建筑系統(tǒng)及高層住宅樓的前廳控制中英文翻譯、外文文獻翻譯、外文翻譯

建筑系統(tǒng)及高層住宅樓的前廳控制 作者：邁克爾 .波斯納和鮑勃 .卡彭特 摘要：“電梯從住宅的 10 層抵達 25 層。濃煙和火焰在 22 層。我們的人被困在第 23 和第 24 層的陽臺上。這支部隊準備就緒。 ” 我們都聽到說： “ 滅火要去第一線。 ” 還有另一個方面 ,這將有助于確保一個積極的和安全的這種類型的事件中有一個全面的工作知識建立系統(tǒng)，了解控制類型，并且知道如何建立它。讓我們開始用各種建筑系統(tǒng)的討論。 火災(zāi)報警系統(tǒng)的面板 (FAS） 上面給出的初步報告包含了許多明顯的信息相對于真正的抵達顯示。你如何抵達被報告的火場的 時間是不是 沒有可見的證據(jù)？ 當今 的現(xiàn)代高層建筑，能源節(jié)約經(jīng)常 將 測量 裝置布置 那么 緊密以至于 消耗一個或更多房間 的能源 和街道的顯示 無關(guān)，但消防系統(tǒng)卻顯示不出什么內(nèi)容 。在這種情況下，消防報警系統(tǒng)（ FAS）的面板是最重要的。 下面是一個例子：最近一 次 在邁阿密 -戴德 的 報警，公司 接到 一個在現(xiàn)代住宅 高樓第 十樓 抽 煙 的 911 來電者的報告 。一個 電梯管理員和一個物管公司人員前去 調(diào)查，現(xiàn)場指揮官（ IC） 也 派出 消防隊員去找火災(zāi)報警裝置 ，以確定是否 有其他情況。 也有人 指出電梯已經(jīng)失控 。 最早 到達 的物管公司人員向現(xiàn)場指揮官 轉(zhuǎn)達了這一結(jié)論 并 建議 對 電梯進行檢查 ， 如果可能的話。而階梯公司開始上升。 物管 公司的 第三個 高級人員抵達 火災(zāi)報警 面板，能夠 通過命令獲得情況，在 第九層電表房，這 里顯示面板上的煙霧探測器 已 激活。這與從通過在樓梯間 的 大廈居住者得到的信息相符了。雖然這結(jié)果是一個小警報，更加 明確 的情況可能 發(fā)生 在第九樓，因為 隊員 是無保護推進 并 未察覺地板 上的火 。 大廈維修人員，如果有的話，可以直接 說出火災(zāi)報警 面板的位置。他們也應(yīng)該能夠幫助找 得到 建筑系統(tǒng)其余的樓梯和電梯。他們可能 是 鎖定 火災(zāi) 位置的關(guān)鍵。請記住， 由于 該建筑物 維修人員 是不會明白的消防部門的優(yōu)先次序，因此， 決策時要小心 ，在了解居民 的資料基礎(chǔ) 上 決定戰(zhàn)術(shù)。該人員或消防隊員 可以在消防報警 面板畢業(yè)設(shè)計 (論文 )英文翻譯 2 中可以繼如位置信息的報警指揮，報警類型的鈴聲，和煙霧感應(yīng)器或水流量指示器啟動。官員或消防人員能 更 遠地傳遞信息，火災(zāi)報警已經(jīng)確定。這將使它更容易溝通，隨后將覆蓋更多的警報沉默命令。從獲得的信息表明， 消防隊的警報 被激活。消防隊員 可以告訴煙霧 探測器 已被激活，甚至可能給你確切的公寓傳感器 通知你 。由于沒有從地面展示，這至少給你地方開始你的調(diào)查，即使是虛假的惡作劇電話或因設(shè)備或系統(tǒng)故障意外引爆。 水流量警報也可顯示。根據(jù)該系統(tǒng)的年齡和方法，它用來表示水流量（對老 牌水馬達 功率 ），這將是重要的，讓你知道有可能已被火或噴頭舉行消防檢查。該 消防隊 還可能告訴你如果消防泵運行。無線電消防隊員找到消防泵，并確認是否工作正常。我們將討論更徹底的消防泵在本文后面。 （ 1）典型的火災(zāi)報警系統(tǒng)面板（ FAS）。（照片由埃爾文岡薩雷斯。） （ 2）（ FAS） 火災(zāi)報警系統(tǒng)的 手機插孔。 無線電失效的主要問題是高層建筑施工材料，因為會導(dǎo)致即使是最先進的無線電系統(tǒng)的干擾。有些 報警裝置的 緊急電話系統(tǒng)（照片 1）內(nèi)部 進行 通訊，它可能 是在通信建設(shè)的唯一手段。緊急電話系統(tǒng) 的 手機 插孔 面板 空間有 電氣室 、 消防泵室或在較新的高層建筑群 的 “ 指揮中心 ” 。檢查加州消防規(guī)范，應(yīng)該至少 有 6 個 手機 插孔面板 。該插孔應(yīng)該被 布置 （照片 2）在各樓層都接近或在樓梯間和電梯。 火災(zāi)報警系統(tǒng) 還可能包括語音通信系統(tǒng)，使您能夠在整個 建筑物發(fā)布 公告。例如，您可以使用這個系統(tǒng)，以直接 通知 他們留在 自己 的寓所（ 自救 ）或 進入 疏散樓梯，或者在某些情況下你可以 報告 緊急狀況 ， 你可以公布具體的公寓 、 具體的樓層。畢業(yè)設(shè)計 (論文 )英文翻譯 3 監(jiān)測設(shè)備可能 將 出現(xiàn) 的 連續(xù)變化或新的激活事件 顯示在火災(zāi)報警裝置 面板 上 。顯然，如果使用得 當，可以接收和傳遞 消防隊更 多的信息。這不是為 調(diào)查 工作。 指揮官指示正 命令該小組 前往該 高層建筑中。 消防栓 在建設(shè) 你的 消防栓系統(tǒng)時（ FDC） ,明確 指出 消防栓 的位置 。 如果你不做 ,很可能它將隱匿 在 整個建筑物美麗樹籬中 。判斷 如果 它們 是 否是 分開 ,豎管和噴灑器 是否和FDC 關(guān)聯(lián)。分 系統(tǒng) 應(yīng)該做永久標記 (照片 3、 4)。 (FDC)可以在墻壁或 崗?fù)?。一些的司法當局 要求 在 崗?fù)?登上 這些準則 。在邁阿密 -戴德區(qū) , FDC 離 大廈至少 50 英尺，除非建造者 能證明 大廈的 底座使得這部分不能這樣設(shè)計 。如果那樣的話 ,建造者必須尋找一 分站， 同時建立關(guān)系 ,這是為安全 起見以 讓消防人員避開 落下的殘片 .檢查你的社區(qū)中 這邪惡設(shè)施是否符合本地的設(shè)備設(shè)計標準。 FDC 分開的儲水塔和灑水裝置的連接（ 3， 4）。 FDC 應(yīng)避免鐵器等垃圾的混淆 ，所以一定要檢查 裝置 前的障礙物。另外還要檢查拍手閥和旋轉(zhuǎn) 螺母 ，以確保它們運作正常。通常 ,你會發(fā)現(xiàn) 消防隊飛快的擰消防栓 。金屬塞曾司空見慣 ,但這些沉重的銅插頭有一定的價值作為廢鐵金屬。因此 ,覆蓋或塑料覆蓋與螺母是不常見的。如果你要找的地方 ,是在金屬 管頭與管座連接 之前 。但這樣做 是可以的， 不可能消除第二 管座 ,或是在有壓力的情況下會脫落爆炸性的閥瓣不能正常運作。如果你找到可以冷凍或損壞時 ,警報建設(shè)前 物管部門把它 修復(fù)。如果你發(fā)現(xiàn)這個在事件發(fā)生時 ,你就能解決這個問題很容易以 雙管 /雙 座 適配器 使用 。 用兩 根管線連接 FDC,但不要等待兩線 同時接通 。 在 第一 根管線 指控 接通后 ,再連接第二 根 。連接兩條線保證連續(xù)的水供應(yīng)的情況 不 發(fā)生變化。傳統(tǒng)的 經(jīng)驗 提出一畢業(yè)設(shè)計 (論文 )英文翻譯 4 個發(fā)動機排放壓力開始 150 到 200 磅 /平方英寸 (psi),根據(jù)建筑物的高度和摩擦損失可進行第三根 軟管連接。請咨詢當?shù)貥藴什僮饕?guī)程和指導(dǎo)方針。我們將討論最佳的壓力。 消防泵 如前所述，消防泵運行是非常重要的。此外，你必須確保它是抽水，而攝入量和供應(yīng)閥門沒有通過破壞或疏忽行為關(guān)閉。 讓我們回顧消防泵的基礎(chǔ)知識。消防泵供給的壓力， 儲水塔 和噴水滅火系統(tǒng)的建設(shè)。消防泵控制器和一個單獨的 賽馬泵 控制器監(jiān)測系統(tǒng)中的（照片 5）的壓力。如果消防泵控制器檢測到壓力下降，例如當一個或多個噴頭是因為發(fā)生火災(zāi)或 儲水塔 放電激活，打開，泵應(yīng)自動啟動并保持預(yù)設(shè)的壓力。 消防 泵控制器監(jiān)視器的 提示稱壓力輕微泄漏，不慎使用的水在系統(tǒng)內(nèi)引起波動 消防 泵，等等，并防止不需要的一個主要的消防泵間歇運行。 （ 5）（左）賽馬泵控制器 ；（右）消防泵控制器 工程師確定必要的壓力 保證 大廈的所有區(qū)域 給水 。由于海拔造成的壓力損失，非常高 的 壓力是保證在頂層上的充分壓力 所 需要的。例如，如果一個系統(tǒng)需要達到275 psi 到頂層，保持足夠的排氣壓力，這將導(dǎo)致對潛在危險的低層高的壓力 ， 該泵不知道哪里有火。在這個例子中，它被設(shè)置為保持在 275 psi 的泵流量，克服海拔，實現(xiàn)在系統(tǒng)中的最高流量 100 psi。 為了防止低層超標準排 水 的壓力，壓力調(diào)節(jié)裝置（ PRDs）或壓力減壓閥（ PRVs）安裝在 最低樓 。 PRDs 或 PRVs 是有必要的靜態(tài) 壓力大于 175 psi 的在系統(tǒng)中。此外，如果流量超過 100 psi 的壓力，您必須安裝認可的設(shè)備。 PRD 控制相當數(shù)量壓力可畢業(yè)設(shè)計 (論文 )英文翻譯 5 利用在儲水塔水管出口。 其中一些設(shè)備被設(shè)備安置 ； 其他是可調(diào)整的領(lǐng)域。