英語語法獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)講解及習(xí)題.ppt

獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu) 常見類型及其用法,概念 “獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”就是由一個(gè)相當(dāng)于主語的名詞或代詞加上非謂語動(dòng)詞、形容詞（副）詞或介詞短語構(gòu)成的一種獨(dú)立成分。該結(jié)構(gòu)不是句子，也不是從句，所以它內(nèi)部的動(dòng)詞不能考慮其時(shí)態(tài)、人稱和數(shù)的變化，它與主句之間不能通過并列連詞連接，也不能由從句陰道詞引導(dǎo)，通常用逗號(hào)與主句隔開。獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)在很多情況下可以轉(zhuǎn)化為相應(yīng)的狀語從句或者其他狀語形式，但很多時(shí)候不能轉(zhuǎn)化為分詞形式，因?yàn)樗鼉?nèi)部動(dòng)詞的邏輯主語與主句主語不一致。,構(gòu)成 名詞(代詞)/邏輯主語+現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞；Weather permitting, we will have a picnic tomorrow 名詞(代詞)/邏輯主語+形容詞； The men moved slowly forward, neck deep in the water, with their officers guiding them 名詞(代詞)/邏輯主語+副詞；Nobody in, the thief took a lot of things away. There being+名詞 ；there being nothing else to do, we went home 名詞(代詞)/邏輯主語+不定式；She proposed a picnic, she herself to pay the railway tickets, and Mary to provide the food. 名詞(代詞) /邏輯主語+介詞短語 ；the teacher entered the classroom, book in hand It being + 名詞：It being Xmas, the government office was closed,一、 獨(dú)立主格的特點(diǎn),獨(dú)立主格的特點(diǎn),1獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯主語語主句的主語不一致，她獨(dú)立存在。,Leaves falling here and there, I suddenly notice autumn is drawing upon.樹葉到處飄，我一下注意到已是深秋了。(獨(dú)立主格的主語是leaves,主句是 I) Time permitting, the restoration work could be done better.時(shí)間允許的話，回復(fù)工作可以做得更好。(獨(dú)立主格的主語是Time,主句是the restoration work),2獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)一般置于句首，有時(shí)置于句中或句尾，用逗號(hào)將與主句其隔開,The plan successfully carried out, everything worked out perfectly.計(jì)劃成功地完成了，一切進(jìn)展順利。 A number of officials followed the emperor, some to hold his robe, others to adjust his girdle, and so on.許多官員跟在皇帝后面，有的拎著皇帝的長袍，其他的則給他整理要帶等。,3獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中的being和having been?？梢允÷?All the windows (being) open, the air in the room is fresher.所有的窗戶開著，屋子里的空氣更新鮮了。All the tickets(having been) sold out, we had to wait for the next weeks show.所有的票都賣出去了，我們只好等下周的演出。,4大多數(shù)獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)可以用“with+賓語+賓補(bǔ)”結(jié)構(gòu)代替。,He went of, gun in hand.他手里拿著槍出去了。(gun in hand可以用with a gun in his hand代替)The floor wet and slippery, we stayed outside.由于地板很濕很滑，我們呆在屋外。(The floor wet為無動(dòng)詞獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，可用with the floor wet and slippery代替。),5獨(dú)立主格有其特殊的使用場合，多用于書面，尤其是描述性語言中，口語中不經(jīng)常使用。,Iris lay on the grassplot and her hands were crossed under her head.(口語) Iris lay on the grassplot , hands crossed under head.（書面） Iris頭枕著手躺在草地上。 The boy was knocked over and blood streamed down his head.（口語）The boy was knocked over, blood streaming down head.（書面）這個(gè)男孩被撞倒了，鮮血從頭上留下來。,【注意】 1. 當(dāng)獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中的being done表示“正在被做時(shí)”，being不可以被省略。 2. 當(dāng)獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯主語是it, there時(shí)，being不可以省略。,獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的用法 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)在句中往往做表語，表時(shí)間、原因、條件、方式或伴隨狀況。,【注意】獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)表示時(shí)間、條件或原因時(shí)，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)狀語從句，一般放在句首，表示原因時(shí)還可放在句末；表伴隨狀況或補(bǔ)充說明時(shí)，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)并列句，通常放于句末。,1.表時(shí)間，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語從句 The meal over, we began to work again.