（4年高考）江蘇省高考英語真題匯編 議論文閱讀(1).doc

江蘇省2011-2014年高考英語真題匯編議論文閱讀（2014江蘇）bhowever wealthy we may be, we can never find enough hours in the day to do everything we want. economics deals with this problem through the concept of opportunity cost, which simply refers to whether someones time or money could be better spent on something else.every hour of our time has a value. for every hour we work at one job we could quite easily be doing another, or be sleeping or watching a film. each of these options has a different opportunity costnamely, what they cost us in missed opportunities.say you intend to watch a football match but the tickets are expensive and it will take you a couple of hours to get to and from the stadium. why not, you might reason, watch the game from home and use the leftover money and time to have dinner with friends? thisthe alternative use of your cash and timeis the opportunity cost.for economists, every decision is made by knowledge of what one must forgoin terms of money and enjoymentin order to take it up. by knowing precisely what you are receiving and what you are missing out on, you ought to be able to make better-informed, more reasonable decisions. consider that most famous economic rule of all: theres no such thing as a free lunch. even if someone offers to take you out to lunch for free, the time you will spend in the restaurant still costs you something in terms of forgone opportunities.some people find the idea of opportunity cost extremely discouraging: imagine spending your entire life calculating whether your time would be better spent elsewhere doing something more profitable or enjoyable. yet, in a sense its human nature to do precisely thatwe assess the advantages and disadvantages of decisions all the time.in the business world, a popular phrase is “value for money.” people want their cash to go as far as possible. however, another is fast obtaining an advantage: “value for time.” the biggest restriction on our resources is the number of hours we can devote to something, so we look to maximize the return we get on our investment of time. by reading this passage you are giving over a bit of your time which could be spent doing other activities, such as sleeping and eating. in return, however, this passage will help you to think like an economist, closely considering the opportunity cost of each of your decisions.【小題1】according to the passage, the concept of “opportunity cost” is applied to _.a. making more money b. taking more opportunitiesc. reducing missed opportunities d. weighing the choice of opportunities【小題2】the “l(fā)eftover . time” in paragraph 3 probably refers to the time _.a. spared for watching the match at home b. taken to have dinner with friendsc. spent on the way to and from the match d. saved from not going to watch the match【小題3】what are forgone opportunities?a. opportunities you forget in decision-making. b. opportunities you give up for better ones.c. opportunities you miss accidentally. d. opportunities you make up for.【答案】58. d 59. c 60. b（2013江蘇）bweve considered several ways of paying to cut in line: hiring line standers, buying tickets from scalpers (票販子), or purchasing line-cutting privileges directly from, say, an airline or an amusement park. each of these deals replaces the morals of the queue (waiting your turn) with the morals of the market (paying a price for faster service).markets and queuespaying and waitingare two different ways of allocating things, and each is appropriate to different activities. the morals of the queue, “first come, first served, have an egalitarian (平等主義的) appeal. they tell us to ignore privilege, power, and deep pockets.the principle seems right on playgrounds and at bus stops. but the morals of the queue do not govern all occasions. if i put my house up for sale, i have no duty to accept the first offer that comes along, simply because its the first. selling my house and waiting for a bus are different activities, properly governed by different standards.sometimes standards change, and it is unclear which principle should apply. think of the recorded message you hear, played over and over, as you wait on hold when calling your bank: “your call will be answered in the order in which it was received.” this is essential for the morals of the queue. its as if the company is trying to ease our impatience with fairness.but dont take the recorded message too seriously. today, some peoples calls are answered faster than others. call center technology enables companies to “score” incoming calls and to give faster service to those that come from rich places. you might call this telephonic queue jumping.of course, markets and queues are not the only ways of allocating things. some goods we distribute by merit, others by need, still others by chance. however, the tendency of markets to replace queues, and other non-market ways of allocating goods is so common in modern life that we scarcely notice it anymore. it is striking that most of the paid queue-jumping schemes weve consideredat airports