在1991 年 2 月 23 日的費城， 這次 廣場火 災(zāi) 的關(guān)鍵問題是不適當?shù)卦O(shè)置了 PRDs 并且沒有 允許得到 足夠的壓力。 PRDs 是可調(diào)整的領(lǐng)域，但是，當操作他們的技術(shù)員到達的時候， 已經(jīng) 幾小時 后的 事 情了。 關(guān)于 PRDs 的各種各樣的類型的討論是超出這篇文章的范圍之外。 我們剛才提到一個無線電設(shè)備消防隊員必須找到消防泵，并確保它正在運行。如果 消防泵被發(fā)現(xiàn)是不起作用，你必須糾正這種情況。咨詢泵規(guī)格板，以確定對泵的最高工作壓力。這一信息傳遞給發(fā)動機的驅(qū)動程序 ， 以便 它 能調(diào)整 它 的放電壓力對儲水塔 放水 的充分。在抽 水時可能 導(dǎo)致在較低樓層上的不充分和可能危險地低流量。此外 ， 使用在儲水塔的一個軸向壓力表放電將證實適當?shù)膲毫Γ仨氃O(shè)置，當水流動時，去除 擾動 并且提供直接控制。您將發(fā)現(xiàn)并且許多這些問題在計劃期間 內(nèi) ，重要性的不 再 被過分強調(diào)。 儲水塔 南 佛羅里達所有新的大廈儲水塔 都達到了 30 英尺高。早先代碼闡明，將要求它 們 比 樓 高 50 英尺或更高。 所有大廈有直到符合 2012 年新的要求。因為 它 們也許變化，您應(yīng)該熟悉您的關(guān)于儲水塔的 設(shè)計規(guī)范 。再次，最佳的方式確定大廈是否有一座儲水塔是通過 預(yù)先 計劃。并且，切記建造者將做任何東西保存一 定余留 ，即使它是一英寸 規(guī)范 要求。南佛羅里達有許 多 49 英尺 、 11 英寸大廈。記住檢查殘骸和水，和充足排放口。召回有儲水塔的三個基本的分類： 類 是僅為消防隊使用。 2 個半英寸的排放 ,意在為重流操作。 類 II 是為居住者使用的急救裝置。一般情況下 ,在一個軟管排放是內(nèi)閣中常見的地區(qū) ,他們將有一個附加乘員使用軟管和噴嘴總成。警告 :消防隊員 永遠不應(yīng)該依賴于這些附加軟管 滅火 。 類 III 是一種組合系統(tǒng) ,提供為 1.5 2 系 數(shù)排 放， 適合從事火災(zāi)襲擊的初期階段的超越火災(zāi)。 畢業(yè)設(shè)計 (論文 )英文翻譯 6 第 九 消防部門在紐約的 “ 引擎制造公司 ” 總結(jié)了公司的業(yè)務(wù)類型站管道最簡潔明了。他們可分為兩種方式之一 ,根據(jù)系統(tǒng)是否含有水分。 為濕 、燥或組合。潮濕的系統(tǒng) ,它含有水的提升 , 以城市干線、重力水箱、壓力柜、和 /或消防泵。 干燥系統(tǒng)，可配備自動供水來源，但許多 是 干管，可能 原因是物管 公司沒有水需要供應(yīng)。這后一類被稱為 “ 人工干 ” 的制度。 組合系統(tǒng)包括那些與 儲水塔 系統(tǒng)互聯(lián)噴頭。大多這些系統(tǒng)是 “ 濕 ” 并且是特殊利害關(guān)系，因為消防隊消防車必須及時地增添灑水噴頭和軟管排列水流量要求附有儲水塔系統(tǒng)。 噴頭 正常運轉(zhuǎn)的噴頭是消防隊員的最佳盟友。他們將控制或消滅在初期階段的時間在絕大多數(shù)火災(zāi)，造成火災(zāi)損失大幅度下降，只要是正常工作的覆蓋面積和通暢。正如所有好的東西，也有負面。對噴頭 有害的 是冷卻水排放的煙霧，使空氣流通更加困難。也有可能增加水的損害。雖然自動灑水器是非常有效的，不要自滿，當你在一灑建設(shè)到達。為了有效，系統(tǒng)的運作必須按設(shè)計，其中包括保持適當?shù)慕?jīng)營壓力，例如，如果有一個以上的 12 樓和消防泵火不運行（見 消防泵段），它是不可能有將足夠的水流入國內(nèi)的壓力，只有控制火勢。有一個建設(shè)滅火灑水系統(tǒng)指標?？赡苡幸粋€關(guān)于水流量報警調(diào)度報告，噴灑 指標 方面指出抵達或流出的水系統(tǒng)排水管。然而，確定噴頭的存在最好的方法是再次通過 初期 規(guī)劃 確認 。 在噴水 龍 頭的一 個 分開想法 ： 在火之后，關(guān)閉系統(tǒng) ， 必須由您的公司證實這，不是外人。 不要關(guān)閉噴水 龍 頭，因為您認為火是小的，因為您擔心工作在浪花之下，或者，因為可以在別處更好使用您感到有限的供水。記?。航^大多數(shù)的時間，噴水隆頭將是您的盟友。 暖通空調(diào)系統(tǒng) 高層住宅樓 的暖通空調(diào)系統(tǒng)不同于商業(yè)樓宇。在一個商業(yè)建筑，氣候和空氣質(zhì)量控制在整個大區(qū)或區(qū)域，如整個樓或多個樓區(qū)。相反，住宅高樓，共同的地方，畢業(yè)設(shè)計 (論文 )英文翻譯 7 如走廊，大堂，并集結(jié)地區(qū)，是由中央控制的空氣處理系統(tǒng)，個人住宅有其氣候控制包單位，共同的領(lǐng)域也由服務(wù)無煙搬遷或撤離系統(tǒng)，這是分開的。當在一個共同的區(qū)域煙霧探測器啟動，它通常會影響廢氣的地板和地板施壓，立即上面和下面。當正常，這可以防止從公寓到樓梯的煙霧侵入。 電梯 目前有關(guān)何時使用電梯的討論 。 多數(shù)同意，如果火在第六樓之下，采取 樓梯 。如果它在第六樓之上，使用電梯。當使用的火警 啟動 電 梯，最重要的是在消防隊員使用的服務(wù)了。如果不這樣做，可以把消防隊員直接向起火層，在那里他們可以找到自己的 位置 ，門啟閉機的方式打開。分配充分 的每 一位消防人員到在消防員的服務(wù)操作。 每 位消防人員需要 熟練 使用在消防員的服務(wù)電梯，并且必須有 對講機 和 強行破拆 工具。記住，工具不是僅為強迫 進入 。如果某事出錯，消防人員也許需要強迫出口工具。 必須管理用于任一種火電話的電梯在消防員的服務(wù)之下，即使它似乎象問題是 “ 未成年人 ” 。經(jīng)營在非火事件期間的這個方式下將使消防人員是熟練的在一個真實的緊急狀態(tài)期間，使用電梯在這個方式，并且消滅 猜測。另外 ， 當使用電梯為中間著陸服務(wù)，但是不要 是著 火地板，消防員的服務(wù)應(yīng)該仍然使用保證所有交通 恒定的控制到火。 讓我們簡要地回顧在消防隊員的服務(wù)模式，電梯運行。消防人的服務(wù)有兩個階段：一期回顧了電梯到指定的地板上噴灑水流量報警或煙霧探測器或由火災(zāi)自動激活 ， 記得大廳鑰匙開關(guān)。熱探測器的激活將 “ 分流 ” 的力量和電梯完全禁用。 第二階段 ,是指從手動操作電梯在汽車消防活動。電梯門鑰匙 ,可以發(fā)現(xiàn) ,在一個空格鍵在一樓電梯降落。檢索關(guān)鍵 ,把它變成大堂電梯關(guān)鍵面板 (圖片 6),并把它的位置 ， 取出鑰匙上。這讓我想起了汽車的電梯銀行第一層。當電梯到達 ,在電梯井的煙用手電筒、火或水。如果你看到他們中的任何一個 ,不使用這個電梯。 畢業(yè)設(shè)計 (論文 )英文翻譯 8 （ 6）在電梯一期消防員的服務(wù)。 （ 7）你必須考慮到汽車的電梯鑰匙，實現(xiàn)二期消防員的服務(wù)。 指定一個裝了無線電消防員 (工具 )呆在轎廂。在達到預(yù)期的地板 ,該名消防員的車 ；如果執(zhí)行失敗 ,將返回的主要為額外的人員和資源 ；他的車。在進入電梯轎、插入相同的鍵進入消防隊員的服務(wù) (圖 7)、槽、轉(zhuǎn)向上的位置。你現(xiàn)在是在第二階段的模式。清除內(nèi)存打電話取消按鈕按下了。當使用電梯時 ,不要把它 直接到火 層 地板下面一或兩層樓。 報告， 它也是一個好主意 ,試著去一個較低的樓層要確保電梯工作是否正常。年長的熱敏性叫按鈕上電梯可以打電話給汽車直接降落到火地板如果系統(tǒng)運行不正常。在這點上 ,被充分的準備是無法預(yù)見的故障 ,這可能會需要你直接到火的地板上。這意味著獨立的呼吸器具的地方可以在準備好了，鐵桿或木材準備，以防止堵塞門開腳剎車失控，和水。 當您推擠選擇時地板，記住舉行門關(guān)閉，但是噸，否則它將停留開放。 同樣，當您到達您的目的地時，按并且拿著門開放按鈕。 它是一個好想法打開門半路看一看在什么您涉及在那個地板上。多數(shù)電梯也有比它打開關(guān)閉門以百分之 五十 更加快速的速度的安全特點。并且，觀看在盤區(qū)的有啟發(fā)性消防人員盔甲。 如果它開始閃動，立刻退出電梯。這表明煙傳感器在電梯或機器屋子激活了。 這也許導(dǎo)致使這個電梯失去能力的 “ 分流器旅行 ” 。 大堂控制 因此，大廳控制，并且大廳管理員 (LCO)及早必要，但是不在最初的攻擊線位置被舒展和被推進在火地板上。記住：當我們在火上時，把水放事只變得更好。 這項畢業(yè)設(shè)計 (論文 )英文翻譯 9 任務(wù)不會是容易，并且需要合作兩個或多個乘員組確定它完成迅速和高效。 這些其他作用發(fā)生，與引擎和卡車公司分享收集的信息。大廳控制需要許多作用例如責任，鞏固電梯，啟遠地設(shè)置盤區(qū)和建立系統(tǒng)和搬空。 LCO 應(yīng)該分配或委派這些作用和保證其中每一得到必要的支持。 LCO 是有監(jiān)督當局和的知識這些作用的命令官員的一個位置。安置這些作用在命令官員的監(jiān)督下提供一個適當?shù)目刂品秶嚓P(guān)作用。 