科技英語的特點(diǎn)概述.ppt

1,科技英語的特點(diǎn),English for Science and Technology,2,課程教學(xué)目的 培養(yǎng)學(xué)生對科技英語語言的理解能力和應(yīng)用能力；讓學(xué)生承擔(dān)科技英語閱讀必需的基本技能和知識，使學(xué)生能夠以英語為工具獲取科技知識及其他有關(guān)的信息。,3,科技英語的含義 不同于普通英語； 更不同于文學(xué)英語； 也不完全等同于專業(yè)英語。 English for Science and Technology 專門服務(wù)于理工科專業(yè)和各行業(yè)的科技人員。,4,科技英語與其它英語的區(qū)別,文學(xué)英語：需了解美國文化背景，語言漂亮 普通英語：以語法為主線，基礎(chǔ)詞匯 科技英語：注重翻譯技巧，嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，忠于原文， 但不一定要直譯 如:英文中的被動句中文中的主動句。,5,科技英語的重要性,國際間的科技情報(bào)和資料交流； 世界上科技雜志有六萬多種，一半以上是英文刊物； 各國科技人員學(xué)習(xí)的需要； 交流的需要；,6,科技英語的學(xué)習(xí)方法 科技英語閱讀與普通英語的快速閱讀的方法也有所不同，科技英語閱讀要把準(zhǔn)確理解放在首位，在準(zhǔn)確理解的基礎(chǔ)上提高閱讀速度。和其他的英語能力一祥，科技英語閱讀能力，需要通過長期的實(shí)踐才能獲得，不可能一蹴而就，多讀多練是提高科技英語閱讀能力的最有效的方法。,7,1 科技英語的特點(diǎn),1.1 科技英語的特點(diǎn)概述 1學(xué)時(shí) 1.2 科技英語的特殊語法現(xiàn)象 6學(xué)時(shí) 1.3 科技英語中的一些常用句型 4學(xué)時(shí),8,1.1 科技英語的特點(diǎn)概述,一、科技英語在詞匯方面的特點(diǎn) 二、科技英語句法上的特點(diǎn) 三、科技英語修辭上的特點(diǎn),9,科技英語的基本特點(diǎn),為了了解科技英語的特點(diǎn)，我們先閱讀下面一段關(guān)于許用應(yīng)力的課文。,Despite the tests described in Chapters 1l and 12，materials may still fail in service，sometimes with disastrous results (e.g. when the failure occurs in aircraftbridges，ships，etc.). To try to avoid such disastrous occurring，the designer avoids using materials continuously at their maximum allowable stress. This is done by employing a factor of safety. Unfortunately，increasing the strength of a component in the interests of safety not only increases the initial material costs，but also the operating costs. For example，the stronger and heavier the structure members of an aircraft，the fewer passengers it can carry and the more fuel it consumersTherefore a balance has to be maintained between safety，initial cost and operating costsThe designer is constantly striving to improve the former whilst reducing the latter,10,Allowable working stress is taken as a proportion of the yield or proof stress；that is，the component is only stressed within its elastic range when in serviceFor example, consider the screwed fastening shown in Fig. 1.l. When the nut is tightened normally the bolt is stretched slightly and，providing it is stressed within its elastic range，it will behave like a very powerful spring and will pull the joint faces together very firmly,11,The stress in the bolt is made up of two elements. Firstly, the stress imparted by the initial tightening of the bolt; secondly，the stress imparted by the load on the fastening in serviceThe sum of these stress must not be allowed to approach，let alone exceed，the yield stress for the material of it will cease to act in an elastic mannerTherefore the designer proportions the fastening (another components) so as that there is a factor of safetyUsually the designer assumes an allowable working stress of only half the yield stress for the material.,12,If the fastening shown in Fig. 1.1 is overstressed by applying excess torque to the nut (for example，by extending the length of the spanner with a tube)，the bolt will be stressed beyond its elastic rangeOnce the yield stress for the bolt has been exceeded it exhibits plastic properties and takes a permanent set that is，it becomes permanently lengthened，the “spring back” is seriously reduced and the joint faces are no longer held firmly together. Thus for critical assemblies，the designer will seek to control the stress in the fastening and associated components by specifying the torque to be applied to the nut as it is tightened by the use of a “torque spanner” set to a specific value.,13,在文章結(jié)構(gòu)方面，邏輯嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，層次分明，復(fù)雜長句多； 在用詞方面，必然要用到專業(yè)術(shù)語和專業(yè)單詞，以及詞性變換多； 在語法方面，非謂語動詞多，較多地使用被動語態(tài)； 另一個(gè)重要特點(diǎn)是采用圖表等非語言因素表達(dá)思想。