2018年高考英語一輪復習語法專題詞類復習2講含解析新人教版.docx

詞類復習（2）有提示詞的詞類復習：動詞、非謂語動詞、形容詞和副詞、名詞、動詞、非謂語動詞在前面已經(jīng)復習過這里不在細講基礎知識。名詞（1）考綱要求名詞應掌握以下內(nèi)容：分清名詞的可數(shù)性與不可數(shù)性；可數(shù)名詞有單復數(shù)，有些名詞只有復數(shù)；物質(zhì)名詞、抽象名詞不可數(shù)但可以具體量化使用；名詞所有格和of格的語言現(xiàn)象；名詞直接作定語；國家名詞的正確使用；名詞詞義的區(qū)分和搭配；單位名詞的搭配；名詞前的修飾語so, as, quite等；time及?？键c。（2）命題規(guī)律名詞的“可數(shù)”與“不可數(shù)”是高考命題的熱點之一。名詞的考查強調(diào)語言的情景化，重點考查在特定語境、真實語境中的準確辨析、選擇和運用名詞的能力。名詞短語的固定搭配及名詞作定語也是高考命題的注意點。另外，在熟練掌握名詞的基本意義和用法的同時，要特別留意某些名詞的基本意義之外的引申、拓展和熟詞生義的用法。2015年的高考將會繼續(xù)保持穩(wěn)定，命題形式會更加靈活、新穎。試題類型一般是在單選選擇題或完形填空中考查。名詞的考點歸納：(1)名詞詞義辨析: custom風俗習慣，habit個人習慣，tradition傳統(tǒng)；scene場景，scenery自然風景（總稱），view特定位置的景觀，sight人文或歷史景觀；skill技能，ability能力，talent才華，strength優(yōu)勢，長處 等等(2)抽象名詞具體化：beauty美、美麗（不可數(shù)名詞） a beauty美人、美麗的東西（可數(shù)名詞）；experience經(jīng)驗（不可數(shù)名詞）an experience一次經(jīng)歷（可數(shù)名詞）；surprise吃驚、驚奇（不可數(shù)名詞） a surprise令人吃驚的人或事（可數(shù)名詞）；honor榮譽、信譽（不可數(shù)名詞） an honor一種光榮的人或事（可數(shù)名詞）；failure失敗（不可數(shù)名詞） a failure/failures失敗的人或事（可數(shù)名詞）等等。(3)名詞短語的固定的搭配：have/gain access to接近，到達；take into consideration考慮；take advantage of利用；in consequence of 由于 的緣故 ；put into effect 實行，生效 等等?！究祭治觥?.“Learn through use” is a good piece of _ (advise) for those who are studying a new language. 【答案與解析】advice一條建議，此處應用名詞形式。2. Ill stop and take a deep _.【答案與解析】考查名詞。take a deep breath深呼吸，喘口氣。3. We dont have to take great pains to control waste, but action and a grateful heart are needed; thank the water that runs through our fingers, and save it for poor Arabian or African countries struggling in water _23_ (short); 4.With the _ (develop) of industry, air pollution is getting more and more serious.【答案與解析】隨著工業(yè)的發(fā)展，空氣污染變得越來越嚴重?？疾槊~：發(fā)展：development5. 2017全國卷In 1863 the first underground passenger railway in the world opened in London. It ran for just under seven kilometres and allowed people to avoid terrible 61._ (crowd) on the roads above as they travelled to and from work.【答案與解析】crowds考查名詞復數(shù)。倫敦人口眾多，導致路面交通擁堵，于是修建地鐵。用crowds這一復數(shù)形式，表示不斷涌現(xiàn)的人群，用來形容人口稠密。6. If everybody realizes the _(important) of environment and does something to stop pollution, the problem will be solved.【答案與解析】如果每個人都注意到環(huán)境的重要性?？疾槊~“重要性”：importance7. 2017全國卷This development was only possible with the 69._ (introduce) of electricpowered engines and lifts.【答案與解析】 introduction考查名詞。該詞在此作with的賓語，意思是“引入方法、手段”等。由于其后帶有介詞of，故只能用introduction。8.2017全國卷She is determined to carry on with her 66._ (educate)She has turned down several 67._ (invitation) to star at shows in order to concentrate on her studies.【答案與解析】66. education考查名詞。前面是形容詞性物主代詞her，故用名詞形式。67. invitations考查名詞復數(shù)。根據(jù)句意“她拒絕了幾個邀請”可知，此處需要填名詞，而且invitation是可數(shù)名詞，前面有several修飾，故用復數(shù)形式。9.2017浙江卷6月考Last October, while tending her garden in Mora, Sweden, Lena Pahlsson pulled out a handful of small 56._ (carrot) and was about to throw them away.【答案與解析】carrots考查名詞。根據(jù)a handful of可知，應該有一把小胡蘿卜，所以用carrot的復數(shù)形式。【方法總結(jié)】1.介詞和動詞后面可能缺賓語，這時填名詞；2.考查含有名詞的固定短語；3.句子缺主語時也可能填名詞作主語；4.冠詞后面可能填名詞；5一定要注意名詞的單復數(shù)形式。形容詞和副詞（1）考綱要求形容詞與副詞是高中語法的重要內(nèi)容，也是高考考查的熱點。在歷年的高考英語中，單項填空、完形填空、書面表達都有涉及形容詞和副詞的考查。