問責制。許多部門在這個功能的缺失或不一致的。它也許是其中一最重要部分從命令的方面，因為我們必須總是知道我們的人民 在 哪里。請記住，當有在戰(zhàn)術(shù)或其他主要變化在場面上時的一個變化，舉辦點名。 （ 8）正式問責制板 是用來跟蹤公司的位置和狀態(tài)。 指派一個問責官員（ AO）的，并建立一個正式的問責制（照片 8）。這項功能需要，必須及早開始進行監(jiān)測，直到所有的隊員都完成了任務(wù)，已經(jīng)退出了建筑，并已被釋放。 指揮官 需要在程序或瓶頸 上確立 哪些成員正在進入和退出的建設(shè)。您可能需要超過如果多個接入點的使用。當一個分期或人員集團是建立樓上的問責官員方面所做的努力與協(xié)調(diào)問責官員。 避難。仔細考慮是否需要撤離。乘員流動性，建筑布局，當然，建筑物的耐火能力，在規(guī)劃的所有因素，并進行疏散。大多數(shù)情況下，住戶沒有立即威脅的火災(zāi)是在富裕的地方剩余。 不過，居民往往不知道我們的策略或進展，并撤離自己。在這次襲擊中放置在適當?shù)拈g隔消防隊員樓梯直接占用到一個不同的樓梯間，如果他們是在退出該建筑物的意圖。使用語音通訊系統(tǒng)可以減少遇到的困難在這里。人們在大堂或退出方式會干擾試圖進入消防隊員聚集。消防當局表示，美國在 1996 年（ USFA-TR-082）的人員疏散是主要問題之一在高樓火災(zāi)?？紤]指派一名船員或與警方聯(lián)絡(luò)，監(jiān)察疏散居民，并防止他們聚集在大廳里。建立一個安全區(qū)，以畜欄內(nèi)的畢業(yè)設(shè)計 (論文 )英文翻譯 10 住戶。這是包括在你的訓(xùn)練演習，警方將支付巨額 付款 。在邁阿密 -戴德，我們已盡可能在演練， 這對于一個比較順利的運作，使一個真正的警察部門打電話。每個人都知道其他的期望，以及積極的關(guān)系是在控制的條件下成立的，而不是在緊急情況。 我們剛剛觸及到的回應(yīng)住宅高層表面的許多方面。選址建設(shè)的 FAS 小組或消防指揮中心，以搜集資料之前，公司將更迅速和協(xié)調(diào)的反應(yīng)，結(jié)果相當于一個鄰居。指揮員可以直接 調(diào)度 成員，以確保工程按設(shè)計系統(tǒng)的工作和消防部門的青睞。電梯的控制是至關(guān)重要的。在大堂的控制是至關(guān)重要的 以避免 擠塞情況，確保訪問和響應(yīng)公司出口暢通。 如同所有的技能 ,他們就會減少 ,如果他們只用就更難。有些地區(qū)或反應(yīng)區(qū)只 包含高層。為部門或公司的混合法系 ,高聳入云的發(fā)生率較低的 ， 也許是最好的。熟悉、前期策劃、培訓(xùn)是最好的辦法來保證最高水準的服務(wù) ,這些結(jié)構(gòu)的公民 ,占據(jù)讓彼此的安全。 麥波斯納是邁阿密戴德（佛羅里達州）消防救援，他是隊長和中央操作訓(xùn)練軍官。他協(xié)助發(fā)展并提出了人員發(fā)展計劃（ ODP） ， 他提出 并 協(xié)助開發(fā)官員發(fā)展方案(ODP)， 是 ODP 的主角輔導(dǎo)員。此前，他曾與瑪格消防救援。 鮑勃是一個消防 30 年的老兵，并且是一個伊斯蘭會議組織 23 年的老將的邁阿密 -戴德（佛羅里達州）消防救援，在那里他是北地區(qū)培訓(xùn)業(yè)務(wù)人員新兵訓(xùn)練局的 ，他協(xié)助制定和提出的人員發(fā)展計劃值（ ODP），作為志愿者消防員擔任。 畢業(yè)設(shè)計 (論文 )英文翻譯 11 英文原文： Building Systems and Lobby Control in Residential High-Rises By Michael Posner and Bob Carpenter “ Engine 10 arrival on a 25-story residential high-rise. Heavy smoke and flames on the 22nd floor. We have people trapped on balconies on the 23rd and 24th floors. This unit will be Command.” We have all heard the saying, “as goes the first line, so goes the fire.” There is another aspect that will help ensure a positive and safer outcome of this type of incidenthaving a thorough working knowledge of building systems, understanding lobby control, and knowing how to establish it. Lets begin with a discussion of the various building systems. FIRE ALARM SYSTEM PANEL (FAS) The initial report given above contains a lot of obvious information relative to what is showing on arrival. What about the times when you arrive on the scene of a reported fire and there is no visible evidence? In todays modern high-rises, energy conservation measures often button the build ing up so tightly that you can have a well-advanced fire that is consuming one or more rooms and their contents with absolutely nothing showing from the street. In this case, the fire alarm system (FAS) panel is paramount in importance. Here is a case in point: On a recent alarm in Miami-Dade, companies arrived at a modern residential high-rise based on a 911 callers report of smoke on the 10th floor. An engine and a ladder were sent to investigate, and the incident commander (IC) sent another crew to the FAS panel to determine if additional information was available. It was also determined immediately that the elevators were inoperative. The first-arriving ladder company relayed this finding to the IC and suggested that the elevators be checked and the situation be corrected, if possible. The ladder company began its ascent. The officer of the third company, on arriving at the FAS panel, was able to redirect the crew, through Command, to the ninth-floor electric meter room, which was showing smoke detector activation on the panel. This coincided with information obtained from a building occupant who passed the ascending ladder company in the stairwell. Although this turned out to be a minor alarm, more advanced conditions could 畢業(yè)設(shè)計 (論文 )英文翻譯 12 have been developing on the ninth floor as the crew was advancing unprotected and unaware of the floor above the fire. Building maintenance personnel, if available, can direct you to the FAS panel location. They should also be able to