,可以得出科技英語的特點(diǎn)：,14,詞性轉(zhuǎn)換多,英語單詞有不少是多性詞，如： Above 介詞：above all (things) 形容詞：for the above reason 副詞：as(has been ) indicated above,15,副詞： light come, light go,Light 名詞：in the light of 由于，根據(jù) high light(s) 強(qiáng)光，精華 safety light 安全指示燈 形容詞：light industry light room light blue,16,一、科技英語在詞匯方面的特點(diǎn), 專業(yè)詞匯出現(xiàn)率低； 詞義專一； 多來源于拉丁語和希臘語； 廣泛使用縮略語； 前后綴出現(xiàn)率高,17,縮略語Abbreviation,普通英語中的縮略語：i.e.即，etc.等，co.公司； 科技英語中縮略語多為單位名稱、設(shè)備名稱，儀器，方法，藥劑等，一般在上下文中有原型。如： 英國電氣工程師學(xué)會 Institution of Electrical Engineers 簡稱 IEE 美國科學(xué)情報(bào)研究所 Institute for Scientific Information 簡稱 ISI 核磁共振 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance簡稱 NMR 聚丙烯酰胺 PAM,18,1. 各種組織或機(jī)構(gòu)的縮略詞 APEC(Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation)亞太經(jīng)濟(jì)合作組織 IOC(International Olympic Committee)國際奧林匹克組織 ISO(International Standard Organization)國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化組織 OPEC(Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries)歐佩克,石 油輸出國組織 WTO(World Trade Organization)世界貿(mào)易組織 SOS村(SOS childrens village)一種專門收養(yǎng)孤兒的慈善機(jī)構(gòu),19,2 各種系統(tǒng)的縮略詞 BBS(bulletin board system)電子公告牌系統(tǒng)或(bulletin board service)電子公告服務(wù) GPS(global positioning system)全球定位系統(tǒng) GSM(global system for mobile communications)全球移動通信系統(tǒng) CIMS(computer integrated manufacturing system)計(jì)算機(jī)集成制造系統(tǒng) DOS(disc operating system)磁盤操作系統(tǒng) GMDSS(global maritime distress and safety system)全球海上遇險(xiǎn)與安全系統(tǒng) ITS(intelligent transportation system)智能交通系統(tǒng) NMD(National Missile Defense)國家導(dǎo)彈防御系統(tǒng) TMD (theatre missile defense)戰(zhàn)區(qū)導(dǎo)彈防御系統(tǒng)) NASDAQ(national association of securities dealers automated quotation)納斯達(dá)克,(美)全國交易商自動報(bào)價(jià)系統(tǒng)協(xié)會,20,3 有關(guān)職務(wù)或?qū)W位的縮略詞 CEO(chief executive officer)首席執(zhí)行官 CFO(chief finance officer)首席財(cái)務(wù)官 CGO(chief government officer)首席溝通官 CIO(chief information officer)首席信息官 COO(chief operating officer)首席運(yùn)營官 CTO(chief technology officer)首席技術(shù)官 CPA(certified public accountant)注冊會計(jì)師 MBA(Master of Business Administration)工商管理碩士 MPA(Master of Public Administration)公共管理碩士,21,4. 金融方面的縮略詞 ATM(automated teller machine)自動柜員機(jī) CBD(central business district)中央商務(wù)區(qū) GDP(gross domestic product)國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值 GNP(gross national product)國民生產(chǎn)總值,22,5.考試方面的縮略詞 CET(college English test)大學(xué)英語等級考試 GRE(graduate record examination in USA and other countries)美國等國家研究生入學(xué)資格考試 PETS(public English test system)全國英語等級考試 HSK(Hanyushuipingkaoshi; Chinese Standard Test)漢語水平考試,23,6 其他方面的縮略詞 AIDS(acquired immune deficiency syndrome) 獲得性免疫缺陷綜合癥,即艾滋病 AM (amplitude modulation) 調(diào)幅 APC ( aspirin, phenacetin and caffeine; compound aspirin; heat-relieving and pain-killing medicine consisting of aspirin, phenacetin and caffeine) 復(fù)方阿司匹林 API (air pollution index) 空氣污染指數(shù) CDMA (code division multiple access) 碼分多址,一種最新的無線電發(fā)射和接受方式 CD (compact disc) 激光唱盤 CD-ROM (compact disc-read only memory) 只讀光盤 CD-RW (compact disc-rewritable) 可擦寫光盤,24,CIP (cataloguing in publication) 在版編目;預(yù)編目錄.