六年級-動(dòng)詞-6-26.docx

動(dòng) 詞 本單元主要內(nèi)容：動(dòng)詞的分類、形式、時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)。動(dòng)詞的分類：根據(jù)其在句中的功能，動(dòng)詞可分為四類：實(shí)義動(dòng)詞、系動(dòng)詞、助動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞實(shí)意動(dòng)詞根據(jù)其后是否帶有賓語，可分為兩類，分別是：及物動(dòng)詞、不及物動(dòng)詞，縮寫形式分別為vt. 和vi.。動(dòng)詞的形式：動(dòng)詞有五種形態(tài)，分別是：原形、第三人稱單數(shù)形式、過去式、過去分詞、現(xiàn)在分詞。動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)：一般式完成式進(jìn)行式完成進(jìn)行式現(xiàn)在Writewriteshavewrittenhasam is writingarehavebeen writinghas過去wrotehad writtenwas writingwerehad been writing將來shallwritewillshallhave writtenwillshallbe writingwillshallhave been writingwill過去將來should writewouldshouldhave writtenwouldshouldbe writingwouldshouldhave been writingwould動(dòng)詞語態(tài)：主動(dòng)語態(tài)和被動(dòng)語態(tài)。主語是動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者為主動(dòng)語態(tài)；主語是動(dòng)作的接受者為被動(dòng)語態(tài)。1、動(dòng)詞的分類：類 別意 義例 句實(shí)義動(dòng)詞含有實(shí)在的意義,表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),在句子中能獨(dú)立作謂語。She has some bananas. 她吃些香蕉。They eat a lot of potatoes. 他們常吃土豆。連系動(dòng)詞本身有一定的詞義,但不能獨(dú)立作謂語,必須和表語一起構(gòu)成謂語。His father is a teacher.他父親是教師。Twins usually look the same.雙胞胎通常看起來一樣。The teacher became very angry. 老師變得很生氣。助動(dòng)詞本身沒有詞義,不能獨(dú)立作謂語,只能和主要?jiǎng)釉~一起構(gòu)成謂語動(dòng)詞,用來表示否定、疑問、時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)或其它語法形式,助動(dòng)詞自身有人稱、單復(fù)數(shù)和時(shí)態(tài)的變化。He doesntspeak English. 他不說英語。Do you have a brother? 你有兄弟嗎？情態(tài)動(dòng)詞本身有一定的意義,不能獨(dú)立作謂語,只能和主要?jiǎng)釉~一起構(gòu)成謂語動(dòng)詞,表示說話人的語氣和情態(tài)。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞沒有人稱和單復(fù)數(shù)的變化,有些情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有過去式。You can keep the books for two weeks.這些書你可以借兩個(gè)星期。May I smoke here? 我可以在這兒抽煙嗎？We must go now. 我們現(xiàn)在得走了。 (1) 實(shí)義動(dòng)詞： 英語的實(shí)義動(dòng)詞又可分為及物動(dòng)詞和不及物動(dòng)詞兩大類：后面必須跟賓語意義才完整的叫及物動(dòng)詞；本身意義完整,后面不需跟賓語的叫不及物動(dòng)詞。有些動(dòng)詞通常只作不及物動(dòng)詞。如：go, come, happen, lie,listen,rise,arrive等。有些動(dòng)詞通常用作及物動(dòng)詞。如：say, raise, lay, find, buy等。 大多數(shù)動(dòng)詞可以兼作及物動(dòng)詞和不及物動(dòng)詞。如：study, sing等。 有些動(dòng)詞作及物動(dòng)詞與作不及物動(dòng)詞時(shí)的意義有所不同。如：know, wash等。 有些動(dòng)詞常和介詞 、副詞或其它詞類一起構(gòu)成固定詞組,形成短語動(dòng)詞。如：listen to, wait for, look for.(2)連系動(dòng)詞： 連系動(dòng)詞用來連接主語和表語,連系動(dòng)詞后面常為形容詞。 常見的連系動(dòng)詞有：be、become、look、feel、sound、smell、taste、seem、turn、grow、get、 go、fall、sit、stand、lie 等。 有些連系動(dòng)詞來源于實(shí)義動(dòng)詞,意思也跟著變化：look(看看起來)、feel(感覺、摸感到)、 smell(聞、嗅聞起來)、taste(嘗嘗起來)、turn(翻轉(zhuǎn)、轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)變得)、grow(生長變得)、get(得到、到達(dá)變得)、go(去變得),所不同的是,作為實(shí)義動(dòng)詞時(shí),后面不能跟形容詞。 (3) 助動(dòng)詞：常見的助動(dòng)詞有：用于進(jìn)行時(shí)和被動(dòng)語態(tài)的be (am, is, are ,was, were, been, being ) ;用于完成時(shí)的have(has,had,having) ;用于將來時(shí)的shall (should) will (would)和用于一般時(shí)的do(does,did) . 助動(dòng)詞必須同主語的人稱和數(shù)一致,也就是說因主語人稱、數(shù)的不同而采用不同的形式。 如：I am ,you are ,itshehe is。 (4) 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞：常見的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有：can (could) ,may (might), must ,shall (should), will (would), dare (dared) , need等,另外,have to、had better也當(dāng)作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞使用。