assist you in finding the remainder of the building systems, the stairs, and the elevators. They may have keys for the locked locations. Keep in mind, however, that the building agent is not likely to understand the fire departments priorities； therefore, be careful when making tactical decisions based on civilian information. The officer or firefighter at the FAS panel can relay information to Command, such as the location of the alarm, the type of alarm ringing, and the smoke sensors or water flow indicators activated. The person at the FAS panel should silence the alarm after the fire condition has been determined. This will make it much easier to communicate in the building, and subsequent additional alarms will override the silence command. Information obtained from the FAS panel may indicate that a pull station has been activated. The panel may tell you of smoke sensors that have been activated and might even give you the exact apartment involved. With nothing showing from the ground, this at least gives you somewhere to start your investigation, even if it is a false prank call or an accidental activation because of device or system failure. A water flow alarm may be indicated. Depending on the age of the system and the method it used to indicate water flow (electric bell vs old-school water motor gong), this will be important to let you know that there may have been a fire or that sprinklers are holding a fire in check. The panel may also tell you if the fire pump is running. Send a firefighter with a radio to locate the fire pump and confirm if it is working properly. We will discuss fire pumps more thoroughly later in the article. (1) A typical fire alarm system panel (FAS). (Photos by Elvin Gonzalez.) (2) A FAS handset jack. Radio failure is a major problem in high-rise buildings because construction materials cause interference with even the most advanced radio 畢業(yè)設(shè)計 (論文 )英文翻譯 13 systems. Some FAS panels have an emergency phone system (photo 1) for in-house 4 communications； it may be the only means of communication in the building. The emergency phone system handsets are in the FAS panel room； the electrical room； the fire pump room； or, in newer high-rise buildings, the “command center.” Check your local fire codes； there should be at least six handsets. The jacks into which they should be plugged (photo 2) are on all floors, near or in stairwells and in the elevators. The FAS panel may also include a voice communication system that will enable you to make announcements throughout the building. For example, you may use this system to direct occupants to remain in their apartments (defend in place) or proceed to a specific stairwell for evacuation, or you could update the mon the status of the emergency. You can make announcements to specific floors and, in some cases, specific apartments. Continuously monitor the FAS panel during the incident for possible changes or new device activations. Obviously, if used properly, you can receive and pass on much information from the FAS panel. This is not the job for the probie. Assign a command officer who is experienced in high-rise buildings to this panel. FIRE DEPARTMENT CONNECTIONS While developing your prefire plan, note the location of the fire department connection (FDC). If you do not, chances are that it will be well hidden from your view in the beautiful hedges around the building. Determine if the standpipe and sprinkler share the FDC or if they are separate. Split systems should be clearly and permanently labeled (photos 3, 4). FDCs can be mounted on the wall or on a post. Some authorities having jurisdiction have adopted codes requiring the FDC to be mounted on a post. In Miami-Dade County, the newest code requires that the FDC be a minimum of 50 feet from the building unless the builder can demonstrate that the footprint of the building would make this impossible. In that case, the builder must seek a variance. This is, in part, for safety reasons, to keep firefighters away from the falling debris while making connections. Check your local code for requirements in your community. (3, 4) FDC connections for separate standpipe and sprinkler systems. 