在圖書出版前,由圖書館編目部門根據(jù)出版商提供的校樣先行編目, 編目后將著錄內(nèi)容及標(biāo)準(zhǔn)格式交出版機(jī)構(gòu),將它印于圖書的版權(quán)頁上 DIY (do it yourself) 指自己動手裝電腦,縫制衣服,做賀卡 DVD (digital video disc) 數(shù)字激光視盤 EMS (express mail service) 郵政特快專遞 EQ (emotional quotient) 情商 IQ (intelligence quotient) 智商 ICU (intensive-care unit) 重癥病房 IP (internet protocol) 網(wǎng)際協(xié)議 IT (imformation technology) 信息技術(shù) OA (office automation) 辦公自動化 OEM (original equipment manufacturer) 原始設(shè)備制造商,25,PC (personal computer) 個(gè)人計(jì)算機(jī) PT (particular transfer) 特別轉(zhuǎn)讓 SCI (science citation index) 科學(xué)引文索引 SOHO (small office home office) 小型家居辦公室 SOS (Save Our Souls; radio signal once used universally to appeal for help esp. by a ship or boat; urgent request for help from sb. in trouble) 國際上曾通用的緊急呼救信號,也用于一般的求救或求助 ST (special treatment) 特別處理 VIP (very important person) 要人 VOD (video on demand) 視頻點(diǎn)播 WWW (World Wide Web) 萬維網(wǎng),26,前綴,Semi-半，部分的,Micro-小，微,Thermo- 熱,Auto- 自，自身,Semi-conductor 半導(dǎo)體 Semicircle 半圓,Microbiology 微生物學(xué) Microchemistry 微量化學(xué) Microelectronics 微電子學(xué) Microfilm 縮微膠卷,Thermodynamic 熱力學(xué)的 Thermometer 溫度計(jì),Autobiographic 自傳的 Automat 自動售貨機(jī) Automation 自動化,27,后綴,-ance -ity -ment -ness -sion -tion -th(序),-ure -able -ible -ant -al -ic -ive -ous,28,二、科技英語句法上的特點(diǎn), 長句多； 大量使用被動語態(tài)； 常用形容詞短語做后置定語； 使用非謂語動詞的頻率特別高。,29,復(fù)雜長句多,語法分析 符合漢語習(xí)慣(translation) 以短代長、化難為易,Applied research carries the findings of basic research to a point where they can be exploited to meet a specific need, while the development stage of research and development includes the steps necessary to bring a new or modified product or process into production. In Europe, the United States and Japan the unified concept of research and development has been an integral part of economic planning, both by government and by private industry.,30,World War I produced a dramatic change. Attempts at rapid expansion of the arms industry in the belligerent as well as in most of the neutral countries exposed weaknesses in technology as well as in organization and brought an immediate appreciation of the need for more scientific support. The Department of Scientific and Industrial Research in the United Kingdom was founded in 1915, and the National Research Council in the United States in 1916.,31,These bodies were given the task of stimulating and coordinating the scientific support to the war effort, and one of their most important long-term achievements was to convince industrialists, in their own countries and in others, that adequate and properly conducted research and development were essential to success.,32,被動語態(tài)多,科技英語1/3以上用被動句，但譯成漢語不一定用被動語態(tài) 例句： :In Germany Nazi ideology tended to be hostile to basic scientific research, and effort was concentrated on short-term work. 在德國，納粹的意識形態(tài)對基礎(chǔ)科學(xué)研究采取的是敵對態(tài)度，所以，研究主要是集中在短期項(xiàng)目上。 Automobiles may be manufactured with computer-driven robots or put together almost totally by hand.,33,形容詞短語做后置定語,例句： All radiant energy has wavelike characteristics, analogous to those of waves that move though water 所有的輻射都具有波的特征，與水中移動的波的特征相似。 