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后面必須加動(dòng)詞的原形。 can表示體力、腦力方面的能力或客觀的可能性。口語中, 在詢問或說明一件事可不可以做時(shí),常用“can”代替“may”。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞“can”的過去式是“could”,否定式是“cannot”通?？s寫成“cant”,“could”的否定式是“could not”,通?？s寫成“couldnt”。如：Can I help you?(要幫忙嗎？)/ He can swim.(他會游泳)/ That cant be Mr Li.(那不可能是李先生) may表示允許、請求或可能性,用may提問時(shí),肯定回答一般用Certainly或Yes,you may.;否定回答一般用cant或mustnt. 如：May I ask you a question ? Certainly.(可以問你一個(gè)問題嗎？當(dāng)然可以)/ You may go now.(現(xiàn)在你可以走了)/ It may be in your pocket.(它可能在你的衣袋里) must表示“必須”、“一定”的意思。表示“必須”時(shí)否定形式是mustnt；表示“一定”時(shí),否定形式是“cant” 如：We must be very careful when we cross the road.(我們過馬路時(shí)一定要非常小心)/ It must be Jack.(那準(zhǔn)是杰克) 注意用must(必須)進(jìn)行提問時(shí),肯定回答用must,否定回答用neednt；用must(一定)進(jìn)行提問時(shí),肯定回答仍用must,但是否定回答用cant.如：Must we clean the room before we leave? Yes,you must.或No,you neednt.(我們走之前必須要打掃房間嗎？是的,必須打掃。/ 不,不需要。) / Must she be in the romm? Yes,she must.或No,she cant.(她一定在房間里嗎？是的,一定。/ 不,不可能在。) “have to”表示“不得不”、“必須”。Well have to leave now for it is very late at night. have to的疑問形式是：助動(dòng)詞+have to,否定形式是：助動(dòng)詞+not+have to或者用neednt.如：Do you have to stay until 8 oclock?(你得呆到8點(diǎn)鐘嗎？)/ You dont have to do so.(=You neednt do so.)(你不用這么做) shall在問句中,可表示征求對方意見,與第一人稱連用；在陳述句的第二、三人稱的主語后或表示“命令”、“警告”、“允許”等。如：Shall we go to the zoo this weekend?(我們這個(gè)周末去動(dòng)物園好嗎？)/ He shall bring his own book next time.(他下次必須帶自己的書來) should可表示“勸告”、“建議”、“驚奇”等意思。We should speak to old people politely.(我們應(yīng)該禮貌地對老人講話) will表示“意愿”、“決心”等意思,一般與第二人稱連用。如：Will you please close the door for me?(請你替我把門關(guān)上好嗎？)/ I will teach you a lesson.(我要教訓(xùn)你一頓)would表示過去的“意愿”、“決心”等。He would sit near the fire every time he returned home.(每次他回到家中總要坐在火爐邊)would也可以表示現(xiàn)在的情況,表達(dá)說話人向?qū)Ψ教岢龅囊?語氣比“will”婉轉(zhuǎn)、客氣。在日常會話中,“我想要”通常用“I would like to”或“I should(Id) like to”來表示。如：Would you like to have a rest at the moment?(你現(xiàn)在想要休息一下嗎？) would還可以表示過去經(jīng)常發(fā)生的事情。如：Every year parents would tell their children about the boy who would save his people.(每一年父母們總是向孩子們講述這個(gè)將會拯救他的人民的男孩的事) need表示“需要”,用于疑問句或否定句。“need”作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞時(shí),在肯定、否定、疑問句中都可以用。如：He neednt do it in such a hurry.(他不需要如此匆忙地做這件事)/ He needs some help.(他需要一些幫助)/ He doesnt need to bring his football socks then.(那么他就無須帶上足球襪了)2、動(dòng)詞的形式（1）原形（2）單數(shù)第三人稱（3）過去式（4）過去分詞（5）現(xiàn)在分詞 規(guī)則動(dòng)詞變化表規(guī) 則變 化原形動(dòng)詞結(jié)尾情況現(xiàn)在時(shí)單三人稱現(xiàn) 在 分 詞過去式和過去分詞一般情況+s+ing+eds,x,ch,sh,o結(jié)尾+es+ing+ed輔音字母+y結(jié)尾yi,+es+ingyi,+ed重讀閉音節(jié)一元一輔結(jié)尾+s雙寫輔音字母,+ing雙寫輔音字母,+ed不發(fā)音的e結(jié)尾+s去掉e,+ing+die結(jié)尾+siey,+ing+d不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞變化表：( 原形 過去式 過去分詞)be(am,is) wasbeenloselostlostbe(are) werebeenmakemademadebeat beatbeatenmaymightbecome becamebecomemeanmeantmeantbegin