畢業(yè)設(shè)計 (論文 )英文翻譯 14 FDCs are magnets for garbage and debris left by passersby, so be sure to check for obstructions prior to connecting. Also check the clapper valve and the female swivel to ensure they are functioning properly. Often, you will find that the FDC is open and the clappers are exposed. Metallic plugs were once the norm, but these heavy bronze plugs have some value as scrap metal. Therefore, covers or plastic covers held in place with wing nuts are not commonly found. If you should find that metallic plugs are in place, remove both plugs prior to charging the first line. Failing to do this can make it impossible to remove the second plug, or it will come off explosively under pressure if the clapper does not function properly. If you find the swivels frozen or damaged during preplanning, alert the building agent and ask that it be repaired. If you discover this during an incident, you can resolve the problem easily with a double male/double female adapter. Use two supply lines when connecting to the FDC, but do not wait for both lines to be connected to charge the FDC. Get the first line charged to support the interior crews, and then connect the second line. Connecting both lines ensures a continuous water supply in case something happens to one of the lines. Conventional wisdom suggests starting an engine discharge pressure of 150 to 200 pounds per square inch (psi), depending on building height and friction loss for the three-inch hose connections. Consult your local standard operating procedures or guidelines. We will discuss optimum pressures later. FIRE PUMPS As discussed earlier, it is very important to confirm that the fire pump is running. In addition, you must ensure that it is pumping water and that the intake and the supply valves have not been closed through an act of sabotage or an oversight. Let us review fire pump basics. The fire pump supplies pressure to the standpipe and sprinkler system throughout the building. The fire pump controller and a separate jockey pump controller monitor the pressure in the system (photo 5). If the fire pump controller detects a drop in pressure, such as when one or more sprinklers are activated because of a fire or a standpipe discharge is opened, the pump should start automatically and maintain the preset pressure. The jockey pump controller monitors the jockey pump for nominal pressure fluctuations caused by minor leaks, inadvertent use of water from within the system, and so on, and to prevent unneeded, intermittent operation of the main fire pump. 畢業(yè)設(shè)計 (論文 )英文翻譯 15 (5) (Left) Jockey pump controller； (right) fire pump controller Engineers determine the pressures needed to get water to all areas of the building. Because of pressure loss caused by elevation, very high discharge pressures may be needed to ensure adequate pressure on upper floors. For example, if a system needs 275 psi to reach the top floor and maintain adequate discharge pressure, this would result in potentially dangerously high pressures on the lower floors. The pump does not know where the fire is. In this example, it is set to maintain a 275-psi pump discharge to overcome the elevation and achieve 100 psi at the highest discharge in the system. To prevent excess discharge pressures on lower floors, pressure-regulating devices (PRDs) or pressure-reducing valves (PRVs) are installed in the standpipe. PRDs or PRVs are necessary when static pressures greater than 175 psi are in the system. Also, if flow pressures exceed 100 psi, you must install an approved device. The PRD controls the amount of pressure available at the standpipe hose outlet. Some of these devices are factory set； others are field adjustable. A critical issue at the One Meridian Plaza fire in Philadelphia on February 23, 1991, was that the PRDs were set improperly and did not allow enough