機(jī)械工程材料(雙語(yǔ))復(fù)習(xí)資料.doc

機(jī)械工程材料（雙語(yǔ)）復(fù)習(xí)資料1. 詞匯（一）緒論introduction 緒論properties 性能materials 材料structures 組織，結(jié)構(gòu)phase 相substance 物質(zhì)internal structure 內(nèi)部組織，內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)convention ceramics 傳統(tǒng)陶瓷fined ceramics 精細(xì)陶瓷engineering materials 工程材料 polymer 聚合物 ceramic 陶瓷composite 復(fù)合材料 ferrous metal 黑色金屬nonferrous metal 有色金屬 alloy 合金light metals 輕金屬 heavy metals 重金屬 noble metals 貴金屬 metalloid 類(lèi)金屬, 半導(dǎo)體 rare metals 稀有金屬 aluminum 鋁magnesium 鎂copper 銅nickle 鎳polymeric materials 聚合材料，高分子材料molecular 分子strength 強(qiáng)度ductility 延展性conductor 導(dǎo)體insulator 絕緣體density 密度softening 軟化decomposition 分解over time 隨著時(shí)間的推移bronze 青銅earths crust 地殼第1章 Properties of Materials 材料的性能chapter 章mechanical properties 機(jī)械性能plasticity塑性hardness硬度brinell hardness 布氏硬度rockwell hardness 洛氏硬度vickers hardness 維氏硬度impact toughness沖擊韌性fatigue ftig 疲勞tensile tensal testing 拉伸試驗(yàn)specimen試樣stress應(yīng)力 strain應(yīng)變stress-strain curve應(yīng)力-應(yīng)變曲線mild steel低碳鋼elastic deformation 彈性變形application 應(yīng)用hooks law 胡克定律elastic modulus 彈性模量，楊氏模量plastic deformation 塑性變形yield 屈服yield strength屈服強(qiáng)度offset 偏移；平移offset yield stress條件屈服應(yīng)力strain strengthening 應(yīng)變強(qiáng)化 ultimate tensile strength . 抗拉強(qiáng)度brittle 脆性percent elongation （） 伸長(zhǎng)率percent reduction in area （ ） 斷面收縮率indenter 硬度計(jì)壓頭 impress 壓痕 tungsten 鎢carbide 碳化物fracture 斷裂ductile 延展性（塑性）transition 轉(zhuǎn)變ductile-to-brittle transition 韌脆轉(zhuǎn)變，韌性向脆性轉(zhuǎn)變fatigue strength 疲勞強(qiáng)度stiffness剛度第2章 Crystal Structures of Metals and crystal 金屬的晶體結(jié)構(gòu)與結(jié)晶crystal structures晶體結(jié)構(gòu)defects缺陷imperfection 缺陷 crystal 晶體（結(jié)晶）crystalline solids 晶體 amorphous solids 非晶體long-range order長(zhǎng)程有序 space lattice 晶格（空間點(diǎn)陣）interstitial solid solution 間隙固溶體substitutional solid solution置換固溶體unit cells 晶胞lattice constants 晶格常數(shù)coordination number 配位數(shù) atomic packing factor (apf) 致密度（原子堆積因數(shù)）face-centered cubic 面心立方body-centered cubic 體心立方hexagonal close-packed crystals 密排六方晶體crystal orientation 晶向crystallographic direction indices 晶向指數(shù)coordinate 坐標(biāo)miller indices 密勒指數(shù)（晶面指數(shù)）crystallographic planes 晶面crystalline imperfections 晶體缺陷point defects 點(diǎn)缺陷 linear defects 線缺陷planar defects 面缺陷vacancies 空位 interstitial atoms 間隙原子dislocation 位錯(cuò)edge dislocation 刃型位錯(cuò)free surface in crystal 晶體表面grain boundaries of crystals 晶界surface tension 表面張力metallurgy 冶金（學(xué)）rare-earthmetals稀土金屬precipitation 析出（沉淀）heat treatment 熱處理substance 物質(zhì)ferritic steels 鐵素體鋼crystal structures 晶體結(jié)構(gòu)categorize 分類(lèi)atom 原子第3章 Phase Equilibrium and Phase Diagrams 相平衡和相圖solidification 凝固phase diagram 相圖the iron-iron carbide (fe-fe3c) phase diagram 鐵滲碳體相圖supercooling 過(guò)冷supercooling degree 過(guò)冷度homogeneous nucleation 均質(zhì)形核（自發(fā)形核）heterogeneous nucleation 非均質(zhì)形核（異質(zhì)形核）critical size 臨界尺寸 nucleus 晶核embryo 晶坯grain 晶粒polycrystalline 多晶體allotropy 同素異晶 critical point 臨界點(diǎn)liquidus 液相線solidus 固相線binary isomorphous diagram 二元?jiǎng)蚓鄨Dcooling curve 冷卻曲線 equiaxed grains 等軸晶columnar grains 柱狀晶ferrite 鐵素體 austenite 奧氏體 cementite 滲碳體equilibrium diagram 平衡相圖pure iron 純鐵eutectoid steel 共析鋼hypoeutectoid steel 亞共析鋼hypereutectoid steel 過(guò)共析鋼pearlite 珠光體ledeburite 高溫萊氏體transformed ledeburite 變態(tài)萊氏體，低溫萊氏體liquidus line 液相線solidus line 固相線peritectic line 包晶線eutectoid line 共析線carbon steels 碳鋼cast iron 鑄鐵hypoeutectic cast irons 亞共晶白口鑄鐵eutectic cast iron 共晶白口鑄鐵hypereutectic cast irons 過(guò)共晶白口鑄鐵surface fine grain zone 表面細(xì)晶區(qū)chill zone 激冷區(qū)equiaxed grains 等軸晶columnar zone 