蔡司顯微鏡150年(翻譯).docx

蔡司顯微鏡150年（翻譯）蔡司, 顯微鏡, 翻譯本帖最后由 protoplast 于 2008-12-30 19:48 編輯 蔡司是顯微鏡領(lǐng)域的巨人，可以說蔡司的歷史就是一部顯微鏡發(fā)展史。為了普及顯微鏡知識，本人特此翻譯“蔡司顯微鏡150周年紀(jì)念回顧”（來自zeiss官方網(wǎng)站）。采取中英文對照。后附原英文稿（內(nèi)有圖）。 A man of skill, experience and foresight 卡爾蔡司-一個(gè)富有技能與經(jīng)驗(yàn)的人，一個(gè)具有遠(yuǎn)見的人。 150 years, and the legend keeps growing 擁有150年的輝煌歷史，卡爾.蔡司將續(xù)寫新的傳奇Questions like these may be pointless, but they are nevertheless intriguing: Is a glass of champagne (to suit the occasion), with half of its contents sipped, half empty or half full? And does a 150th anniversary make its subject 150 years old or 150 years young?如何來描述你面前的半杯香檳？是已經(jīng)喝掉一半了？還是說已經(jīng)滿了半杯了？這樣的腦筋急轉(zhuǎn)彎問題，盡管聽起來有點(diǎn)無聊，但用在卡爾.蔡司身上似乎很有深意：150年的紀(jì)念是表明已經(jīng)很老？還是剛剛開始？Well, it is all a matter of how you look at it. To be sure, with all the tradition, handed-down values and sound standards of quality involved, the 150-year-old cannot be denied a distinct maturity. On the other hand, there is an undiminished, youthful vitality and an inexhaustible urge for permanent innovation and improvement. 這要看你如何看待。一直以來秉承的價(jià)值觀和高標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的質(zhì)量要求已經(jīng)表明蔡司是一個(gè)成熟的公司；但與此同時(shí)，追求卓著使得蔡司依舊充滿了活力與創(chuàng)新的激情。Surprising? Not quite. After all, the innovative power, the future-anticipating spirit of progress are part of the tradition. They have been there from the very onset. 其實(shí)這并不矛盾，創(chuàng)新與追求卓越從一開始就融入了蔡司的傳統(tǒng)之中。Whether considered old or young, Carl Zeiss is a legend. But a legend that is very much alive. No matter in which part of the world: wherever someone mentions Carl Zeiss, the name invokes microscopes. And, reportedly, it has caused the normally matter-of-fact face of many a scientist to mirror enthusiasm. 不管是老還是年輕。卡爾.蔡司是一個(gè)不朽的傳奇。全球不管什么地方，當(dāng)提到卡爾蔡司，人們就會(huì)立即想到顯微鏡，并無不流出露敬仰的神情。Like Rome, a reputation like that was not built in a day. To trace it back to its roots, there is hardly a fitter occasion than this 150th anniversary. Well then, lets stroll back into the history of Carl Zeiss, to find out 正如羅馬城非一日建成，我們有必要回顧卡爾.蔡司150年的歷史。讓我們了解這一傳奇是如何開始的。Microscopes from Zeiss蔡司的顯微鏡May 10, 1846. A certain Carl Zeiss submits an application to the state authorities in Weimar, asking for permission to establish a mechanics workshop. To the Grand-Ducal government this is a matter for run-of-the-mill bureaucracy and not to be handled with undue speed (there has not been much change since, it seems). Anyhow, a deed is issued on November 19, permitting the applicant to set up a workshop in Jena and to make and sell mechanical and optical instruments. 1846年5月10日。一個(gè)名叫卡爾.蔡司的人向德國魏瑪(Weimar)當(dāng)局提交了一份申請，要求建立一個(gè)機(jī)械作坊。這樣的事情對于government而言實(shí)在只能算是一件很普通的例行公事，犯不著為此特批或加速辦理。在幾個(gè)月之后，也就是11月19號，蔡司終于得到了的許可證，并在耶拿開辦了他的作坊，從事機(jī)械和光學(xué)儀器的制造和銷售。