上海牛津小學(xué)英語語法知識總結(jié).docx

上海牛津小學(xué)英語語法知識總結(jié)一般現(xiàn)在時1、定義：表示經(jīng)常發(fā)生或習(xí)慣性的動作、狀態(tài)。句中通常有usually，often，every day，sometimes，always，at weekends，on Sundays等表示經(jīng)常性時間的短語。2、構(gòu)成：1）當(dāng)謂語是be動詞時，一般現(xiàn)在時的構(gòu)成：主語be動詞其他如：I am a student. He is Jims father. They are from Japan.2）當(dāng)謂語是行為動詞時，一般現(xiàn)在時的構(gòu)成：主語（非第三人稱單數(shù)）動詞原形其他如：I often watch TV at the weekends.Mr Green and Mrs Green like collecting stamps.主語（第三人稱單數(shù)）動詞的第三人稱單數(shù)形式其他如：Jim usually visits his grandparents on Sundays. She sometimes goes to the park with her mother.3、動詞三單形式的變化規(guī)則： 一般情況下，直接加s 如：read-reads，swim-swims 以s，x，sh，ch，o結(jié)尾，加es 如：wash-washes，watch-watches，do-does 以輔音字母y結(jié)尾，變y為i，再加es 如：study-studies，fly-flies 不規(guī)則變化 如：have-has 4、一般現(xiàn)在時的句型轉(zhuǎn)換：肯定句否定句一般疑問句及回答They watch TVevery day.They dont watch TVevery day.Do they watch TV every day?Yes, they do. / No, they dont.She watches TVevery day.She doesnt watchTV every day. Does she watch TV every day?Yes, she does. / No, she doesnt. 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時1、定義：表示現(xiàn)在或現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行或發(fā)生的動作。句中常有now，look，listen等詞。如：I am washing clothes now. Look! Liu Tao is climbing the tree. Listen! Jane is singing in the music room.2、構(gòu)成：be動詞（am/is/are）+ 動詞現(xiàn)在分詞（V-ing）3、動詞現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成： 一般是在動詞原形后加ing 如：read-reading，drink-drinking，eat-eating，look-looking 以不發(fā)音的e結(jié)尾的動詞，去掉e，再加ing 如：write-writing，make-making，ride-riding，take-taking 以重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾，如末尾只有一個輔音字母，要雙寫這個字母，再加ing 如：sit-sitting，swim-swimming，put-putting，run-running，stop-stopping，get-getting，begin-beginning，jog-jogging，forget-forgetting4、動名詞其實就是動詞的現(xiàn)在分詞，它既有名詞性質(zhì)（可作主語），又有動詞性質(zhì)（可帶賓語）。如：Asking the wayMy hobby is collecting stamps.He is good at skating.5、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時的句型轉(zhuǎn)換：肯定句否定句一般疑問句及回答He is running now.He isnt running now.Is he running now?Yes, he is. / No, he isnt.They are makinga puppet.They arent makinga puppet. Are they making a puppet?Yes, they are. / No, they arent.一般過去時1、定義：表示過去某個時間里發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。常和表示過去的時間狀語連用，如：a moment ago，just now，yesterday，last week，this morning等。如：My brother often went to school by bike last term.The watch was beside the diary a moment ago.I watched the moon and ate the moon cakes last Mid-Autumn Festival.Jim went to the supermarket yesterday.2、構(gòu)成：主語動詞的過去式其他3、動詞過去式的變化規(guī)則： 一般在動詞原形末尾加ed 如：play-played，listen-listened，look-looked 結(jié)尾是e的動詞，加d 如：live-lived，like-liked，taste-tasted 輔音字母y結(jié)尾的動詞，變y為i，再加ed 如：study-studied，carry-carried，cry-cried 末尾只有一個輔音字母的重讀閉音節(jié)詞，雙寫這個輔音字母，再加ed 如：stop-stopped，plan-planned 不規(guī)則變化 如： am/is-was are-were have/has-had do-didgo-went sit-sat tell-told see-sawget-got make-made give-gave read-readbuy-bought come-came draw-drew eat-atefly-flew meet-met put-put run-ransay-said sing-sang swim-swam take-took4、一般過去時的句型轉(zhuǎn)換肯定句否定句 一般疑問句及回答He watched TV yesterday.He didnt watch TV yesterday.Did he watch TV yesterday?Yes, he did. / No, he didnt.They played games just now.They didnt play games just now. Did they play games just now?Yes, they did. / No, they didnt. 