beganbegunmeetmetmetblowblewblownmistakemistookmistakenbreakbrokebrokenmustmustbringbroughtbroughtpaypaidpaidbuildbuiltbuiltputputputbuyboughtboughtreadreadReadcancouldrideroderiddencatchcaughtcaughtringrangrungchoosechosechosenriseroserisencomecamecomerunranruncostcostcostsaysaidsaidcutcutcutseesawseendigdugdugsellsoldsolddodiddonesendsentsentdrawdrewdrawnsetsetsetdrinkdrankdrunkshallshoulddrivedrovedrivenshineshoneshoneeatateeatenshowshowedshownfallfellfallenshutshutshutfeelfeltfeltsingsangsungfindfoundfoundsinksank/sunksunk/sunkenflyflewflownsitsetsetforgetforgotforgot/forgottensleepsleptsleptfreezefrozefrozensmellsmeltsmeltgetgotgotspeakspokespokengivegavegivenspendspentspentgowentgonespillspiltspiltgrowgrewgrownspoilspoiltspoilthanghung/hangedhung/hangedstandstoodstoodhave(has)hadhadsweepsweptswepthearheardheardswimswamswumhidehidhiddentaketooktakenhithithitteachtaughttaughtholdheldheldtelltoldtoldhurthurthurtthinkthoughtthoughtkeepkeptkeptthrowthrewthrownknowknewknownunderstandunderstoodunderstoodlaylaidlaidwakewoke/wakedwoken/wakedlearnlearnt/learnedlearnt/learnedwearworewornleaveleftleftwillwouldlendlentlentwinwonwonletletletwritewrotewittenlielaylain3、動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài) 時(shí)態(tài)一 般 現(xiàn) 在 時(shí)現(xiàn) 在 進(jìn) 行 時(shí)一 般 將 來 時(shí)現(xiàn) 在 完 成 時(shí)謂語動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成動(dòng)詞用原形(單三加s / es)(問句和否定句借用助詞do / does)amis are +動(dòng)詞-ingwill + 動(dòng)詞原形amisare +going to+動(dòng)詞原形have +過去分詞has 時(shí)態(tài)一 般 過 去 時(shí)過 去 進(jìn) 行 時(shí)過 去 將 來 時(shí)過 去 完 成 時(shí)謂語動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成動(dòng)詞用過去式(問句和否定句借用助詞did)was +動(dòng)詞-ingwerewould + 動(dòng)詞原形was were + going to+動(dòng)詞原形had +過去分詞五種時(shí)態(tài)的具體用法：(1) 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) 表示現(xiàn)階段經(jīng)?；蛄?xí)慣發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài),或說明主語的特征。一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)句子中常有的時(shí)間狀語：often,usually,sometimes,always,every (day等), once/twice,a (week等), on (Sunday等),never,in the (morning等)。如：They go to the Palace Museum once a year.(他們每年去一次故宮)/ They often discuss business in the evening.(他們經(jīng)常在晚上商談生意)表示客觀真理、事實(shí)、人的技能或現(xiàn)在的狀態(tài)時(shí)句子里一般不用時(shí)間狀語。如：The earth turns round the sun.(地球繞著太陽轉(zhuǎn))/ Light travels faster than sound.(光傳播比聲音快) 表示十分確定會發(fā)生(如安排好的事情)或按照時(shí)間表進(jìn)行的事情,用一般現(xiàn)在可以表達(dá)將來,句子中可以有將來時(shí)間。如：The train for Haikou leaves at 8：00 in the morning.(開往漢口的列車上午8點(diǎn)開車) 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)常用于體育比賽的解說或寓言故事中。Now the midfield player catches the ball and he keeps it.人的心理活動(dòng)和感官動(dòng)作一般用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)而不用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表達(dá),常見動(dòng)詞有：like, love, hate, dislike, want, wish, hope, think(認(rèn)) , understand, remember, forget, mean, need, hear, feel, see. 如：I think it is going to snow.(我想天要下雪了)/ I really hope you can enjoy your stay here.(我真的希望你愉快地呆在這兒)注意瞬間動(dòng)詞不能和表達(dá)一段時(shí)間的狀語連用。如：How long may I keep the book?(這本書我能借多久？)(句子中keep取代了borrow)(2) 一般過去時(shí) 表示過去某時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),這種動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)可能是一次性,也可能經(jīng)常發(fā)生。 