Carl Zeiss does not dither about. The fact that the workshop has actually been opened two days earlier, on the 17th, speaks of the young mechanics ambition. Some people say he started with a borrowed sum of100 thalers. First address: Jena, Neugasse 7. Carl Zeiss? Whos that? Your particulars, please, Sir! Zeiss, Carl Friedrich, born in Weimar in 1816, grammar school, apprenticeship with Dr. Friedrich Krner, mechanic and supplier to the court (who has been making simple microscopes since the early forties); attendance of lectures at the Jena University (mathematics, experimental physics, anthropology, mineralogy, optics); journeymans travels for several years; practicals at Professor Schleidens physiological institute in Jena. 蔡司對于作坊的未來是躊躇滿志。事實(shí)上，在拿到許可證之前的兩天，也就是11月17日，他已經(jīng)提前開業(yè)了。據(jù)說，他的事業(yè)是靠借來的100泰勒（當(dāng)時(shí)德國貨幣）起步的。當(dāng)時(shí)的地址是耶拿.紐加斯(Jena Neugasse) 7號。誰是蔡司？當(dāng)時(shí)幾乎沒什么人知道。讓我們說詳細(xì)一點(diǎn)。蔡司.卡爾.費(fèi)雷德里克(Zeiss, Carl Friedrich), 1816年生于魏瑪，上過文法學(xué)校;當(dāng)過費(fèi)雷德里克.Krner博士的學(xué)徒（Krner博士給宮廷提供維修及其他服務(wù)，在40年代早期開始從事顯微鏡制造）。蔡司還參加過耶拿大學(xué)的講座（涉及數(shù)學(xué)、實(shí)驗(yàn)物理、人類學(xué)、礦物學(xué)、光學(xué)）；學(xué)徒期滿后有過幾年打工兼旅行的經(jīng)歷。此外還在施萊登教授于耶拿的生理實(shí)驗(yàn)室實(shí)習(xí)了一段時(shí)間。(就是那個(gè)提出細(xì)胞學(xué)說的牛人，譯者注)And now: new-made owner of a one-man business. With little money, just the most essential tools, working all on his own in the dim light of an oil-lamp, but, what is more important, full of ideas, energy and determination. He sells eyeglasses, magnifiers and balances, builds and repairs physical and chemical apparatus for the university. The business gets going. In 1847 Zeiss moves his workshop to a bigger site and employs his first apprentice. The same year sees the death of his former master, Dr. Krner, and Zeiss now turns to the subject that has fascinated him ever since his own apprentice years: the making of microscopes 現(xiàn)在，他有了自己的事業(yè)。盡管只是一個(gè)人的小作坊，資金也不多。他僅靠簡單的必要工具，常常在昏暗的煤油燈下工作；但重要的是他有足夠多的想法，充滿激情，并且信心滿滿。他的作坊靠出售眼鏡、放大鏡還有天平為業(yè)。他還為耶拿大學(xué)維修物理和化學(xué)儀器。生意不大，倒也順當(dāng)。1847年，蔡司將廠房搬到了更大的地方，并且收了第一個(gè)學(xué)徒。就在這一年，他原來的老板Krner博士去世，蔡司開始從事在學(xué)徒時(shí)就讓他著迷的事業(yè)-制造顯微鏡。Microscopes: A Long Story of Success顯微鏡的輝煌歷史September 1847: With skill, experience, vigor, and ideas of his own, Carl Zeiss starts making microscopes on his new premises at Wagnergasse 32. These are simple microscopes, consisting of one lens only and intended mainly for dissecting work. During the first year, Zeiss sells as many as 23 of them, an indication that they do well in comparison with other makes. Nevertheless, they undergo many improvements during the following years.1847年9月，蔡司在其位于Wagnergasse 32號的新廠房開始制造他的第一臺(tái)顯微鏡。這是一臺(tái)簡單的顯微鏡；只有一個(gè)透鏡，主要用于解剖工作。那一年，蔡司賣出了23臺(tái)顯微鏡。與其他生產(chǎn)商比，已經(jīng)是一個(gè)不錯(cuò)的業(yè)績。Encouraged by this early success, Carl Zeiss soon sets about a more demanding task the production of compound microscopes. These consist of two optical elements: an objective and an eyepiece. The first unit of the “Stand I” model goes on sale in 1857 首戰(zhàn)告捷，讓蔡司有了更大膽的想法。他開始嘗試制造復(fù)式顯微鏡。這種顯微鏡有兩個(gè)光學(xué)部件：一個(gè)物鏡和一個(gè)目鏡。1857年，蔡司的第一臺(tái)復(fù)式顯微鏡“stand I”面世。 Modifications of this, as well as new designs follow. In 1861 Carl Zeiss is awarded a gold medal at the Thuringian Industrial Exhibition, because his compound microscopes are ranked “among the most excellent instruments made in Germany”. In1863 Carl Zeiss is appointed supplier to the Grand-Ducal court. Now, after not quite two decades, the flourishing business employs about 20 people.