詞匯學(xué)-- 詞義的分類及分析PPT課件.ppt

Week8 Sandy 1 Outline 詞義的分類詞義的分析 2 1TypesofWordMeaning詞義的分類 3 詞義分類的理論依據(jù)Wordmeaningismadeupofvariouscomponentswhichareinterrelatedandinterdependent Thesecomponentsarecommonlydescribedastypesofmeaning 詞義由各種相互聯(lián)系與相互依存的不同成分組成 這些成分就是詞義的種類 4 5 1 GrammaticalMeaning LexicalMeaning語法意義 詞匯意義 Grammaticalmeaningindicatesgrammaticalconceptorrelationshipssuchaspartofspeechofwords singularandpluralmeaningofnouns tensemeaningofverbsandtheirinflectionalparadigm 語法意義指詞義中表示語法概念或關(guān)系的那部分意義 例如詞類 名詞的單復(fù)數(shù) 動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)意義及它們的屈折形式 6 Forexamplegirls winters tables joysWenoticethatword forms thoughdenotingdifferentobjectsofreality havesomethingincommon Thiscommonelementisthegrammaticalmeaningofplurality 7 Lexicalmeaningisthemeaningofanisolatedwordinadictionary Thiscomponentofmeaningisidenticalinalltheformsoftheword 林承璋 詞匯意義是詞典中一個(gè)獨(dú)立詞的意義 在該詞的所有形式中 其詞匯意義相同 8 Forexamplego goes went going gonepossessdifferentgrammaticalmeaningsoftense person andsoon butineachoftheseformswefindoneandthesamesemanticcomponent 所以 一個(gè)詞在不同的語境中有不同的語法形式來表達(dá)不同的語法意義 但詞匯意義卻保持不變 9 2 ConceptualMeaning AssociativeMeaning概念意義 聯(lián)想意義 Conceptualmeaningismeaninggiveninthedictionaryandformsthecoreofwordmeaning 概念意義是詞典中所給的意義 是詞義的核心 10 Associativemeaningisthesecondarymeaningsupplementedtotheconceptualmeaning Itdiffersfromtheconceptualmeaninginthatitisopen endedandindeterminate liabletotheinfluenceofsuchfactorsasculture experience religion etc 聯(lián)想意義是概念意義的補(bǔ)充意義 是次要意義 它受語言外界因素如文化 經(jīng)歷 宗教 地域 出身 教育等的影響而變化 所以是開放性的 是不定的 11 Whatarethesourcesofassociativemeanings Thepersonswhousesuchlexemes Thesettingsinwhichsuchlexemesareemployed Culturalvaluesassociatedwiththereferentsofthelexemes Theoccurrenceofsuchlexemesinpriortexts Contaminationfromlinguisticcollocations 12 13 1 ConnotativeMeaning內(nèi)涵意義 Itreferstotheovertonesorassociationssuggestedbytheconceptualmeaning 內(nèi)涵意義是由概念意義產(chǎn)生的言外之意或聯(lián)想 Discussion 農(nóng)民 peasant farmerambition 野心 雄心壯志官 official officer政治 politics個(gè)人主義 individualism外國(guó)人 foreigner 14 英漢詞語內(nèi)涵比較動(dòng)物 Dragon dog Peacock magpie自然界 westwind moonlight moonshine顏色詞語 red white black green blue數(shù)字詞語 13 15 英語和漢語中結(jié)構(gòu)相同但詞義并不相同的詞 Sweetwater anolddaughter drygoodswhitenight Indiansummer guineapigVice chancellor eatone swords顏色詞要特別注意 白菜 白熊 白蟻 白送 白開水白飯 紅運(yùn) 紅榜 紅利 16 2 StylisticMeaning文體意義 Apartfromtheirconceptualmeanings manywordshavestylisticfeatures whichmakethemappropriatefordifferentstyles 很多詞除了其概念意義外 還有文體色彩 以適應(yīng)不同的文體風(fēng)格 Insomedictionaries thesestylisticfeaturesareclearlymarkedas formal informal literary archaic slang andsoon 17 Comparethefollowingtwogroupsofsynonyms leavejobcan ttiredad departpositioncannotfatiguedadvertisement 18 2020 1 9 19 3 AffectiveMeaning情感意義 Affectivemeaningexpressesthespeaker sattitudetowardsthepersonorthinginquestion Thismeaningcanbeovertlyandexplicitlyconveyedsimplybythechoiceoftherightwords 情感意義反映作者或說話人對(duì)所談?wù)摰娜嘶蛭?