要復習好這一塊的知識，考生不僅要弄清其詞形、詞義、功能等基礎知識，還要掌握同義詞辨析和一詞多義等重點知識。 （2）命題規(guī)律形容詞與副詞主要考查以下幾個方面：在具體的語境中考查形容詞詞義辨析；考查形容詞作狀語；考查比較級的用法尤其是隱性比較；考查一些習語搭配；與形容詞同形的副詞和形容詞后加ly構(gòu)成的副詞的區(qū)別；多個形容詞作定語時的排列順序等。另外，在熟練掌握形容詞與副詞的基本意義和用法的同時，要特別留意一些形容詞與副詞的基本意義之外的引申、拓展和熟詞生義的用法。2015年的高考將會繼續(xù)保持穩(wěn)定，命題形式會更加靈活、新穎。試題類型一般是在單選選擇題或完形填空中考查。形容詞與副詞基本用法：（1）形容詞和副詞的辨析形容詞和副詞的辨析主要分為兩類：一類是給出語境，讓學生選擇符合這種語境的形容詞或副詞；另一類是一定語境中形容詞或副詞的辨析。近三年考查到的還有：形容詞：appropriate；conscious；arbitrary；controversial commercial；generous；comparable；profitablereasonable；confident；creative；grateful important；spare；public；convenient dramatic；regional；apparent；subtle unchallenged；relevant；controversial；contradictory vital；available；specific；similaravailable；affordable；acceptable；valuable副詞：hopefully；curiously；occasionally；gradually thus；besides；rather；otherwise competitively；recently；reasonably besides；however；therefore；instead besides；otherwise；however；altogether especially；equally；naturally；normally nevertheless；besides；otherwise；therefore especially；regularly；particularly；approximately（2）形容詞和副詞比較等級 比較等級的常見句型：兩者比較，用“比較級 than”表示。表示“兩者之間較的那個”用“the比較級n. of the two n.”。表示“越，就越”用“the 比較級，the 比較級”。as原級adj./adv.as .表示“和一樣”。not as/so原級adj./adv.as .表示“不如”比較等級前常用的修飾語：a little, a bit, slightly，much, a lot, a great deal, any, far, by far, even, still等。否定詞比較級最高級：“否定詞比較級”表達最高級含義?！究祭治觥俊纠?】2017全國卷Even 66._ (bad), the amount of fast food that people eat goes up.【解析】worse考查比較級。更糟糕的是，人們所吃的快餐的數(shù)量增加了。故填worse。【例2】2017全國卷However, be 69._ (care) not to go to extremes.【解析】careful考查形容詞。分析語境可知be后面應該用形容詞作表語，故填careful?！纠?】2017全國卷Steam engines were used to pull the carriages and it must have been 66._ (fair) unpleasant for the passengers, with all the smoke and noise.【解析】 fairly考查副詞。副詞修飾形容詞?！纠?】2017全國卷The Central London Railway was one of the most 70._ (success) of these new lines, and was opened in 1900. It had whitepainted tunnels and bright red carriages, and proved extremely popular with the public.【解析】successful考查形容詞。形容詞與定冠詞連用，相當于名詞，由于該詞后有介詞of結(jié)構(gòu)，故只能用形容詞?！纠?】2017全國卷It is 70._ (certain) fun but the lifestyle is a little unreal. I dont want to have nothing else to fall back on when I cant model any more.”【解析】 certainly考查副詞。certainly在此處修飾形容詞fun?！纠?】2017浙江卷6月考But something made her look closer, and she noticed a 57._ (shine) object. Yes, there beneath the leafy top of one tiny carrot was her longlost wedding ring.【解析】shiny/shining考查形容詞。此處根據(jù)下文的object可知，需用形容詞作定語，故填shiny或shining?！纠?】2017浙江卷6月考Sixteen years 60._ (early), Pahlsson had removed the diamond ring to cook a meal.【解析】earlier考查比較級。此處語意表示“16年前”，故填earlier。【方法總結(jié)】當括號內(nèi)所提示的詞是形容詞或副詞且空格處需要的仍是形容詞或副詞時，很可能填比較級和最高級。謂語動詞的填空【考例分析】【例1】He _ (pretend) that a tiger toy was real and giving it a voice.【解析】was pretending 由“and giving”可確定，用過去進行時，構(gòu)成并列謂語。【例2】Where men control the household, less money _ (spend) on healthcare and food, which results in poorer health for children.【解析】is spentmoney與spend之間存在被動關(guān)系，故用被動語態(tài)，從句時態(tài)提示應用一般現(xiàn)在時?！纠?】One day, Nick invited his friends to supper. He was cooking some delicious food in the kitchen. Suddenly, he _ (find) that he has run out of salt.【解析】found 主格代詞h