostayinthehotel waitingforthecartocome Theystoodthere listeningtothebroadcast 但是如果是連續(xù)的有先后的幾個動作 就不能用分詞表伴隨情況 Hefinishedhisworkquickly thenwenttothekitchenandbegantocooksupper Theboyfelloffthetreeandbrokehisleftleg 48 6 不定式 分詞和動名詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài) 1 不定式 tohavedone tobedone tohavebeendone現(xiàn)在分詞 havingdone beingdone havingbeendone過去分詞只有一種形式 done 2 在plan hope expect would should like mean等動詞后的不定式的完成時表示沒有實現(xiàn)的行為 Ihopedtohaveseenher ButIdidn tseeher Theyexpectedtohavefoundhiminthecave Buttheyfailedtofindhim 49 7 不定式 現(xiàn)在分詞和動名詞的邏輯主語 1 不定式的邏輯主語 for ofsb todosth如 It simpossibleforhimtomovesuchabigstone Thequestionistoohardforalittlechildtoanswer 但表示性質(zhì)的adj good nice kind rude polite impolite clever wise stupid silly foolish right wrong 等而用介詞of It scleverofhimtodoso It spoliteofyoutomakeroomfortheoldman 2 動名詞的邏輯主語 sb s doing如 LittleFranz sbeinglateagainfortheschoolmadetheteacherveryangry 但動名詞作賓語時邏輯主語可用普通格或人稱代詞的賓格 邏輯主語用普通格 Isuggestedhim his goingtherebytaxi DidyouenjoyZhoujielunsingingattheconcert 50 3 現(xiàn)在分詞的邏輯主語 一分詞的獨立結(jié)構(gòu)當分詞的動作執(zhí)行者和句子的動作執(zhí)行者不一致時 分詞前必須有自己的主語 稱為分詞的獨立結(jié)構(gòu) Weatherpermitting we llhaveafieldtriptomorrow Motherbeingin Ihadtostayathometolookafterher 但有些分詞作狀語屬習慣用法 分詞的邏輯主語和句子的主語可以不一致 如 Judgingfromtheexpressiononhisface hehadfailedthedrivingtestagain Generallyspeaking girlsaremorecarefulthanboys 51 8 注意以下幾種情況不定式的用法 在thefirst thesecond thelast和only之后 只能用todo 如 Hewasthelasttoleavetheclassroom 如果understand realize know用在begin start attempt intend后 只能用todo 如 Ibegantounderstandthetruth 表示目的的不定式的否定式一般不用nottodo 而用inordernottodo或soasnottodo 如 Inordernottobeseen hecameintotheroomthroughthewindow Nottobeseen hecameintotheroomthroughthewindow Hecameintotheroomthroughthewindowsoasnottobeseen soastodo一般不放在句首 Hegetupatfivethismorningsoastocatchtheearlybus X Soastocatchtheearlybus hegotupatfivethismorning 52 9 非謂語動詞的常用句型 Ittakes 時間 todo spend waste 時間 金錢 doing hadbetter do wouldrather do thando prefer todo doing It snouse good doing It sawasteoftime doing beworth doing beworthyof beingdone 53 非謂語動詞的常用句型 It sworthwhile doing Wouldyoumind doing Wouldyoulike care todo havenochoicebut todo donothingbut do too todo need want require doing beusedto doing 習慣做 havesb do havesb sth doinghavesth done happened todo 54 即時鞏固練習 用所給動詞的正確形式填空 1 Thefluisbelieved cause byvirusesthatliketoreproduceinthecellsinsidethehumannoseandthroat 2 Whenfirst introduce themarket theseproductsenjoyedgreatsuccess 3 Helenhadtoshout make herself hear abovethesoundofthemusic 4 When compare withthesizeofthewholeearth thebiggestoceandoesnotseembigatall 5 Youweresillynot lock yourcar tobecaused introduced tomake heard compared tohavelocked 55 6 Victorapologizedhis notbe abletoinformmeofthechangeintheplan 7 Afterhisjourneyfromabroad RichardJonesreturnedhome exhaust 8 Thediscoveryofnewevidenceledtothethief catch 9 Generally speak When take accordingtothedirections thedrughasnosideeffect 10 Shewilltelluswhyshefeelssostronglythateachofushasarole play inmakingtheearthabetterplace live