Non-mobile robots, capable of learning to perform a industrial task and then of being left to perform it tirelessly ,are even now in use in industrial plants all over the world. 非移動機(jī)器人，因其有能力完成一定的工業(yè)任務(wù)，而且可以不知疲倦地完成同樣的工作，因此早已在世界各地的工廠中得到應(yīng)用。,34,非謂語動詞多,動名詞 分詞：現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞 不定式,-in spite of the inevitable confusion in the control of activities that were novel to most of the participants, there followed a decade of remarkable technical progress.,35,非謂語后置成份,more examples:,Outside the air, space, and defense fields the amount of effort in different industries follows much the same pattern in different countries, a fact made necessary by the demands of international competition.,36,三、科技英語修辭上的特點(diǎn), 時(shí)態(tài)運(yùn)用有限； 修辭手法簡單； 邏輯-語法詞使用普遍，如：,表示原因,caused by, as because of, due to owing to, for as a result of, because,表示邏輯順序,however, but nevertheless otherwise,表示限制,only, if only except besides unless,suppose supposing assuming provided providing,表示假設(shè),2,37,1.2 科技英語的特殊語法現(xiàn)象,五、關(guān)于動作主體的問題 六、命令句的用法 七、by, with的用法 八、關(guān)于“名詞+名詞”的問題 九、很少用“s”表示所有 十、定語從句中與which、when連用的介詞位置,一、關(guān)于be going to 表示未來的問題 二、will, can, may的用法 三、無人稱被動句的用法 四、should的用法,38,特殊語法現(xiàn)象,十一、關(guān)于if 子句的問題 十二、從句的緊縮式 十三、完成時(shí)的用法 十四、as的用法,十五、such that, such as to 的用法 十六、關(guān)于抽象名詞的用法 十七、動詞+后綴當(dāng)形容詞 十八、常用的前綴 十九、多用正規(guī)動詞，少用“動詞+副詞”,39,一、be going to 表示未來的問題,科技英語中很少用be going to 表示將來。,The new aircraft is going to fly for the first time on Monday.,The new aircraft will fly for the first time on Monday.,這架新飛機(jī)將在禮拜一首次航行。,40,二、will, can, may的用法,In line with this plan, the problem is reduced to a more categorical question that can be clearly stated. (Engineering,p4),Production of the new machine will commence next year.,明年開始生產(chǎn)這種新機(jī)器。,為配合這個(gè)計(jì)劃，問題被縮減為更多的分類問題，這樣就可以清楚地進(jìn)行說明。,表示純粹未來用will,（1）,41,二、will, can, may的用法,These planes will fly,這幾架飛機(jī)的飛行速度可達(dá)到每小時(shí)800英里。,表示能力用will, can,capable,和be able to,（2）,can fly are capable of flying are able to fly,at 800 miles per hour.,42,二、will, can, may的用法,This solid will vaporize when we heat it.,Friction will cause the bearings to become heated.,摩擦?xí)馆S承變熱。,當(dāng)我們給它加熱時(shí)，這種固體會汽化。,表示經(jīng)常發(fā)生的事用will,（3）,43,二、will, can, may的用法,Metal which cools rapidly Unguarded belts or chains The testing of new machines,may can,cause fracture. cause accidents. take a long time.,表示有時(shí)發(fā)生的事用may, can,（4）,44,Example of may in the material:,Development engineers apply the results of research to useful purposes. Creative application of new knowledge may result in a working model of a new electrical circuit, a chemical process, or an industrial machine.,45,二、will, can, may的用法,We can easily calculate the friction losses.,Work on the new engine can start in a few weeks.,幾周后可以開始這種新型發(fā)動機(jī)的工作。,我們可以很容易的算出摩擦損耗。,表示能夠用can,（5）,46,二、will, can, may的用法,This problem Low-speed bearings The steel Thermo-couples,may be can be,approached in several ways. lubricated with grease. Quenched（淬火） in either water or oil. used to measure high temperatures.,表示可能性用may, can,（6）,47,三、無人稱被動句的用法,The driver starts the engine.,The engine is started.,（司機(jī)）開動發(fā)動機(jī)。