pressure for the attack lines. The PRDs were field adjustable, but by the time a technician who knew how to operate them arrived, it was hours into the incident. Discussion of the various types of PRDs is beyond the scope of this article. We mentioned earlier that a radio- equipped firefighter must locate the fire pump and ensure that it is operating. If the fire pump is found to be inoperative, you must correct this condition. Consult the pump specification plate to determine the highest operating pressure on the pump. Relay this information to the driver of the engine so that he may adjust his discharge pressures to get adequate flows to standpipe discharges. Under pumping will result in inadequate and possibly dangerously low flow on lower floors. Furthermore, using an inline pressure gauge at the standpipe discharge will confirm proper pressures, which must be set while flowing water, and remove the guesswork as well as provide direct control at the point of attack. You will 畢業(yè)設(shè)計 (論文 )英文翻譯 16 discover and address many of these issues during prefer planning, the importance of which cannot be overemphasized. STANDPIPES Standpipes are required in all new buildings in South Florida greater than 30 feet in height. Previous codes stated that buildings 50 feet or taller would require them. All buildings have until 2012 to meet the new requirements. You should be familiar with your jurisdictions codes regarding standpipes, as they may vary. Again, the best way to determine if a building has a standpipe is through prefer planning. Also, remember that builders will do anything to save a dime, even if it means buildings that are one inch shy of the code requirement. South Florida has many 49-foot, 11-inch buildings. Remember to check for debris and water, and flush the discharge outlet before hooking up and charging your line. Recall that there are three basic classifications of standpipes: Class I is for fire department use only. Discharges are 2 inches and are intended for heavy stream operations. Class II is for first-aid appliances used by occupants. Typically, the discharges are in a hose cabinet in common areas, and they will have an attached occupant use hose and nozzle assembly. Warning: Fire- fighters should never rely on these attached hoses for fire attack. Class III is a combined system that provides for 1- and 2-inch discharges suitable for engaging in fire attack on fires beyond the incipient stage. Chapter 9 in the Fire Department of New Yorks “Engine Company Operations” sums up the types of standpipes most succinctly. They can be categorized in one of two ways, according to whether or not the system riser contains water. Standpipe systems can be broadly classified as wet ,dry, or combination. Wet systems, which contain water in the riser at all times, are supplied by city mains, gravity tank, pres- sure tank, and/or a fire pump. Dry systems may be equipped with an automatic source of water supply, but many dry pipes may contain no water and need supply from an engine company. This latter type is called a “manual dry” system. Combination systems consist of sprinklers that are interconnected with a standpipe system. Most of these systems are “wet” and are of special concern because fire department pumpers must promptly augment the water flow demands of both sprinkler heads and hose lines attached to the standpipe system. 畢業(yè)設(shè)計 (論文 )英文翻譯 17 SPRINKLERS Properly functioning sprinklers are a firefighters best ally. They will control or extinguish fires in the incipient stage a vast majority of the time and result in substantially reduced fire losses, provided that they are working properly and the coverage area is unobstructed. As with all good things, there are negatives as well. One of the negatives of sprinklers is that the discharging water cools the smoke, which makes ventilation more difficult. There is also the potential for increased water damage. Although automatic sprinklers are very effective, do not get complacent when you arrive at