事態(tài)等表示的個(gè)人情感或態(tài)度 這種意義可以通過選用表情詞直接了當(dāng)?shù)乇憩F(xiàn)出來 20 Wordsthathaveemotivevaluesmayfallintotwocategories 情感意義有2類 褒義和貶義Appreciative欣賞或肯定Thoseofnegativeconnotationsimplydisapproval contemptorcriticism 否定 輕蔑或批評(píng) 21 littlefamousslim slenderdeterminedstatesmanconfidencefarmerpublicity smallnotoriousskinnypigheadedpoliticiancomplacencypeasantpropaganda Tellwhichcolumncontainstheappreciativeaffectivemeaning 22 4 CollocativeMeaning搭配意義 Itisthatpartofthewordmeaningsuggestedbythewordswithwhichitco occurs 搭配意義即與之一起使用的詞語所賦予的那部分意義 Prettyandhandsomesharecommongroundinthemeaning good looking butmaybedistinguishedbytherangeofnounswithwhichtheyarelikelytoco occur 23 girlboyboymanwomancarflowervesselprettygardenhandsomeovercoatcolourairlinervillagetypewriteretc etc 24 2ComponentialAnalysis詞義的分析 25 Whatiscomponentialanalysis theanalysisofwordmeaningsisoftenseenasaprocessofbreakingdownthesenseofawordintoitsminimalcomponents whichareknownassemanticfeatures語義特征orsensecomponents語義成分 語義特征與語義成分是同義詞 26 語義特征 semanticfeatures 語義特征 semanticfeatures 是對(duì)人類經(jīng)驗(yàn)的一種抽象概括 屬于原語言 metalanguage 用來描述任何語言的語義 例如 對(duì)名詞的描述 可以是人或非人 有生命或無生命 男性或女性 成年或非成年 抽象或具體等范疇進(jìn)行語義分析 如英語中bachelor一詞就具有如下幾個(gè)語義特征 Human Adult Male Concrete Unmarried 27 Conventionally theseminimalcomponentscanbesymbolizedintermsofbinarity binaryopposition對(duì)分法 Eg ADULT adult ADULT young Tobe Nottobe 28 Sensecomponentsareconventionallyenclosedinsquarebracketsorparenthesisorwithout Theyareallwrittenincapitallettersorinsmallletterswiththelettersincapitaltodistinguishthemfromlexicalitems 語義特征一般是放在方括號(hào)或圓括號(hào)里面 有時(shí)也不用括號(hào) 語義特征全部用大寫字母或小寫字母以區(qū)分被語義分析的單詞 29 man MALE ADULT HUMAN woman MALE ADULT HUMAN boy MALE ADULT HUMAN girl MALE ADULT HUMAN bullock MALE ADULT HUMAN cow MALE ADULT HUMAN 30 HUMANADULTMALEman woman boy girl 31 ram sheep adult male ewe sheep adult male lamb sheep adult male 32 進(jìn)行對(duì)分法分析 要抓住不同名詞之間典型的區(qū)分特征 如 man girl cow這類詞與book dictionary chair等詞的區(qū)別特征是 Animate 如boy chair dictionary等詞與hope thought problem等詞的區(qū)別性特征是 Concrete 如boy chair book與water milk coffee的區(qū)別特征 Count 如Boston Washington China等詞與city capital country等詞的區(qū)別特征是 Common 33 Exercise 根據(jù)以上提到的語義特征 試對(duì)下列幾個(gè)名詞進(jìn)行語義分析 spinster 年老的未婚女性 psychiatrist 精神病醫(yī)生 Chicagowisdomgravel 礫石 turtle 海龜 34 spinster psychiatrist Chicago Concrete Common Common Common Concrete Concrete Human Human Animate Adult