,He welded the plates together.,The plates are welded together.,把鋼板焊接在一起。,The furnace smelts the ore.,The ore is smelted in the furnace.,高爐熔化礦石。,48,三、無人稱被動句的用法,The man sharpened his tool.,His tool was sharpened.,那人磨尖了它的工具。,We must lubricate bearings.,Bearings must be lubricated.,（我們）必須潤滑軸承。,A lathe can cut screws.,Screws can be cut on a lathe.,車床能加工螺絲。,49,或,三、無人稱被動句的用法,Attention should be paid not to damage the machine.,（操作者）應(yīng)當(dāng)注意不要損壞了機(jī)器。,The heat in the center of the earth is being made use of in some countries.,在某些國家，人們利用地球中心的熱。,Use is being made of the heat in the center of the earth in some countries.,50,四、should的用法,Safety precautions should be observed at all time.,These machines should be handled with great care.,這些機(jī)器應(yīng)當(dāng)小心操作。,任何時(shí)候都應(yīng)注意安全措施。,表示“告誡”,（1）,The results of the experiment should be plotted on a graph.,應(yīng)將實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果繪在圖表上。,51,四、should的用法,Carbon content in steel should not be more than 0.5%.,The steel should not contain more than 0.5% of carbon.,鋼里的含炭量不應(yīng)超過0.5%。,說明某一情況,（2）,The maximum internal diameter should be 40 thousandths of an inch.,最大內(nèi)徑應(yīng)為40/1000英寸。,或,52,四、should的用法,This building should be completed by the end of next year.,The process of cooling should continue for several hours.,冷卻過程要延續(xù)好幾個(gè)小時(shí)。,這座大樓應(yīng)在明年年底前竣工。,表示“期待”,（3）,53,五、關(guān)于動作主體的問題, 動作主體是人時(shí)，句末不用by短語； 動作主體不是人時(shí)，句末應(yīng)用by 短語； 動作主體為人，但省去影響句子的意思時(shí)，應(yīng)加by短語。,2,54,Agriculture cannot be developed without sufficient water.,Explosion is caused,動作主體,沒有足夠的水就無法發(fā)展農(nóng)業(yè)。,爆炸是由石油燃料與空氣中的氧迅速化合而引起的。,動作主體是人，不用by,動作主體不是人，用by,combination of the fuels with the oxygen in the air.,by the rapid,55,Three machines can be controlled,All responsibility for the accident must be accepted,動作主體,一個(gè)操作者可以同時(shí)控制三臺機(jī)器。,設(shè)計(jì)者應(yīng)承擔(dān)產(chǎn)生事故的一切責(zé)任。,by the designer.,by a single operator.,強(qiáng)調(diào)動作 主體，用by,56,六、命令句的用法,表示無人稱指令,Allow Let Take 祈使句 動詞開頭,Should 命令句,e.g. Water should be heated before The bearing should be lubricated before,57,命令句,Let me by! 讓我過去！ Let it alone! 別管它！ Let him be! 別打擾他！,日 常 英 語,將輪胎里的氣放掉！,科 技 英 語,Let the air out of the type！,把瓶子里的水倒出來。,Let the water out of the bottle.,58,每十分鐘測一次溫度！,Take the temperature every ten minutes.,假設(shè)X等于每分鐘的轉(zhuǎn)數(shù)。,Let X equal the number of revolutions per minute.,記下水面位置。,Take the water level.,讓水冷卻十分鐘，然后再測溫度。,Allow the water to cool for ten minutes and then take the temperature.,計(jì)算出將產(chǎn)生的膨脹量。,Calculate the amount of expansion which will take place.,59,Fill a test-tube half full of water and heat it nearly to boiling point. Support the tube on a stand and allow it to cool. Take the temperature every minute. Stir carefully with a glass rod. Record the reading you obtain, and plot them on a graph of temperature against time. Repeat this with a tube half-full of crystals. Allow the solid to melt. Heat the liquid to 100oC, fix the tube on the stand and allow it to cool. Record the results as before and plot them.,60,七、by, with的用法,by,by means of,用耐火磚可以減少熱損耗。