（=When the meal was over,we began to work again.）吃晚飯，我們又開始工作。The homework done, Jim decided to go and see the play.（=After the homework was done, Jim decided to go and see the play.）作業(yè)做完后，Jim決定去看戲 2.表原因，相當(dāng)一個(gè)于原因狀語從句 Her shirt caught on a nail, she could not move.（=Because her shirt was caught on a nail,）由于他的襯衫掛在釘子上了，所以她動(dòng)不了。The window broken, the cold wind blew into the room.（=Because the window was broken, ）由于窗戶壞了，冷風(fēng)吹進(jìn)了這間房。,3.表?xiàng)l件，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)條件狀語從句 Weather permitting, the football match will played on Wednesday.（=If weather permits, ）如果天氣允許，足球比賽將在周三舉行。The book written in simple English, it will be more popular.（=If the book is written in simple English, ）如果這本書用簡易英語寫的，它會(huì)更暢銷。 4.表方式或伴隨狀語或補(bǔ)充說明 She rushed into the room, a letter in her hand.（=, with a letter in her hand）她手里拿著封信沖了進(jìn)來。Saddie sat alone, head bent.(=, with his head bent.)Saddie獨(dú)自坐在那里，耷拉著腦袋 5.做定語，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語從句 He was walking along the road without any street lights on its both sides.他走在一條2便沒有路燈的馬路上,非謂語動(dòng)詞獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。 “名詞或代詞+非謂語動(dòng)詞”結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)成的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)稱為非謂語動(dòng)詞的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。名詞或代詞和非謂語動(dòng)詞具有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。 1. 不定式構(gòu)成的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)不定式構(gòu)成的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)往往表示還未發(fā)生的行為或狀態(tài)，在句中常作原因狀語，有時(shí)做條件狀語。 Lots of homework to do, I have to stay home all day.由于很多作業(yè)要做，我只好待在家里。 So many children to look after, the mother has to quit her job.如此多的孩子要照顧，這個(gè)媽媽不得不辭掉她的工作。,2. 動(dòng)詞+ing形式的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)動(dòng)詞-ing形式的句中作狀語時(shí)，其邏輯主語必須是主句的主語，否則就是不正確的。動(dòng)詞-ing形式的邏輯主語與主句的主語不一致時(shí)，就應(yīng)在動(dòng)詞的-ing形式前加上邏輯主語，構(gòu)成動(dòng)詞-ing 形式的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，邏輯主語與動(dòng)詞間為主謂關(guān)系，是分詞的動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者，分詞表示的動(dòng)作時(shí)邏輯主語發(fā)出的動(dòng)作。 We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two.我們加倍努力，每個(gè)人就像在干兩個(gè)人的活。 The governor considering the matter, more strikers gathered across his path.總督思考這個(gè)問題時(shí)，更多的罷工工人聚集到他要通過的路上。 The guide leading the way, we had no trouble getting out of the forest.在向?qū)У膸ьI(lǐng)下，我們輕松地走出了森林。,This done, we went home.做完這個(gè)，我們就回家了。 All our savings gone, we started looking for jobs.積蓄用完后，我們都開始找工作。 More time and money given, we can finish the work in advance.如果給予更多的時(shí)間和金錢，我們能提前完成這個(gè)工作。,3. 過去分詞形式的獨(dú)立主格過去分詞形式的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)是由“邏輯主語+過去分詞”構(gòu)成。邏輯主語與動(dòng)詞之間為動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，它是分詞的動(dòng)作承受者，這一結(jié)構(gòu)在句中作時(shí)間狀語，原因狀語、伴隨狀語、條件狀語等。,其他形式的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu) 1. 邏輯主語+名詞/形容詞/副詞/介詞短語,A.邏輯主語+名詞 a.Many students joined in the math competition, most of them children of no more than 10. 很多學(xué)生參加了這次數(shù)學(xué)競賽，其中大多數(shù)人年僅10歲。I received many gifts, many of them books.我收到很多書，其中很多事書籍 b.邏輯主語+形容詞 This section of road slippery, every driver can never be too careful.此路段很滑，所有司機(jī)都應(yīng)小心謹(jǐn)慎。Arriving at the spot, they were all standing in surprise face to face, eyes wide open.一到現(xiàn)場，他們都面對面吃驚的站著，眼睛瞪得大大的 c.