柱狀晶區(qū)columnar grains 柱狀晶central equiaxed zone 中心等軸晶區(qū) cast ingot 鑄錠第4章 Plastic Deformation and Recrystallization of Metals金屬的塑性變形與再結(jié)晶plastic deformation 塑性變形recrystallization 再結(jié)晶recovery 回復(fù)deformation 變形plastic deformation 塑性變形slip 滑移twinning 孿生slip plane 滑移面shear band 剪切帶slip system 滑移系close packed plane 密排面close packed direction 密排方向fine-grain strengthening 細(xì)晶強(qiáng)化rolling 軋制deformation texture 變形織構(gòu)preferred orientations 擇優(yōu)取向stress-relief annealing 去應(yīng)力退火cold working 冷加工hot working 熱加工flow lines 軋制流線、鍛造流線、流紋nonmetal inclusion 非金屬夾雜物 第5章 Heat Treatment of Plain-Carbon steel 碳鋼的熱處理isothermal等溫的continuous-cooling transformation 連續(xù)冷卻轉(zhuǎn)變annealing 退火normalizing 正火quenching 淬火tempering 回火heat treatment 熱處理overall heat treatment 整體熱處理surface heat treatment 表面熱處理surface quench 表面淬火flame quench 火焰淬火sensing quench 感應(yīng)淬火chemical heat treatment 化學(xué)熱處理cementation 滲碳nitriding 滲氮nitrocarburizing 碳氮共滲luminium 鋁 chromium krumim鉻, molybdenum mlibdinm鉬, vanadium vneidim釩 tungsten 鎢. low-alloy steels 低合金鋼austenitizing :stntaizi 奧氏體化supercooled austenite 過(guò)冷奧氏體isothermal transformation diagram (it) 等溫轉(zhuǎn)變曲線 pearlite 珠光體sorbite s:bait 索氏體troostite tru:stait 托氏體bainite beinait 貝氏體upper bainite 上貝氏體lower bainite 下貝氏體 continuous-cooling transformation 連續(xù)冷卻轉(zhuǎn)變cct diagram連續(xù)冷卻曲線ttt diagram 等溫冷卻曲線martensite 馬氏體secondary troostite 回火托氏體（二次托氏體氏體）solid solution固溶體 solute溶質(zhì)solvent溶劑melting-point 熔點(diǎn)interstitial solid solution間隙固溶體diffusion擴(kuò)散vacancies空位interstitial atoms間隙原子sub-grain boundary亞晶界binary alloy二元合金grain refiment晶粒細(xì)化solidus固相線solvus固溶線Stress Relief Anneal 去應(yīng)力退火第7章 Cast Irons 鑄 鐵white cast iron白口鑄鐵gray cast iron 灰口鑄鐵Ductile Cast Irons 球墨鑄鐵 Malleable iron 可鍛鑄鐵 blackheart cast irons 黑心鑄鐵carbon steel碳素鋼mild steel低碳鋼medium carbon steel中碳鋼sulphor硫phosphor磷第8章 Nonferrous Metal Material有色金屬材料nonferrous metal material 有色金屬wrought alloys形變合金 cast alloys鑄造合金 sand casting 砂型鑄造permanent-mold casting 金屬型鑄造 die casting 壓力鑄造precipitation strengthening (hardening) 析出強(qiáng)化，沉淀強(qiáng)化natural aging 自然時(shí)效 artificial aging 人工時(shí)效2. Multiple choice（單項(xiàng)選擇） 1. The ratio of stress to strain, /, in the linear elastic region is called a .(a) Youngs Modulus (b) tensile strength (c) hardness (d) elastic2. Atomic arrangements in crystalline solids can he described by referring the atoms to the points of intersection of a network of lines in three dimensions. Such a network is called b .(a) Youngs Modulus (b) Space Lattice (c) Unit Cells (d) Lattice Constants 3. An atom lies at each corner of the cube and one in the center. This is the a .(a) body-centered cubic structure (b) face-centered cubic structure (c) Hexagonal Close-Packed Crystals 4. This structure has an atom at each corner plus an addition atom at the center of each face. This is b .(a) body-centered cubic structure (b) face-centered cubic structure (c) Hexagonal Close-Packed Crystals5. There are six atoms at the corners of the top and bottom planes, each shared by six unit cells; one atom in the center of the upper and lower basal planes, each shared by two cells. This is the c .(a) body-centered cubic structure (b) face-centered cubic structure (c) Hexagonal Close-Packed Crystals6. The a are the vector components of the direction resolved along each of the coordinate axes and reduced to the smallest integers.(a) crystallographic direction indices (b) Lattice Constants (c) Space Lattice（d）surface tension 7. A certain positions, there are missing atoms ( a normally occupied position is vacant ) while in other places atoms are in “wrong” positions (atoms are located in normally unoccupied positions). The former are called b and the latter are termed a .