隨后，新的改進(jìn)和新的設(shè)計(jì)不斷出現(xiàn)。1861年，蔡司在圖林根工業(yè)展上被授予金獎(jiǎng)。頒獎(jiǎng)詞中說道：“卡爾.蔡司的復(fù)式顯微鏡是德國人制造的最激動(dòng)人心的儀器之一?！?863年，卡爾.蔡司成為宮廷的指定提供商。此時(shí)，蔡司已經(jīng)擁有約20個(gè)雇員。The success of those years is all the more worthy of note as it has been achieved merely by skill and experience, applied to a trial-and-error method of manufacturing instruments whose designs lack a theoretical foundation 需要指出的是，這些成功完全來自卡爾.蔡司豐富的經(jīng)驗(yàn)和熟練的技能。是無數(shù)次“失敗-重來”這樣的反復(fù)試驗(yàn)后換來的成績。這樣低效率的制造方法是因?yàn)槔碚摰膮T乏。As a man of foresight, Zeiss is well aware of this lack. And he finds something ought to be done about it.作為一個(gè)具有遠(yuǎn)見的人，蔡司意識到了這一點(diǎn)。并決心做點(diǎn)什么。No More Trial and Error不再是摸爬滾打式的重復(fù)試驗(yàn)1866: The 1000th microscope leaves the Zeiss workshop. Despite all due pride, the principal is preoccupied, has been so for quite some time. He has realized, as nobody before him, that trial and error is insufficient in microscope making. He is convinced that even the most skilled craftsmanship reaches its limits where the perfect form of an optical system has to be found by experimentation rather than by computation. In Zeiss own words: “The only remaining function of the working hand should be that of precisely implementing the forms and dimensions of all construction elements as determined by the design computation.” 1866年，蔡司的第1000臺(tái)顯微鏡出廠。盡管這一成績值得驕傲，但蔡司心頭卻有另一件事。他意識到簡單的重復(fù)試驗(yàn)方法很難對顯微鏡性能有大的提升。而在他之前，尚沒有人考慮到這一點(diǎn)。他知道即使是頂級的技師的制造水準(zhǔn)也是有限的；但理論上應(yīng)該可以設(shè)計(jì)出更高性能的顯微鏡。按蔡司的原話來說：“手藝的作用，應(yīng)該只是對詳細(xì)設(shè)計(jì)所確定的結(jié)構(gòu)、尺寸等各個(gè)制作關(guān)鍵要素的精確實(shí)現(xiàn)。”O(jiān)ptics of calculable, predetermined performance: a demanding task. For some time, Zeiss tries to tackle it himself, in vain. But he does not give up. Then he meets Dr. Ernst Abbe, a physicist and mathematician, 26 years of age, lecturer at Jenas university. Carl Zeiss engages him as a free-lance research worker. Two matching minds join to make possible what nobody has thought of before. 可以計(jì)算并設(shè)計(jì)的光學(xué)意味著光學(xué)儀器的性能可以預(yù)見。這無意是一個(gè)艱巨而迫切的任務(wù)。蔡司一度想自己解決這個(gè)問題，但卻無功而返。此時(shí)他結(jié)識了耶拿大學(xué)年僅26歲的物理與數(shù)學(xué)家恩斯特.阿貝博士(Dr.Ernst Abbe)。蔡司將其聘為自由研究人員。隨后，兩個(gè)思想的碰撞使得一個(gè)前所未有的想法得以實(shí)現(xiàn)。The Formula One of Microscopy顯微術(shù)的公式During the ensuing six years, Zeiss and Abbe work intensively to lay the scientific foundations for the design and fabrication of optical systems. The path is arduous, and not without setbacks. A vast scope of theoretical studies and experiments have to be made, testing methods and equipment to be devised. In 1869, a new “illumination apparatus” is designed for use in the studies (“with all parts assembled according to purely theoretical considerations”), which soon comes into widespread use. 在此后的六年中，蔡司和阿貝通過緊密合作奠定了光學(xué)系統(tǒng)制造及設(shè)計(jì)的理論基石。這一過程充滿艱辛和挫折。他們做了大量的理論研究與實(shí)驗(yàn)，設(shè)計(jì)了各種測試方法和儀器。1869年，為進(jìn)一步研究工作而發(fā)明的一種全新的顯微照明設(shè)備投入使用（“按照純理論設(shè)計(jì)組裝的顯微照明系統(tǒng)”），并很快得到推廣。