自考英語二講義（內(nèi)部筆記）.doc.doc

專業(yè)提供自考 各科考前 答案，考后付款 。 絕對包過 ，絕對安全 ,絕對誠信。 QQ： 1617648655 自考 “ 英語（二） ” 完整講義 講義一 Text A What Is a Decision ？ I.課文內(nèi)容簡介 決策的目的是制定和實現(xiàn)組織目標(biāo)。作決策的原因是有問題存在、目標(biāo)和目的不正確、或者有某種東西防礙目標(biāo)或目的的實現(xiàn)。作決策的過程對管理人員來說至關(guān)重要。決策者必須具備從多個可供選擇的可能性中確定最佳選擇的手段。而多種目標(biāo)的順序和重要性也部分地基于決策者的價值觀。今天所作的決策可能會 對將來產(chǎn)生深遠(yuǎn)的影響。因此，有經(jīng)驗的管理者能從當(dāng)前決策看到將來的效果。 段落大意：課文分成三部分 第一、二段：決策的定義 The definition of decision 第三、四段：作決策的一般過程 The general process of making a decision 第五至九段：在管理層次上，多種因素影響決策的制定 Various factors influencing decision making at the managerial level II.New Words organizational a. 組織上的 goal n. 目的，目標(biāo) objective n./a. 目標(biāo)，目的 /客觀的，真實的 accomplish vt. 完成（任務(wù)等） predict vt./vi. 預(yù)言；預(yù)示 accompany vt. 伴隨，陪同 implement vt. 實現(xiàn)；完成 constraint n. 強制；強制因素 precedent n. 先例，前例 simplify vt. 簡化 tendency n. 趨勢，傾向 managerial a. 經(jīng)理的，管理人的 maker n. 制造者；制造商 achievement n. 完成，達(dá)到 attain vt. 達(dá)到；完成 optimal a. 最適宜的，最理想的 suboptimization n. 局部最優(yōu)化 trade-off n. 權(quán)衡；物物交換 argue vt./vi. 爭辯，爭論 budget n./vt. 預(yù)算 scheme n./vt.把 編入預(yù)算 define vt. 解釋，給 下定義 multiple a./n.多樣的，復(fù)合的 /倍數(shù) profitability n. 賺錢，獲利 correctness n. 正確，正確性 unintended a. 非計劃中的，非故意的 ongoing a. 進(jìn)行中的，非故意的 entity n. 存在，實體 skilled a. 熟練的；有技能的 in the way 擋路、礙事 to make a guess at 猜測 and the like 等等，諸如此類 to seek to 追求，爭取 in part 部分地，在某種程度 上 point of view 觀點 詞匯精講 1.goal n. 目標(biāo)，進(jìn)球，球門 （ 同義詞： aim ， end ， purpose， objective） Her goal is a place at university . 她的目標(biāo)是在大學(xué)任教。 2.objective ： n./a. 目的；目標(biāo)（尤指較長遠(yuǎn)的目標(biāo)）；宗旨 /客觀的，如實的 派生詞： object n. 物體 反義詞： subjective n./a. 主語；主觀事物； / 主觀的， 用法： Her objective is to get a college education. 她的目標(biāo)是接受大學(xué)教育。 If you dont work hard， youll never achieve your objectives. 假如你不努力工作，你將永遠(yuǎn)達(dá)不到目的。 Achieve 表示較難達(dá)到的目標(biāo)。 It is an objective report. 這是一篇如實的報道。 3.accomplish v. 完成（任務(wù)）等 The students accomplished the task in less than ten minutes . 學(xué)生們在不到 10分鐘內(nèi)完成了任務(wù)。 4.predict ： v 預(yù)言，預(yù)示， 預(yù)告 同義詞： forecast v. 預(yù)測，預(yù)報 Its hard to predict when it will happen . 很難預(yù)見這件事何時發(fā)生。 5.accompany ： v. 伴隨，陪同 The lonely old man is accompanied by his dog. 這位孤獨的老人讓他的狗做伴。 All orders must be accompanied with cash. 所有的訂貨單必須隨付現(xiàn)金。 派生詞： company n. 公司； v. 陪伴 6.implement v.實施，履行（諾言）等 The committees suggestions will be implemented immediately. 委員會的意見將立即貫徹執(zhí)行。 The changes to the national health system will be implemented next year. 對 全國醫(yī)療體系的改革將在明年進(jìn)行。 7.constraint n. 限制， 約束 They told the truth but only under constraint. Constraint on the rules of grammer 他們說了實話但是有所保留（是被迫的）。 語法規(guī)則的限制（約束） 8.tendency ： n. 趨勢，傾向 There is a growing tendency for people to work at home instead of in offices. 人們在家里而不是在辦公室里工作的趨勢日益增長。 派生詞： tend v. 趨向，傾向 用法： tend to do sth. He tends to get angry when people disagree with him . 