(a) interstitials (b) vacancies (c) dislocation (d) imperfection8. Why are free surface considered to be defects? Surface atoms have fewer nearest neighbors, and therefore higher energy, than atoms inside the crystal. The extra energy associated with the free surface is called d (a) interstitials (b) grain boundary (c) dislocation (d) surface tension9. Most techniques for the production of crystalline materials result in the formation of large numbers of small, randomly oriented crystals, called b . The boundary between adjacent crystals is called a c (a) phase (b) grain (c) grain boundary (d) phase boundary10. c in a liquid melt occurs when the metal itself provides the atoms needed to form a nuclei.(a) phase boundary (b) nucleation (c) homogeneous nucleation (d) phase boundary11. Solidified metal containing many crystals is said to be a , .(a) polycrystalline (b) polymer (c) grain (d) grain boundary12. If the nucleation and growth conditions in the liquid metal during solidification are such that the crystals can grow about equally in all directions, b will be produced.(a) columnar grains (b) equiaxed grains (c) grain (d) grain boundary13. The eutectoid mixture of fine plate-like lamellar mixture of ferrite and cementite is called b .(a) cementite (b) pearlite (c) ledeburite (d) austenite14. The eutectic mixture of austenite and cementite is called d .(a) cementite (b) pearlite (c) ferrite (d) ledeburite15. In the Fe-Fe3C system, there is a eutectoid point at approximately 0.77wt% C, 727C. The phase just above the eutectoid temperature for plain carbon steels is known as d . (a) cementite (b) pearlite (c) ledeburite (d) austenite16. When a sufficient load is applied to a metal or other structural material, it will cause the material to change shape. This change in shape is called b . (a) slip (b) deformation (c) twinning (d) plastic deformation 17. When the stress is sufficient to permanently deform the metal, it is called d . (a) slip (b) deformation (c) twinning (d) plastic deformation 18Process which an metal material is heated to a suitable temperature and held at this temperature for a sufficient length of time, finally cooled in a particular manner to alter its internal structure for obtaining desired degree of physical and mechanical properties. It is called b (a) quenching (b) heat treatment (c) Continuous-Cooling Transformation (d) Isothermal Transformation19. If a sample of a 0.8% plain carbon steel is heated to about 750 and held for a sufficient time, its structure will become homogeneous austenite. This process is called d .(a) quenching (b) heat treatment (c) Annealing (d) austenitizing20. The reheating treatment that softens a cold-worked metal is called b (a) quenching (b) Annealing (c) Normalizing (d) Tempering 21. C is a heat treatment in which the steel is heated in the austenitic region and then cooled in still air. (a) quenching (b) annealing (c) normalizing (d) tempering 22. D is the process below the eutectoid transformation of heating a martensitic steel temperature to make it softer and more ductile.(a) quenching (b) Annealing (c) Normalizing (d) Tempering23. Aging the alloy at room temperature is called a .a) natural aging b) artificial aging 24. Aging at elevated temperatures is called b .a) natural aging b) artificial aging 3. 短句翻譯1. Solids may be categorized broadly into crystalline and amorphous solids. 