And finally, the breakthrough. In 1872, Ernst Abbe formulates his wave theory of microscopic imaging, and defines what becomes known as the Abbe sine condition. A great year in the history of Zeiss, and in the history of the microscope. Now, for the first time, Zeiss offers a range of 17 microscope objectives (three of them being of the immersion type) designed on the basis of optical research and mathematical operations. In Abbes words, “Based on a precise study of the materials used, the designs concerned are specified by computation to the last detail every curvature, every thickness, every aperture of a lens so that any groping around” (Abbe might also have said, any trial and error approach) “is excluded.” 1872年，他們有了重大突破。阿貝提出了顯微鏡成像的波動(dòng)理論，并定義了阿貝正弦條件。這是蔡司公司發(fā)展史乃至顯微鏡歷史上極其重要的一年。蔡司第一次按光學(xué)研究以及數(shù)學(xué)運(yùn)算設(shè)計(jì)制造了17款物鏡（其中三款是浸液鏡頭）。阿貝這樣說道：“通過對所用材料的準(zhǔn)確研究，設(shè)計(jì)者現(xiàn)在需要關(guān)心的是計(jì)算出透鏡最詳盡的參數(shù)，包括每一個(gè)曲度、厚度以及孔徑。在黑暗中摸索方法已經(jīng)成為過去?！盇bbes discoveries mark a revolution in microscope design. The new microscopes built in Jena gain the name of Zeiss a worldwide reputation for quality and innovation.阿貝的發(fā)現(xiàn)是顯微鏡設(shè)計(jì)理念的一次革命。從此耶拿造出來的蔡司顯微鏡成為了一個(gè)品牌，以其卓越的質(zhì)量和創(chuàng)新贏得了世界。By the way, as far as quality is concerned, Carl Zeiss is a man of principle: With a hammer in his own hands, he smashes many a microscope made in his workshop that fails to satisfy his critical inspection rather a striking method of quality assurance.捎帶一句：對質(zhì)量的嚴(yán)格要求方面，蔡司是一個(gè)從不打折扣的人。他親手用錘子砸碎了許多他認(rèn)為無法過關(guān)的產(chǎn)品。即使現(xiàn)在看來，這恐怕仍是一種苛刻甚至奇特的質(zhì)檢手段。Abbes findings are nothing less than the theoretical principles on which microscope objectives can be designed to predetermined performance specifications. They are nothing more either. In many respects, the theory does not materialize due to lack of proper materials. As demands of microscope users on image quality increase, further progress is impeded because the glass available for lens making just does not have the desired dispersion properties to match improved lens designs. So Zeiss and Abbe, now business partners, face another challenge: the development of new kinds of optical glass satisfying Abbes specifications. Another challenge, another trailblazing success. 阿貝的發(fā)現(xiàn)是物鏡最佳設(shè)計(jì)的理論基礎(chǔ)。但很多方面的理論設(shè)計(jì)往往由于沒有合適的材料而無法實(shí)現(xiàn)。隨著顯微鏡用戶對成像質(zhì)量提出越來越高的要求，顯微鏡制造遇到了新的瓶頸-找不到合適的玻璃材料能夠滿足高性能的顯微鏡設(shè)計(jì)。此時(shí)已經(jīng)是商業(yè)合作伙伴的蔡司和阿貝不得不面臨新的挑戰(zhàn)：研發(fā)新的光學(xué)玻璃能夠滿足阿貝的理論設(shè)計(jì)。最后，他們成功了！Ingenious Theory, Visionary Practice獨(dú)特的理論，精巧的實(shí)踐The Glass玻璃January 4th,1881: Ernst Abbe meets Otto Schott, a glass chemist aged under 30, who gained a doctorate in Jena in 1875. Abbe urges Schott to collaborate in the development of optical glasses with special properties. A few months later, in his native town of Witten, Schott makes the first melting experiments. In the following year he moves to Jena to work in a glassmaking laboratory specially set up for him (the nucleus of what later is to become the Jena glassworks of Schott & Genossen) 1881年1月4日。阿貝遇到了Otto. 肖特，一位研究玻璃的化學(xué)家。此時(shí)的肖特尚未滿30歲，此前他于1875年獲得了耶拿大學(xué)的博士學(xué)位。