and amusement parks, in call centers, doctors offices, and national parksare recent developments, scarcely imaginable three decades ago. the disappearance of the queues in these places may seem an unusual concern, but these are not the only places that markets have entered.58. according to the author, which of the following seems governed by the principle “first come, first served”?a. taking buses. b. buying houses.c. flying with an airline. d. visiting amusement parks.59. the example of the recorded message in paragraphs 4 and 5 illustrates _.a. the necessity of patience in queuingb. the advantage of modern technologyc. the uncertainty of allocation principled. the fairness of telephonic services60. the passage is meant to _.a. justify paying for faster servicesb. discuss the morals of allocating thingsc. analyze the reason for standing in line d. criticize the behavior of queue jumping58. a 59. c 60. b（2013江蘇）dmark twain has been called the inventor of the american novel. and he surely deserves additional praise: the man who popularized the clever literary attack on racism.i say clever because anti-slavery fiction had been the important part of the literature in the years before the civil war. h. b. stowes uncle toms cabin is only the most famous example. these early stories dealt directly with slavery. with minor exceptions, twain planted his attacks on slavery and prejudice into tales that were on the surface about something else entirely. he drew his readers into the argument by drawing them into the story.again and again, in the postwar years, twain seemed forced to deal with the challenge of race. consider the most controversial, at least today, of twains novels, adventures of huckleberry finn. only a few books have been kicked off the shelves as often as huckleberry finn, twains most widely read tale. once upon a time, people hated the book because it struck them as rude. twain himself wrote that those who banned the book considered the novel “trash and suitable only for the slums (貧民窟).” more recently the book has been attacked because of the character jim, the escaped slave, and many occurences of the word nigger. (the term nigger jim, for which the novel is often severely criticized, never appears in it.)but the attacks were and are sillyand miss the point. the novel is strongly anti-slavery. jims search through the slave states for the family from whom he has been forcibly parted is heroic. as j. chadwick has pointed out, the character of jim was a first in american fictiona recognition that the slave had two personalities, “the voice of survival within a white slave culture and the voice of the individual: jim, the father and the man.”there is much more. twains mystery novel puddnhead wilson stood as a challenge to the racial beliefs of even many of the liberals of his day. written at a time when the accepted wisdom held negroes to be inferior (低等的) to whites, especially in intelligence, twains tale centered in part around two babies switched at birth. a slave gave birth to her masters baby and, for fear that the child should be sold south, switched him for the masters baby by his wife. the slaves lightskinned child was taken to be white and grew up with both the attitudes and the education of the slave-holding class. the masters wifes baby was taken for black and grew up with the attitudes and intonations of the slave.the point was difficult to miss: nurture (養(yǎng)育), not nature, was the key to social status. the features of the black man that provided the stuff of prejudicemanner of speech, for example were, to twain, indicative of nothing other than the conditioning that slavery forced on its victims.twains racial tone was not perfect. one is left uneasy, for example, by the lengthy passage in his autobiography (自傳) about how much he loved what were called “nigger shows” in his youthmostly with white men performing in black-faceand his delight in getting his mother to laugh at them. yet there is no reason to think twain saw the shows as representing reality. his frequent attacks on slavery and prejudice suggest his keen awareness that they did not.was twain a racist? asking the question in the 21st century is as wise as asking the same of lincoln. if we read the words and attitudes of the past through the “wisdom” of the considered moral judgments of the present, we will find nothing but error. lincoln, who believed the black man the inferior of the white, fought and won a war to free him. and twain, raised in a slave state, briefly a soldier, and inventor of jim, may have done more to anger the nation over racial injustice and awaken its collective conscience than any other novelist in the past century.65. how do twains novels on slavery differ from stowes?a. twain was more willing to deal with racism.b. twains attack on racism was much less open.c. twains themes seemed to agree with plots.d. twain was openly concerned with racism.66. recent criticism of adventures of huckleberry finn arose partly from its _.a. target readers at the bottomb. anti-slavery