,Heat losses can be reduced by firebricks.,Heat losses can be reduced by lining 加襯里the furnace with firebricks.,The heat loss reduction can be achieved by means of firebricks.,with,with the help of,用某一工具,用某種材料,61,The necessary heat for the carbon-steam and carbon-carbon dioxide reactions is commonly generated by burning part of the carbon in the gasifier.,碳和蒸汽以及碳和二氧化碳反應(yīng)所需的熱量通?？吭跉饣癄t中燃燒一部分碳來提供.,傳動裝置上通常有安全銷，防止過載。,The drive units are normally equipped with shear pins for overload protection.,62,By和 with,By means of 后面不能跟動名詞短語。,Heat losses can be reduced by means of lining the furnace with firebricks.,Heat losses can be reduced by means of firebricks.,63,There by =by means of this由此,That part of the steam nearest to the walls is cooled and condenses as a film of water. The volume of steam in the cylinder is there by considerably reduced.,64,八、關(guān)于“名詞+名詞”的問題,表示原材料 表示典型成分 表示工作介質(zhì),an iron pipe = a pipe made of iron,oil product = products made of oil,manganese steel = steel which contains manganese,coal mine,a steam engine = an engine worked by steam,表示工作對象,an air compressor = a device for compressing air,65,表示用途 表示方式 表示所屬 表示關(guān)于 表示形狀,a drive motor,= a motor for driving machines,a foot brake,= a brake operated by foot,= molecules of water,the production cost,water molecules,= the cost concerning production,a star wheel,= a wheel shaped like a star,66,ash content,surface property,mineral matter,rate constant,nitrogen dioxide,experiment results,adsorption mechanism,moisture content,air pressure,diamond insert 菱形插頭,看看下面的名詞組合是什么類型,satellite communication techniques,衛(wèi)星通訊技術(shù),67,九、很少用“s”表示所有,s一般表示生命體的所有，如：,Marys watch my uncles house the cats food,科技英語中用“名詞+of+名詞”或“名詞+名詞”,the property of minerals the surface of the earth,68,有時(shí)，為方法、技術(shù)、反應(yīng)、定律、方程式等命名，需特別注意,歐姆定律 Ohms law 牛頓定律 New-tons Law 波爾曼技術(shù) Bollmans technique,一個(gè)人 發(fā)現(xiàn)者,華氏溫度計(jì) a Fahrenheit thermometer 本生燈 a Bunhrenheit burner,一個(gè)人發(fā)明者,施特芬-波茲曼定律 the Stofan-Boltzman Law 尤利-湯普森反應(yīng) the Joule-Thompson effect,兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上人 用復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu),69,十、定語從句中與which、whom連用的介詞位置,This is the book which you mentioned about yesterday. This is the book about which you mentioned yesterday.,介詞在引導(dǎo)詞前,70,十一、從句的緊縮式,當(dāng)主句與從句是同一主語時(shí)，！ 用“連詞+過去分詞”，介詞+抽象名詞， 或連詞+形容詞。,1. 物體放在陽光下時(shí)，它會變熱。,When an object is placed in the sun, it becomes hot .,An object becomes hot when it is placed in the sun.,An object becomes hot when placed in the sun.,71,2. 安全火柴只有在被擦?xí)r才著火。,Safety matches light only when they are stricken.,Safety matches light only when stricken.,3. 當(dāng)光線聚集在一點(diǎn)時(shí)，會產(chǎn)生大量的熱。,When light is converged at a point, it would produce large quantity of heat.,When converged at a point, the light would produce large quantity of heat.,72,介詞+抽象名詞，例：,4. Considerable lateral pressure is exerted by the concrete while it is being compacted.,在壓模時(shí)，混凝土產(chǎn)生較大的側(cè)壓力。,Considerable lateral pressure is exerted by the concrete during compaction.,compact,compaction,5. after it is separated,after separation,73,連詞+形容詞，例：,6. When necessary,必要時(shí),Once ,If possible,有可能的話,一旦,While ,當(dāng)時(shí),小結(jié)：可用緊縮式的連詞或介詞有： When, while, once, if, as, after, during等,74,十二、抽象名詞的用法,抽象名詞的來源：動詞、形容詞,1. v. n.,consume, separate, emit, produce, apply, communicate, grow, transmit, install .,consumption, separation, emission, prod