阿貝鼓動(dòng)肖特與他合作研發(fā)具有獨(dú)特性質(zhì)的光學(xué)玻璃材料。數(shù)月以后，在他的老家Witten，肖特完成了為此所做的第一次玻璃融化實(shí)驗(yàn)。次年，他移居到耶拿，在一個(gè)專門為他新建的玻璃制造實(shí)驗(yàn)室工作。The series of experiments consumes lots of effort, time and money. The success more than justifies every bit of it. A vision becomes true when Zeiss, in 1886, markets the first lot of an entirely new type of microscope objectives: apochromates. Made in different varieties as dry, water immersion and homogeneous immersion objectives, and used together with so-called compensating eyepieces, they provide images free from color distortions throughout the image field, “without their design having to be more intricate”.This even applies to apochromates of relatively high aperture.這期間的實(shí)驗(yàn)耗費(fèi)了大量的人力物力。但隨后的成功說明這一切的付出是值得的。1886年，蔡司發(fā)布了全新的物鏡系列-消色差物鏡。這一系列物鏡包括了干物鏡（不加浸液），水浸液物鏡，均勻浸液物鏡（譯者注：浸液與玻璃有相同的折光系數(shù)）。這些物鏡與新型的補(bǔ)償目鏡在用戶的視野中展現(xiàn)了沒有色差的完美圖像。“如果沒有這樣的設(shè)計(jì)，圖像會(huì)糟糕得多”。即使是大孔徑的消色差物鏡，改善的效果依舊很明顯。（譯者注：大孔徑鏡頭是否消色差更嚴(yán)重？）Together with Abbes wave theory and sine condition, the new glass types provide the basis for practically any modern high-performance optics.阿貝的波動(dòng)理論，阿貝正弦條件以及新型光學(xué)玻璃為現(xiàn)代高性能的光學(xué)成像奠定了可靠的基礎(chǔ)。A note on the enterprise in between: In 1886, the year of the glass breakthrough, Zeiss employs 250 workmen and turns out the 10,000th microscope.研發(fā)上突破的同時(shí)，蔡司公司的規(guī)模進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)大。1886年蔡司已經(jīng)雇傭了250個(gè)工人，并在那一年出廠了第一萬臺(tái)顯微鏡。During this period of breakthrough and upswing, the founder and prime mover of the enterprise leaves his comrades-in-arms: Carl Zeiss dies on December 3,1888.就在事業(yè)不斷攀升的時(shí)候，卡爾.蔡司離開了他的戰(zhàn)友。他于1888年12月3日去世，享年72歲（1816-1888）。The scientific theory is there, and so are proper glasses. But there is yet another factor to be mastered before best results can be achieved in microscopy: Illumination. 光學(xué)理論和光學(xué)玻璃的問題已經(jīng)得到解決，但要得到最佳的成像效果還有一個(gè)需要解決的問題。那就是顯微鏡的照明。Enter Professor August Khler. In1893, at the age of 27, he reports on an illumination method he has devised for photomicrography. Known as Khler illumination, this elaborate method makes it possible for microscopists to use the full resolving power of Abbes objectives.這就要輪到奧古斯特.柯勒教授出場了。1893年，年僅27歲的柯勒，發(fā)表了他為顯微照相設(shè)計(jì)的照明系統(tǒng)。我們所熟知的柯勒照明這一精巧設(shè)計(jì)，可以讓顯微學(xué)家將阿貝的理論發(fā)揮到極致。It cannot be a mere coincidence: Khler joins Zeiss, contributes his illumination system, and later is put in charge of microscope development.柯勒的加入不能說僅僅是一個(gè)巧合：柯勒為蔡司先是貢獻(xiàn)了他的顯微照明系統(tǒng)；而后他又成為了公司顯微鏡研發(fā)的主管。To this very day, no other illumination method beats Khler for optimum results in microscopy.直到今天，柯勒照明依舊是顯微鏡的最佳的照明設(shè)計(jì)。The Goal目標(biāo)The death of Carl Zeiss is a grievous loss. In honor of the name of his friend and partner, Ernst Abbe in 1889 establishes the Carl Zeiss Foundation, and in 1891 transfers to it his shares in the Optical Workshop and the Schott Glassworks, together with those of Roderich, son of Carl Zeiss, and co-partner since 1881.卡爾.蔡司的離去無疑是個(gè)巨大的損失。1889年阿貝為了紀(jì)念他這位老友兼合作者，建立了卡爾.蔡司基金。1891年他將自己在Optical Workshop以及Schott Glassworks兩家公司的股份贈(zèng)給了蔡司基金。