板料沖壓模具計(jì)算機(jī)輔助測量集成系統(tǒng)的研究外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯、中英文翻譯

英文文獻(xiàn)翻譯翻譯原文題目：A study on the computer-aided measuring integration system for the sheet metal stamping die.文獻(xiàn)出處：She C H, Chang C C, Kao Y C, et al. A study on the computer-aided measuring integration system for the sheet metal stamping dieJ. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 2006, 177(1-3):138-141.翻譯正文：(1)Metal CastingMetal casting process begins by creating a mould，which is the reverse，shape of the part we need. The mould is made from a refractory material，for example，sand. The metal is heated in an oven until it melts，and the molten metal is poured into the mould cavity. The liquid takes the shape of cavity，which is the shape Of the part. It is cooled until it solidifies. Finally，the solidified metal part is removed from the mould.A large number Of metal components in designs we use every day are made by casting. The reasons for this include：a. Casting can produce very complex geometry parts With internal cavities and hollow sections.b. It can be used to make small（few hundred grams)to very large size parts(thousands Of kilograms).c. It is economical，with very little wastage，the extra metal in each casting is remelted and re-used.d. Cast metal is isotropicit has the same physical/ mechanical properties along any direction.There are several types Of metal casting method：sand casting，permanent mould casting die casting, ceramic mould casting, vacuum casting, centrifugal casting, pressure casting, suspension casting, shell-mould casting, expendable-pattern casting (lost foam process), plaster-mould casting, investment casting (lost wax process),etc.2) Forging DieForging is, as far as we know, the oldest metalworking process. In the early dawn of civilization mankind discovered that a heated piece of metal was more easily hammered into different shapes. Forging can be defined as the working of a piece of metal into a desired shape by hammering or pressing, usually after it has been heated to improve its plasticity. In most cases, the metal to be forged is heated to its correct forging temperature, but sometimes cold-forging is done. Cold-forging is included under cold-working and is accomplished in the range from room temperature up to the critical temperature of the metal.Forgings are generally superior in mechanical properties to castings with the same chemical analysis. Therefore, parts which must withstand severe stresses are preferably made by forging, Forgings have better mechanical properties than castings for at least three reasons. First, the fiber flow lines when properly controlled and directed tend to provide higher strengths. Second, the forging process by hammering or pressing produces a dense structure usually free from voids, blow holes, or porosity. Third, the forging process helps to refine the grain size of the metal. The working of the metal breaks up coarse grains by producing a slip along crystallographic planes.In forging, the metal may be worked by:1) Drawing out. This increases length and decreases cross-sectional area.2) Upsetting. This increases cross-sectional area and decreases lengt.3) queening in closed Impression dies.The forging processes can be grouped under four principal methods as follows: smith forging; drop forging, press forging; upset forging. The sizes of the forgings produced range from 1 pound to over 200 tons. Usually steam hammers, large hydraulic presses, air hammers, or helve hammers are used.In the process of forging, in order to improve the production efficiency, is usually used to forging die. The tools necessary to