當(dāng)人們不同意他的意見時，他很容易生氣。 9.achievement n. 完成，成就， An Olympic silver medal is a remarkable achievement for one so young . 對一個如 此年輕的人來說，獲得奧運會銀牌是個了不起的成就。 派生詞： achieve v. 完成，做到，達(dá)到（目的），實現(xiàn)，獲得 He will never achieve his objectives if he doesnt work hard . 如果他不努力，將會永遠(yuǎn)達(dá)不到目的。 10.attain ： v. 達(dá)到；獲得 （長期努力后而獲得）同義詞： obtain， get 用法： She has made up her mind to attain her goal in life. 她下 定決心要達(dá)到生活中的目標(biāo)。 The apple tree has attained to a great height. 蘋果樹已長得很高了。 11.optimal adj 最佳的 The sailors are waiting for optimal weather conditions before taking off .船員們正在等待出航的最佳天氣條件。 12.argue ： vt./vi. 爭辯，爭論，辯論 用法 ： 作不及物動詞用時，后邊可以接 with， about 或 over（就 爭論）， for （贊成）或 against （反對） She is always ready to argue over the smallest issues. 她總喜歡為極小的問題進(jìn)行爭論。 He often argues philosophy with James. 他常和詹姆斯討論哲學(xué)。 He argued for immediate action . 他主張立即行動。 They argued against such a policy. 他們反對這種政策。 作及物動詞時，表 示 “說服、用辯論證明 ”的意思 I argued him out going on such a dangerous journey. 我說服他不做這樣危險的旅行。 He argued that man was descended from apes. 他論證人類的祖先是猿。 13.scheme n 計劃 方案 He has got a crazy scheme for getting rich before he is 20 . 他制定了一個在 20歲之前發(fā)財?shù)寞偪裼媱潯?14.multiple adj 多樣的 復(fù)合的 What the person does next is the result of the multiple influences to which they have been exposed . 一個人下一步會做什么是他受到的多種影響的結(jié)果。 15.ongoing adj 進(jìn)行中的，前進(jìn)的 No agreement has yet been reached and the negotiations one still ongoing . 目前還沒 有達(dá)成任何協(xié)議，談判仍在進(jìn)行。 16.entity n 存在 實體 He regarded the north of the country as a separate cultural entity . 他把這個國家的北方看成一個單獨的文化實體。 17.skilled adj 熟練的，有技能的 My mother is very skilled at /in dress-making . 我母親非常擅長做衣服。 Phrases and Expressions 1.（ stand， get， be ） in the way 礙事 ，擋道的；妨礙人的 If you are not going to help， at least dont get in the way！ 如果你不愿幫忙，至少別妨礙人家。 The chair is in the way， please move it away. 這把椅子擋著路，請把它移開。 相關(guān)短語 ： in a way 在某種程度上；在某些方面； 從某一點上看 in no way 決不；一點也不； in the way of 按照； 就 。 而言 by way of 取道，經(jīng)由 by the way 順便問一下 2.to make a guess at 猜測 You might have been able to make a guess at who she was. 你本來能夠猜到她是誰。 Can you make a guess at the price ？ 你猜得出價錢嗎？ 3.to seek to（ inf） 尋求，爭取 Power stations are seeking to reduce their use of oil . 發(fā)電站正在設(shè)法減少石油的使用 4.in part ： 部分地；有些部分；在某種程度上 This was in part due to financial difficulties. 部分是由于財政困難。 The responsibility was in part because of me. 部分責(zé)任在我。 5.point of view 視點，視角 The book looks at college life from a students point of view. 這本書從一個學(xué)生的視角來看大學(xué)生活。 6.to vary from to 從 到 不同，因 而異 Salary scales vary from state to state. 工資級別因州而異。 7.contribute to 把 貢獻(xiàn)給 。 Well contribute ourselves to this career after we graduate . 我們畢業(yè)后將為此事業(yè)作貢獻(xiàn)。 contribute to 導(dǎo)致 Smoking is the main factor contributing to lung cancer. 吸煙是導(dǎo)致肺癌的主要因素。 8.be beneficial to 對 有利 Jogging is beneficial to our health. 慢跑有利于我們的健康。 Reciting passages is beneficial to improving oral English. 