a sprinkled building. To be effective, the system must be operating as designed, which includes maintaining adequate operating pressurefor example, if there is a fire above the 12th floor and the fire pump is not running (see Fire Pumps above), it is unlikely that there will be enough water flowing to control the fire with only domestic pressure. There are numerous indicators that a building has a fire suppression sprinkler system. There might be a report of a water flow alarm on dispatch, sprinkler FDC connection noted on arrival, or water flowing out of a system drainpipe. However, the best method for determining sprinklers presence is, once again, through prefire planning. One parting thought on sprinklers: Shut down the system only after the fire is out； this must be confirmed by your companies, not a bystander. Do not turn the sprinklers off because you think the fire is small, because you are worried about working under the spray, or because you feel the limited water supply can be better used elsewhere. Remember: The vast majority of the time, sprinklers will be your ally. HVAC SYSTEMS The HVAC systems in residential high-rises differ from those in commercial buildings. In a commercial building, the climate and air quality are controlled throughout large areas or zones, such as for the entire floor or multiple floor zones. Conversely, in residential high-rises, the common areas, such as the corridors, lobbies, and assembly areas, are controlled by centralized air-handling systems； the individual residences have package units for their climate control, The common areas are also served by a smoke-removal or evacuation system, which is separate. When a smoke detector in a common area activates, it will typically exhaust the affected floor and pressurize the floor immediately above and below. When functioning properly, this prevents the intrusion of smoke from an apartment into the stairs. ELEVATORS 畢業(yè)設(shè)計 (論文 )英文翻譯 18 There is much discussion about when to use the elevators. Most agree that if the fire is below the sixth floor, take the stairs. If it is above the sixth floor, use the elevator. When using the elevator for fire calls, it is imperative that you use it in Firemans Service. Failing to do so could send firefighters directly to the fire floor, where they may find themselves at the gates of hell when the hoist way door opens. Assign one firefighter in full bunker gear to each car operating in Firemans Service. This firefighter needs to be knowledgeable in the use of elevators in Firemans Service and must have a radio and forcible entry tools. Remember, the tools are not just for forcible entry. If something goes wrong, the firefighter may need forcible exit tools. Elevators used for any type of fire call must be operated under Firemans Service even if it seems like the problem is “minor.” Operating in this mode during non fire events will enable firefighters to be proficient in using elevators in this mode and will eliminate guesswork during a true emergency. In addition, when using elevator banks that service intermediate elevator landings but do not service the fire floor, Firemans Service should still be used to ensure constant control of all conveyances to the fire. Let us briefly review elevator operation in Firemans Service mode. Fire- mans Service has two phases: Phase1 recalls the elevators to a designated floor automatically on the activation of a sprinkler water flow alarm or smoke detector or by activation of the fire recall key switch in the lobby. Activation of a heat detector will “shunt” the power and disable the elevator completely. Phase 2 refers to manually operating the elevator from within the car for firefighting activities. The elevator key can be found in a key box on the main floor elevator landing. Retrieve the key, place it into the lobby elevator key panel (photo 6), and turn it to the ON position； remove the key. This recalls the cars of this elevator bank to the first floor. When the elevator arrives, look in the elevator shaft with a flashlight for smoke, fire, or water. If you see any of them, do not use this elevator. 