produce a given forging cannot be made until the shape of the final forging has been determined. These will be considered in the following order: forging draft, parting planes, fillets and corner radii, shrinkage and die wear, mismatch of dies, tolerances, and finish allowances.Drop forging dies must withstand severe strains, resist wear, keep cracking and checking at a minimum, and have a long life under high-production conditions. In order to obtain these properties, chromium-nickel-molybdenum, chromium-nickel, or chromium-molybdenum alloy steels are used as die materials. when selecting the parting line on forgings, consideration must be given to the flow of metal and the directions of the resulting fiber flow lines. A flat parting surface in a single horizontal plane should be selected if possible, because irregular parting surfaces may create a side thrust and they add to the cost of the dies. The standard draft angle is 7 degrees since smaller draft angles cause more rapid die wear and increase the likelihood of the forgings sticking in the die. Interior surfaces require more draft, usually 10 degrees, since the forgings will shrink around those portions of the die as they cool if several blows are to be struck.No-draft forgings are used most often on nonferrous alloys. They are usually mounted in a die set and run in a forging press. Depending on the shape of the part, two or more sides of the die cavity are movable to allow the most conventional forgings and the production rates are much slower. In many cases, the parts are run once with the die not completely closed, excess flash material is removed and then the part is reheated and run a second time with the die closed completely.Although this is an expensive process, the advantage of secondary machining operations being eliminated due to the absence of the draft angles makes the overall cost of the part considerably less.翻譯譯文：(1)金屬鑄造金屬鑄造過程開始于創(chuàng)建一個(gè)模具，這是我們所需要的零件的“反向”形狀。模具是由耐火材料制成的，例如，沙子。金屬在烘箱中加熱直到熔化，熔融金屬倒入模具型腔中。液體呈腔體形狀，形狀為部件的形狀。它被冷卻直到它凝固。最后，將固化的金屬部件從模具中取出。我們每天使用的大量金屬部件是用鑄造制造的，其原因包括：a) 鑄造可以產(chǎn)生非常復(fù)雜的幾何部件，內(nèi)部空腔和空心部分。b) 它可以用來制造非常小的（幾百克）到非常大的零件（幾千克）。c) 它是經(jīng)濟(jì)的，浪費(fèi)很小，每個(gè)鑄件中的多余金屬被重新熔化和再利用。d) 鑄造金屬是各向同性的，它沿任意方向具有相同的物理/機(jī)械性能。金屬鑄造有多種類型：砂型鑄造、永久鑄型鑄造、陶瓷型鑄造、真空鑄造、離心鑄造、壓力鑄造、懸浮鑄造、殼型鑄造、消失模鑄造（消失模工藝）、石膏型鑄造、熔模鑄造（失蠟法）等。2) 鍛造模具據(jù)我們所知，鍛造是最古老的金屬加工工藝。在文明的早期曙光中，人類發(fā)現(xiàn)一塊被加熱的金屬更容易被錘擊成不同的形狀。鍛造可以定義為通過錘擊或壓制將一塊金屬加工成期望的形狀，通常是在加熱以提高其塑性之后。在大多數(shù)情況下，鍛造的金屬被加熱到其正確的鍛造溫度，但有時(shí)進(jìn)行冷鍛。冷鍛包括在冷加工中，并且在從室溫到金屬臨界溫度的范圍內(nèi)完成。鍛件在機(jī)械性能方面通常優(yōu)于鑄件，具有相同的化學(xué)分析。因此，必須承受嚴(yán)重應(yīng)力的零件最好通過鍛造來制造，由于至少三個(gè)原因，鍛件比鑄件具有更好的機(jī)械性能。首先，纖維流線在適當(dāng)控制和引導(dǎo)時(shí)趨向于提供更高的強(qiáng)度。第二，錘擊或壓制的鍛造過程產(chǎn)生致密的結(jié)構(gòu)，通常不含空隙、吹孔或氣孔。第三，鍛造工藝有助于細(xì)化金屬的晶粒尺寸。金屬的加工通過沿晶面產(chǎn)生滑移來分解粗晶。在鍛造過程中，金屬可以通過以下方式工作：1）抽出。這增加了長度并減小了橫截面積。 2）鐓粗。這增加了橫截面積并減小了長度。 3）封閉印模模具中的龜裂。鍛造工藝可分為四種主要方法：史密斯鍛造、落錘鍛造、壓鍛、鐓鍛。鍛件的尺寸從1磅到200噸以上。通常使用蒸汽錘、大型液壓機(jī)、空氣錘或重型錘。在鍛造過程中，為了提高生產(chǎn)效率, 通常采用鍛模。在確定最終鍛造的形狀之前，不能制造出給定鍛件所必需的工具。這些將按以下順序考慮：鍛造草案，分型面、圓角和角半徑、收縮和模具磨損、模具不匹配、公差和精加工余量。落料鍛模在高生產(chǎn)條件下必須經(jīng)得起劇烈的應(yīng)變，耐磨，保持開裂和校核的最低限度，并具有長壽命。為了獲得這些性能，使用鉻-鎳-鉬、鉻-鎳或鉻-鉬合金鋼作為模具材料。在選擇鍛件分型線時(shí)，必須考慮金屬的流動以及由此產(chǎn)生的纖維流動線的方向。如果可能的話，應(yīng)該選擇單個(gè)水平平面中的平坦的分型表面，因?yàn)椴灰?guī)則的分型表面可能產(chǎn)生側(cè)向推力，并且會增加模具的成本。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)牽伸角為7度，因?yàn)檩^小的牽伸角導(dǎo)致更快的模具磨損，并增加鍛件粘附在模具中的可能性。內(nèi)表面需要更多的拉力，通常是10度，因?yàn)槿绻驇紫拢懠谀＞叩倪@些部分冷卻時(shí)收縮。在有色金屬合金上不經(jīng)常使用牽伸鍛件。它們通常安裝在模具中，并在鍛壓機(jī)中運(yùn)行。根據(jù)零件的形狀，模腔的兩側(cè)或多側(cè)是可移動的，以便允許最常規(guī)的鍛件，并且生產(chǎn)速度要慢得多。在許多情況下，零件在模具未完全閉合的情況下運(yùn)行一次，去除多余的閃光材料，然后重新加熱零件并在模具完全閉合的情況下運(yùn)行第二次。雖然這是一個(gè)昂貴的工藝，但由于沒有牽伸角