2. The formation of stable nuclei in the melt (nucleation) 3. The growth of nuclei into crystals 4. The formation of a grain structure 5. The solidification of metals and alloys is an important industrial process since most metals are melted and then cast into a semifinished or finished shape.6. Columnar grains are long, thin, coarse grains created when a metal solidifies rather slowly in the presence of a steep temperature gradient.7. Ferrite is the interstitial solid solution of carbon in iron. 8. Austenite is the interstitial solid solution of carbon in iron.9. Plastic deformation is due to the motion of a large number of dislocations.10. Dislocations allow deformation at much lower stress than in a perfect crystal.11. Each heat treatment process needs heating, preserving and cooling. 12. The heating speed, highest heating temperature, preserving time and cooling speed are the four factors of heat treatment process.13. Flame hardening consists of hardening the surface of the component by heating it above the transformation temperature using a high temperature flame or high velocity combustion products and then quenching it in water or oil.14. Plain-carbon steels have low corrosion and oxidation resistance.15. Medium-carbon plain-carbon steels must be quenched rapidly to obtain a fully martensitic structure. 16. Plain-carbon steels have poor impact resistance at low temperatures.17. In this book low-alloy steels containing from about 1 to 4 percent of alloying elements will be considered alloy steels. 18. The way in which alloy elements distribute themselves in carbon steels depends primarily on the compound- and carbide-forming tendencies of each element. 19. The carbide-forming elements such as tungsten, molybdenum, and titanium raise the eutectoid temperature of the Fe-Fe3C phase diagram to higher values and reduce the austenitic phase field. These elements are called ferrite-stabilizing elements.20. Cast irons have often significant amounts of silicon, as well as smaller amounts of other elements.21. The range of carbon content gives cast irons a high fluidity. Also the materials when solidifying show no significant volume contraction.22. However, if there is very slow cooling, the Cm is not stable and graphite flakes can form.23. Moderate and slow cooling rate favor the formation of graphite. The solidification rate also affects the type of matrix formed in gray cast iron. 24. Moderate cooling rates favor the formation of a pearlitic matrix, whereas slow cooling rates favor a ferritic matrix.25. Gray cast iron is formed when the carbon in the alloy exceeds the amount that can dissolve in the austenite and precipitates as graphite flakes.26. Since silicon is a graphite stabilizing element in cast irons, a relatively high silicon content is used to promote the formation of graphite.27. Cast irons have relatively low impact resistance and ductility, and this limits their use for some applications. 28. The wide industrial use of cast irons is due mainly to their comparatively low cost and versatile engineering properties. 29. Annealing is used with grey cast iron to provide optimum machinability and remove stresses. 30. To produce a fully ferritic matrix in a gray iron, the iron is usually annealed to allow the carbon remaining in the matrix to deposit on the graphite flakes, leaving the matrix completely ferritic.31. In the blackheart process, white iron casting in a non-oxidising atmosphere to 900 and soaked at that temperature for two days or more. 32. In permanent-mold casting the molten metal is poured into a permanent metal mold under gravity, low pressure, or centrifugal (sentrifjugl離心力)pressure only. 4. 分析題（1） 根據(jù)Fe-Fe3C相圖，圖中可以分為若干單項(xiàng)區(qū)和雙向區(qū)，根據(jù)下面要求分別寫(xiě)出相組成。（注：liquid為液相、austenite為奧氏體相、ferrite 為鐵素體相、cementite為滲碳體區(qū)