蔡司基金的另一部分資金來自蔡司的兒子Rhderich（1881年后的新合伙人）。Onwards Forever永無止境As much as they miss Carl Zeiss, both as an initiator and a friend, his collaborators carry on the business in his spirit. The last decade of the 19th century is paved with milestones inventions and design innovations that already look forward past the turn of the century: Metallographic microscopes, anastigmatic photolenses, binocular microscopes with image-reversing prisms, to name but a few. And then a push forward that is out of the ordinary, even for an enterprise as extraordinary as Zeiss.卡爾蔡司去世后，其生前的友人和合作者將他的事業(yè)和精神繼續(xù)發(fā)揚(yáng)。19世紀(jì)的最后十年，對于蔡司公司而言是充滿不斷創(chuàng)新的十年。發(fā)明與設(shè)計(jì)上的革新將蔡司公司推向了新的世紀(jì)。如金相顯微鏡、消像散照相鏡頭、帶有圖像正置棱鏡的雙筒目鏡；這些只是眾多革新中的一小部分。有一些革新對于卡爾蔡司這樣非同尋常的公司而言也是意義非凡的。The Third Dimension第三維1896 is not a year as others. Ernst Abbe meets Horatio S. Greenough, an American biologist. Of course, they cannot help talking shop. Before long, the discussion is focused on a seemingly utopian idea: the construction of a stereoscopic microscope. Utopian? The idea is born under a lucky star. The American visitor draws a promising sketch on a sheet of paper. Thats it. Around the turn of the year, Greenoughs invention has taken shape as a Zeiss product: the first stereomicroscope ever.1896年是不同尋常的一年。那一年，阿貝結(jié)識了Horatio S. Greenough，一位美國生物學(xué)家。當(dāng)他們談到了各自的本行后，很快提出了一個(gè)看來是烏托邦似的想法：制造一臺(tái)立體成像顯微鏡。盡管是個(gè)烏托邦似的想法，但這個(gè)想法得到了幸運(yùn)女神的眷顧。這位來自美國的學(xué)者為阿貝畫了一張極具吸引力的草圖。在新年前后，Greenough的發(fā)明成為蔡司的一個(gè)產(chǎn)品。這就是立體顯微鏡。（譯者注：就是我們現(xiàn)在常用的體視鏡或解剖鏡）First Half of 20th century，but No Half Measures不平凡的半個(gè)世紀(jì)The first year starting with 19 sees the Carl Zeiss company employing no less than 1070 people, and there is no end of growth. While activities over the first fifty years were exclusively devoted to microscopes, the enterprise now gets busy in more and more other lines of optical instruments. 20世紀(jì)的第一年蔡司的員工就已經(jīng)超過1070人，并且增長仍在持續(xù)。盡管在20世紀(jì)的前半個(gè)世紀(jì)中顯微鏡仍舊是公司的主要業(yè)務(wù)，但其他光學(xué)設(shè)備開始逐步進(jìn)入公司的業(yè)務(wù)范圍。Still, the history of Zeiss is primarily a history of microscopes. So let us stick to the subject in this tribute to Carl Zeiss, the more so as there is no lack of sensational development, inventions and innovations during the first decades of the century. Their mere enumeration would go beyond the scope of this brochure. At least the most essential ones deserve mentioning, though. 蔡司的歷史主要是顯微鏡的歷史。為了紀(jì)念卡爾蔡司，我們繼續(xù)關(guān)心蔡司公司的顯微鏡事業(yè)。新世紀(jì)的頭十年中依舊是充滿了革新，以至于這本小冊子難以全部包括；但一些最重要的革新是必須提到的。In 1903 Ernst Abbe retires from the management, handicapped by severe health problems. He lives to see in this year the limits of classical microscopy finally exceeded by the ultramicroscope, an invention by Henry Siedentopf and Richard Zsigmondy, which makes submicroscopical colloids visible. He lives to welcome August Khlers study reports about the ultraviolet microscope in 1904 (which is followed by the luminescence microscope in 1913). On January 14, 1905, the man who jointly with Carl Zeiss wrote a decisive chapter of the history of microscope making dies,