畢業(yè)設(shè)計 (論文 )英文翻譯 19 (6) An elevator in Phase 1 Firemans Service. (7) You must take the elevator keys into the car to achieve Phase 2 Firemans Service. Assign a radio-equipped firefighter (with tools) to remain with the elevator car. On reaching the desired floor, this firefighter returns the car to the main floor for additional crews and resources； he stays with the car. On entering the elevator car, insert the same key into the Firemans Service slot (photo 7), and turn to the ON position. You are now in a Phase 2 mode. Clear the memory by pressing the Call Cancel button. When using the elevator, do not take it directly to the fire floor one or two floors below the reported fire floor is recommended. It is also a good idea to try going to a lower floor just to make sure the elevator is functioning properly. Older heat-sensitive call buttons at the elevator landing can call the car directly to the fire floor if the system is not functioning properly. On that note, be fully prepared for an unforeseeable malfunction that might take you directly to the fire floor. This means self-contained breathing apparatus in place, irons or wood chocks prepared to jam the doors to prevent uncontrolled opening, and the water can at the ready. When you push the floor of choice, remember to hold the door CLOSE but- ton, or it will stay open. Likewise, when you arrive at your destination, press and hold the door OPEN button. It is a good idea to open the door halfway just to get a look at what you will be dealing with on that floor. Most elevators also have a safety feature that closes the door at a 50-percent faster rate than it opens. Also, watch the illuminated firefighter helmet on the panel. If it begins flashing, exit the elevator immediately. This indicates the smoke sensor in the elevator shaft or machine room has activated. This may lead to a “shunt trip,” which will disable this elevator. LOBBY CONTROL Lobby control and, therefore, a lobby control officer (LCO) are needed early but NOT in place of the initial attack line being stretched and advanced onto the fire floor. Remember: Things only get better when we put water on the fire. This task will not be easy and will necessitate the teaming up of two or more crews to make sure it is done quickly and efficiently. As these other functions are taking place, share the information gathered with the engine and truck companies. Lobby control entails many functions such as accountability, securing the elevators, locating the FAS panel and building systems, and evacuation. The LCO should assign or delegate these functions and ensure that each receives the necessary support. The LCO is a position for a command officer who has the authority and knowledge to oversee these functions. Placing these functions under the supervision of a command officer provides an appropriate span of control of related functions. 畢業(yè)設(shè)計 (論文 )英文翻譯 20 Accountability. Many departments are lacking or inconsistent in this function. It may be one of the most important ones from Commands perspective, since we always must know where our people are. Remember, when there is a change in tactics or any other major change on-scene, conduct a roll call. (8) A formal accountability board is used to track company locations and status. Assign an accountability officer (AO), and establish a formal accountability system (photo 8).This function needs to begin early and must be monitored until all crews have completed their assignments, have exited the building, and have been released. The AO needs to be at the funnel or choke point at which members are entering and exiting the building. You may need more than one AO if multiple access points are used. The AO will direct companies to the appropriate stairs or elevator bank. When a staging or personnel group is established on upper floors, the accountability officer coordinates accountability efforts with