一般將來時1、定義：表示將要發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)，以及打算、計劃或準(zhǔn)備某事。句中一般含有表示將來的時間狀語，如：tomorrow morning，next week，this afternoon等表示將來的時間狀語。2、構(gòu)成： be gong to +動詞原形如：I am going to see a Beijing opera tomorrow.We are going to meet at bus stop at half past ten.Dad and I are going to see a Beijing opera this afternoon. will +動詞原形如：They will go swimming this afternoon.3、be going to 和will 區(qū)別： be going to表示經(jīng)過事先安排、打算或決定要做的事情，基本上一定會發(fā)生；will則表示有可能去做，但不一定發(fā)生，也常表示說話人的臨時決定。如：I am going to take part in a party this evening.They are cleaning the library now. Ill go and join them.be going to表示近期或眼下就要發(fā)生的事情；will表示的將來時間則較遠(yuǎn)一些。如：He is going to write a letter tomorrow. I will meet her one day. be going to還可以用來表示有跡象表明某件事將要發(fā)生，常用于天氣等自然現(xiàn)象。如：Look! Its going to rain.4、一般將來時句型轉(zhuǎn)換：肯定句否定句一般疑問句及回答She is going to have a picnic tomorrow.She isnt going to have a picnic tomorrow.Is she going to have a picnic tomorrow?Yes, she is. / No, she isnt.They will go swimming this afternoon.They will not(wont) go swimming this afternoon.Will they go swimming this afternoon?Yes, they will. / No, they wont. 句法1、陳述句說明事實或陳述說話人觀點的句子?；窘Y(jié)構(gòu)：主語謂語其他1）肯定陳述句 We all like pandas very much.2）否定陳述句 He doesnt do housework at weekends3）肯定陳述句改否定陳述句一般是在be動詞或情態(tài)動詞后加not。Mary was at school yesterday. Mary was not at school yesterday.I can make a model plane. I can not make a model plane.不含be動詞或情態(tài)動詞的，行為動詞前要用助動詞的否定式（dont，doesnt，didnt），后面跟動詞的原形。He likes drawing pictures.He doesnt like drawing pictures.I went to the park yesterday. I didnt go to the park yesterday.4）陳述句改一般疑問句有be動詞或情態(tài)動詞的，把be動詞或情態(tài)動詞提前。 Mary was at school yesterday. Was Mary at school yesterday? I can make a model plane. Can you make a model plane?不含be動詞或情態(tài)動詞的句子，借助助動詞開頭，動詞還原成原形。 He likes drawing pictures.Does he like drawing pictures. I went to the park yesterday. Did you go to the park yesterday?2、疑問句用來提出問題，詢問情況的句子，末尾用問號。1）一般疑問句：一般疑問句常用來詢問一件事是否屬實，通常以be動詞，助動詞或情態(tài)動詞開頭，用yes或no來回答，因此又叫是非疑問句，通常讀升調(diào)。Is Mr Green from the UK? Yes，he is. / No，he isnt.Do you have any hobbies? Yes，I do. / No，I dont.Can you play the guitar? Yes，I can. / No，I cant.2）特殊疑問句：以特殊疑問詞引導(dǎo)，要求回答具體問題，不能用yes或no來回答。How do you go to work every day? I go to work by car.3）選擇疑問句：提供兩種或兩種以上情況，讓對方選擇，往往用or連接。Would you like some tea or coffee? Some coffee, please.4）反意疑問句：反意疑問句是由陳述句和附在其后的附加疑問句組成。Its a fine day, isnt it? Yes ,it is.3、祈使句表示請求或命令別人做某事或不做某事。1）用于第二人稱，通常省略you。肯定祈使句：Open the door, please.否定祈使句：Dont be late again.2）用于第一人稱和第三人稱，通常以let（let后跟賓格）或shall開頭。Let me have a look. Lets play a game now. Let him go home now.Shall we meet at one thirty in front of the Garden Theatre?4、感嘆句表達(dá)喜怒哀樂等強烈感情，句尾常用感嘆號（!），語氣用降調(diào)。1）what + 名詞或名詞性短語What a big garden (it is)!What an interesting storybook (it is) !What lovely weather (it is)!What pretty girls (they are)!2）how +形容詞或副詞主語動詞How nice!How beautiful the flowers are!How tall Yao Ming is!5、there be 句型 表示在某地有某人或某物。1）主語是單數(shù)，be動詞用is(was)；主語是復(fù)數(shù)，be動詞用are(were)。There is some milk in the fridge.There are some peaches in the bas