邏輯主語+副詞 Music over, all the audience stood up with fits of applause.音樂一結(jié)束，所有的觀眾都站了起來報(bào)以熱烈的掌聲。Nobody in, I had to wait.沒人在，我只好等著 d.邏輯主語+介詞短語 Many experts attended the conference, most of them from the States.很多專家參加了此次會(huì)議，其中很多人來自美國。The boy went off, a pinwheel in his hand.小男孩手里拿著風(fēng)車走了,B. With/without+賓+賓補(bǔ),a.With/without+名詞/代詞+形容詞 表原因或伴隨 Hearing the tiger roaring, I felt frightened, with my face pale.聽到老虎的叫聲，我的臉都嚇白了。 With so many people present, I felt nervous.這么多人來到現(xiàn)場，我感到很緊張 b.With/without+名詞/代詞+副 伴隨/原因/時(shí)間 With all children abroad, I at times feel very lonely.我所有孩子都在國外，我時(shí)不時(shí)覺得很孤獨(dú)。 With the exam over, we had a long time to rest.考完試，我們有有很長一段時(shí)間休息 c.With/without+名詞/代詞+介短 原因狀語或定語 With the white skirt on you, you look smarter.穿上白色的裙子，你看上去更漂亮。 The river with grass and flowers on both sides run through our schoolyard.這條兩岸都長滿鮮花綠草的小河從我們校園里穿過,d.With/without+名詞/代詞+不定式 條件或原因 With the boy to lead the way, we will find the cave easily.有這個(gè)男孩帶路，我們很容易就能找到那個(gè)洞穴。 With so much work to do, I cant spare a minute.這個(gè)多活要干，我一分鐘都擠不出來 e.With/without+名詞/代詞+ doing 伴隨或原因 Without anyone noticing, I stole into the room.沒人看見，我悄悄地溜進(jìn)了屋子。 With so man people speaking, I couldnt settle down to my work.這么多人說話，我無法安心工作 f.With/without+名詞/代詞+done 方式或原因 With the door shut, I spent the whole day preparing.光上門，我準(zhǔn)備了一整天。 With all my savings used up, I had to borrow.用完所有的錢，我現(xiàn)在得去借了,獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)分及注意事項(xiàng)。 1. 分詞結(jié)構(gòu)、獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語的注意事項(xiàng)。 (1) 使用分詞短語、獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)分別在句子中作狀語時(shí)要注意，它們與主句之間不應(yīng)有從屬連詞(如when, if, as soon as, as, while等)或并列連詞(and, but, or等) (2) 在使用獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)、分詞作句子的狀語時(shí)，一定要看句子主語同這些結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯關(guān)系。 a. 當(dāng)句子主語語狀語內(nèi)部動(dòng)詞之間有邏輯上的主謂或動(dòng)賓關(guān)系時(shí)，改狀語可用分詞或從句表示。When we see from the top floor, we can find the garden more beautifulSeeing from the top of the floor, we can find the garden more beautiful.從頂樓上看，花園要漂亮得多。 b. 若句子主語語狀語內(nèi)動(dòng)詞之間不存在邏輯上的主謂或動(dòng)賓關(guān)系且狀語內(nèi)有自己的邏輯主語時(shí)，該狀語不能用分詞結(jié)構(gòu)，只能用獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)或從句。If time permit, wed better have a rest at this weekend.Time permitting, wed better have a rest at this weekend.時(shí)間允許的話，這周末我們最好休息一下。,(3) 分詞結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯主語不是總和主句的主語一致，也可能是主句的其他成分。Looking for my watch in the room, it had taken me a long time.在屋里找手表花了我很長時(shí)間。 (4) 有些分詞結(jié)構(gòu)在句子中找不到它的邏輯主語。When planting these flowers, care must be taken not to damage the root.(我們)種花時(shí)必須小心不要把根弄壞了。,2.獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)沒有所有格形式。 The chief editor arriving, we began the meeting.主編來了，我們開始開會(huì)。 3.獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中，當(dāng)表人體部位的詞作邏輯主語時(shí)，不及物動(dòng)詞用現(xiàn)在分詞，及物動(dòng)詞用過去分詞。 He lay there, his teeth set, his fists clenched, his eyes looking straight up.他躺在那里，牙關(guān)緊閉，雙拳緊握，兩眼直視上方。,4. 獨(dú)立成分。 (1)有些分詞短語可以獨(dú)立存在，在句子中沒有邏輯上的主語，作為習(xí)慣用語。 這些短語有：generally speaking一般來說，frankly speaking坦白說，strictly speaking嚴(yán)格來說，talking of談到，speaking of說到，judging from由判斷，taking all things into consideration把一切考慮在內(nèi)，considering that考慮到，allowing for考慮到, putting it mildly說的溫和些 Danny has too much homework considering that he is young.考慮到Danny還小，他的作業(yè)也太多了。 (2) 有些固定短語是帶to的不定式，表明說話人的立場和態(tài)度，在句中作獨(dú)立成分。這些短語有：to be honest老實(shí)說，to be sure確實(shí)，to tell you the truth說實(shí)話，to cut a long story short長話短說，to be frank 坦率地說，to make matter/things worse更糟糕的是 To make things worse, many of the men have gone off to cities in search of higher pay, leaving women from nearby villages to carry on with the work.更糟的是，許多男人都到城市里找高薪的工作區(qū)了，留下附近村莊的婦女積蓄承擔(dān)修復(fù)工作。,5.獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的時(shí)態(tài)問題 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)作時(shí)間或原因狀語時(shí)，可用完成時(shí)，表示該動(dòng)作發(fā)生在位于動(dòng)作之前。 The listeners having taken their seats, the concert began.聽眾坐好后，音樂會(huì)開始了。 Tome having been late over and over, his boss was very disappointed.Tom總是遲到，他的老板很失望。,四點(diǎn)注意 1.獨(dú)立主格與狀語從句的轉(zhuǎn)換當(dāng)狀語從句的主語與主句的主語不是指同一個(gè)對象時(shí)，可用獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)取代狀語從句，但不再保留連詞。 如：After class was over (=Class being over / Class over), the students soon left the classroom.下課后，學(xué)生很快離開了課室。 2. 不能省略being (having been)的情形在下列兩種情況下，獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中的being（或having been）不能省略。 (1) 獨(dú)立主格的邏輯主語是代詞時(shí)。如：It being Sunday, we went to church.因?yàn)槭切瞧谔欤覀內(nèi)チ俗龆Y拜。 (2)在There being+名詞的結(jié)構(gòu)中。如：There being no bus, we had to go home on foot.因?yàn)闆]有公共汽車，所以我們不得不步行回家。 3. 通常不用物主代詞或冠詞在“名詞（或代詞）+介詞短語”構(gòu)成的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中，一般不用形容詞性物主代詞和冠詞。 如： Miss Smith entered the classroom, book in hand.史密斯小姐走進(jìn)了課室，手里拿著一本書。比較with的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。 如：Miss Smith entered the classroom, with a book in her hand. 4. 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)沒有所有格形式 The chief-editor arriving, we began the meeting. 主編來了，我們開始開會(huì)。(比較動(dòng)名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。),1The thief stood before the policeman，_ admitting what he had done Awith his drooping head Bdrooping his head Craising his head Dwith his head down 2_ ，he cant go out for a walk as usual AWith so much work to do BWith so much work doing CWith so much work done DWithout so much work to do 3Its quite strange that the man sleeps with his mouth _ and his eyes _ Aclosed；open Bclosed；opened Cclosing；open Dclosing；opening,4All things _ ，the plan trip will have to be called off Abe considered Bconsidered Cconsidering Dhaving considering 5_ ，we have to get down to business right away AAs there was no time left BThere is no time left CThere being no time left DThere to be no time left 6_ yesterday，we went out for a walk AAs a fine day BIt was a fine day CIt being a fine day DFor it was a fine day 7The old man stood there，_ Awith back against the wall Bwith his back against the wall Cwith back against wall Dhis back against wall,15 DAABC 67 CB,1. _ no bus, we had to walk home. A. There was B. There being C. Because there being 2. _, Ill go there with you tomorrow afternoon. A. Time permits B. If time permitting C. Time permitting D. Times permitting 3. _, we all went home happily. A. Goodbye was said B. Goodbye had been said C. Goodbye said D. When goodbye said 4. _, we all went swimming in high spirits. A. It being fine weather B. It fine weather C. It was fine weather D. It being a fine weathe,5. _, the bus started at once. A. The signal was given B. The signal giving C. The signal given D. When the signal given 6. She stood there, _ from her cheeks. A. tears rolling down B. tears rolled down C. with tears rolled down D.