朗讀（背誦）短文段落對提高英語口語有利。 III.課文精講 第一部分 Para.1 A decision is a choice made from among alternative courses of action that are available. The purpose of making a decision is to establish and achieve organizational goals and objectives. The reason for making a decision is that a problem exists， goals or objectives are wrong， or something is standing in the way of accomplishing them. 1.made from among alternative courses of action 是過去分詞短語作定語 courses of action 行動方針 that are available 是定語從句，修飾概念短語 “行動方針 ” 2.The reason for making a decision is that a problem exists， goals or objectives are wrong， or something is standing in the way of accomplishing them. 此句是由 that 引導(dǎo)的表語從句，表語從句由 a problem exist； goals of objectives are wrong； 及 something is standing in the way of accomplishing them 三個并列句構(gòu)成。 The reason for is that 是一個常用的句子。例： The reason for canceling the travel is that they lack of money. 取消旅行的原因是他們手頭缺錢。 The reason why 是另外一個常用的句子。例： There are 3 reasons why they are unwilling to discuss insurance .他們不愿意談?wù)摫ｋU的原因有三個。 Para.2 Thus the decision-making process is fundamental to management. Almost everything a manager does involves decisions， indeed， some suggest that the management process is decision making. Although managers cannot predict the future， many of their decisions require that they consider possible future events. Often managers must make a best guess at what the future will be and try to leave as little as possible to chance， but since uncertainty is always there， risk accompanies decisions. Sometimes the consequences of a poor decision are slight； at other times they are serious. 3.a manager does 是省略 that 的定語從句，修飾先行詞 everything 當(dāng)先行詞為 everything， something， anything， nothing 等不定代詞時定語從句引導(dǎo)詞不可用 which， 此句的后半部分 some suggest that 是賓語從句 suggest v. 認(rèn)為，提出，建議（其后的賓語從句多用于虛擬語氣） 4.although conj.“雖然，盡 管 ”引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句 例如： Although my car is very old， it still runs very well . 雖然我的汽車很舊，但是仍然跑得很好。 require vt. 要求，需要 后邊由 that 引導(dǎo)一個賓語從句 5.Often managers must make a best guess at what the future will be and try to leave as little as possible to chance， but since uncertainty is always there， risk accompanies decisions. make a best guess at 作出最佳猜測， at 表示動作或行為的方向和目標(biāo)，如： look at （看） ， aim at （瞄準(zhǔn)，目的是）， throw （ a stone） at （向 擲石頭）， shoot at （射擊）， laugh at （嘲笑） 本句中 what the future will be 是一個介詞賓語從句，（作介詞 at 的賓語）； to leave sth. to chance “憑運氣，聽任命運的安排，聽其自然發(fā)展 ” “as + 形容詞（或副詞） + as possible”意思是 “盡可能地 ； 盡量 ”。 as little as possible 盡可能少 I tried to be as friendly as possible. 我盡量地表示友好。 Come as quickly as possible. 盡快來。 since uncertainty is always there 是一個原因狀語從句。 risk accompanies decisions .