表示過去具體時(shí)刻發(fā)生的一次性動(dòng)作時(shí),時(shí)間狀語有： yesterday morning , ten minutes ago, when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句。如：I got up at 6：00 this morning.(我是早上六點(diǎn)鐘起床的)/ Little Tom broke the window at half past nine this morning.(小湯姆今天早上九點(diǎn)半把窗子打破了)/ When he went into the room,he saw a stranger talking with his father.(他走進(jìn)房間時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)一個(gè)陌生人正和他父親談話)表示過去一段時(shí)間內(nèi)不知何時(shí)發(fā)生的一次性動(dòng)作時(shí),時(shí)間狀語有：yesterday, last (year等), in (1998 等)。如：He came to our city in the year 2000.(他2000年來到我們市)表示過去一個(gè)階段中經(jīng)常發(fā)生的事情時(shí),時(shí)間狀語有：last, in, fromto, for(10 years),often,usually, sometimes, always, never等。如：Mr Jackson usually went to evening schools when he was young. / Every day he went to the rich man and borrowed books from him.講故事、對過去經(jīng)歷的回憶、雙方都明白的過去事件等一般用過去時(shí),而且經(jīng)常省略時(shí)間狀語。如：I happened to meet Rose in the street.(我正好在街上遇到露西)(3) 一般將來時(shí) 表示將來某一時(shí)刻或經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。 般將來時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語有：tomorrow,this afternoon, next year,one day,now, soon, someday, sometime, in the future, when引導(dǎo)的從句等。用will構(gòu)成的將來時(shí),表示動(dòng)作與人的主觀愿望無關(guān)。“shall”用于第一人稱,“will”用于所有人稱。如：I will graduate from this school soon.(我很快就要從這所中學(xué)畢業(yè)了)/ You will stay alone after I leave.(我走了之后你就要一個(gè)人過了)“am/is/are going to+動(dòng)詞原形”表示打算或準(zhǔn)備要做的事情,或者主觀判斷即將要發(fā)生的事情,而“am/is/are to +動(dòng)詞原形”表示安排或計(jì)劃中的動(dòng)作。如：A man told them that the woman was to give birth to the special baby.(有一個(gè)人告訴他們那個(gè)婦女就會生下那個(gè)特別的男孩)/ Its going to rain soon.(天快要下雨了) “be to +動(dòng)詞原形”表示按照計(jì)劃將要發(fā)生的事情。如：An angel came to tell her that she was to have this special boy. (4)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或是現(xiàn)階段正發(fā)生而此刻不一定在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)由“助動(dòng)詞be (am is are ) +現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成。 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語有： now, this , these等,但經(jīng)常不用。如：What are you doing up in the tree?(你在樹上干什么？)/ I am writing a long novel these days.(我最近在寫一本長篇小說) 表示即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,一般指近期安排好的事情。常見的動(dòng)詞有：come, go, stay, leave, spend, do等。如：Im coming now.(我就來)/ What are you doing tomorrow?(你明天干什么？)/ He is leaving soon.(他就要走了) 表示頻繁發(fā)生或反復(fù)進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作,常與always等頻度副詞連用,以表示贊揚(yáng)、不滿或討厭等感情色彩。如：He is always borrowing money from me and forgetting all about it some time later.(他老是向我借錢,過一些時(shí)候就忘得一干二凈)(5)過去進(jìn)行時(shí) 過去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過去某一時(shí)刻或某階段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。 過去進(jìn)行時(shí)由“was(第一、三人稱單數(shù))或were(第二人稱單數(shù)和各人稱的復(fù)數(shù))+現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成。 過去進(jìn)行時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語有：then, at that time, this time yesterday, at (eight) yesterday (morning),(a year) ago, 以及由when引出的時(shí)間狀語從句。如：He was cooking supper this time yesterday.(昨天這個(gè)時(shí)候他正在做晚飯)/ The little girl was playing with her toy when I saw her.(我看到小女孩的時(shí)候她正在玩玩具)也可以表示過去一