風(fēng)險伴隨著決策 6.sometimes at other times 有時 ，而有時則 a poor decision 一個不良決策 第二部分 Para.3 Choice is the opportunity to select among alternatives. If there is no choice， there is no decision to be made. Decision making is the process of choosing， and many decisions have a broad range of choice. For example， a student may be able to choose among a number of different courses in order to implement the decision to obtain a college degree. For managers， every decision has constraints based on policies， procedures， laws， precedents， and the like. These constraints exist at all levels of the organization. 7.“選擇 ”三個詞的區(qū)別： alternative adj.兩者或多于兩者選一個，供選擇的， n.替代物 choice 選自己喜歡的，挑出，選出 select 選出最好的，篩選、精選 8.由 if 引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句， 主句中的不定式被動態(tài) to be made 作定 語， 修飾 decision 9.range n. 范圍 a broad range of choice 一個很廣的選擇范圍 10.For managers， every decision has constraints based on policies， procedures， laws， precedents， and the like. 本句中 based on 是一個過去分詞作定語修飾 constraints. be based on 表示 “建立在 基礎(chǔ)上 例： The book is based on a true story. 這本書是以一個真實的故事為依據(jù)的。 He was the first to draw a map that was based on all available knowledge， rather than guess or imagination. 他第一個畫出以當(dāng)時所有的知識為基礎(chǔ)的地圖，而不是基于猜測和想象。 and the like 意思是 “等等 （之類的東西） ”。 例： He studied painting， music， English and the like. 他學(xué)習(xí)了繪畫、音樂、英語等等。 11.at all levels “在各個層次 ” Para.4 Alternatives are the possible courses of action from which choices can be made. If there are no alternatives， there is no choice and， therefore， no decision. If no alternatives are seen， often it means that a thorough job of examining the problems has not been done. For example， managers sometimes treat problems in an either/or fashion； this is their way of simplifying complex problems. But the tendency to simplify blinds them to other alternatives. 12.from which 引導(dǎo)定語從句，修飾 courses of action 行動方針 13.a thorough job of examining 一個徹底的考察工作 a thorough job 是主語， of examining the problems 修飾 job， has not been done 是句子的謂語。 thorough a. 徹底的 through prep. 通過，穿過 though conj. 雖然，盡管 （ 同 although ） thought n. 思想 14.For example， managers sometimes treat problems in an either/or fashion ： either /or 意思是 “非此即彼；二者擇一 ”。 例： We fight， or we dont its an either/or decision. 我們戰(zhàn)斗或不戰(zhàn)斗 -這是二者擇一的決定。 第三部分 Para.5 At the managerial level， decision making includes limiting alternatives as well as identifying them， and the range is from highly limited to practically unlimited. 15.At the managerial level， decision making includes limiting alternatives as well as identifying them， and the range is from highly limited to practically unlimited. 在 as well as 結(jié)構(gòu)中，強調(diào)前者 limiting alternatives ，不強調(diào)后者 譯為：作決策包括限定選擇和識別選擇，或者譯成：不僅包括識別選擇還要包括限定選擇（除了包括識別選擇外還有限定選擇） practically ad. 實際上，事實上（在口語中譯為，幾乎，簡直）在本文中是幾乎的意思。例如：幾乎是不可能 practically impossible Para.6 Decision makers must have some way of determining which of several alternatives is best - that is， which contributes the most to the achievement of organizational goals. 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