英語(yǔ)四級(jí)閱讀快速提升.ppt

英語(yǔ)閱讀,閱讀理解考試介紹,四級(jí)閱讀主要測(cè)試 掌握主旨大意 正確理解事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié) 既理解字面意思，又能根據(jù)所讀材料進(jìn)行一定的判斷和推論 既理解個(gè)別句子的意義，又理解上下文的邏輯關(guān)系 理解作者的態(tài)度 推測(cè)詞義,題目特點(diǎn),題材： 科技方面：如有關(guān)動(dòng)植物，醫(yī)學(xué)，海洋，地質(zhì)，語(yǔ)言，空間技術(shù)等。 社科方面：如歷史，家庭，婚姻，教育，倫理，犯罪，娛樂，交通，住房，環(huán)境，能源等。 科技：25，社科人文：75,體裁：說明文，議論文為主 1）對(duì)社會(huì)、自然、思維等現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行解釋、闡述和論證 2) 信息量大且比較復(fù)雜 3) 邏輯性強(qiáng) 4）以抽象思維如概括、判斷、推理為主,結(jié)構(gòu)： 演繹：主旨句實(shí)例結(jié)論； 歸納：事實(shí) 分析主旨 語(yǔ)言： 長(zhǎng)句難句較多,常見題型,1.主旨題 2.推理題(包括作者的觀點(diǎn)，態(tài)度，語(yǔ)氣題） 3.細(xì)節(jié)題 4.語(yǔ)義題,1 主旨題（“main idea” questions),The main idea of this passage is that_ The passage is mainly about_ The major point discussed in the passage is_ What has been discussed in the passage? Which of the following can best sum up the passage? Which of the following would be the best title for the passage? The best title for this passage might be_ What is the main topic of this passage? The passage mainly tells us_,一、四級(jí)閱讀理解題型分類-主旨題,如2005年考題， What is the authors purpose in writing this article? A)To justify the study of the Boston University Medical Center. B)To stress the importance of maintaining proper weight. C)To support the statement made by York Onnen. D)To show the most effective way to lose weight 一看這四個(gè)選項(xiàng)，就可以發(fā)現(xiàn)A和C里面包含十分具體信息“the Boston University Medical Center”和“York Onnen”，是利用原文中的具體話題，某個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)內(nèi)容而設(shè)計(jì)的干擾選項(xiàng)。,Exercise (Overview Questions),Every scientific discipline tends to develop its own special language because it finds ordinary words inadequate, and psychology is no different. The purpose of this special jargon (行話）is not to mystify non-psychologists; rather, it allows psychologists to accurately describe the phenomena they are discussing and to communicate with each other effectively. Of course, psychological terminology consists in part of everyday words such as emotion, intelligence, and motivation, but psychologists use these words somewhat differently. For example, laymen use the term anxiety to mean nervousness or fear, but most psychologists use the term to describe a condition produced when one fears events over which one has no control.,The main topic of this passage is _. A. effective communication B. the special language of psychology C. two definitions of the word anxiety D. the jargon of science,B,2 推理判斷題,It can be inferred from the passage that_ From the passage we can infer(draw the conclusion) that_ The author writes this passage mainly to_ The passage implies (suggests) that _ The authors attitude towards .is_ Where would this passage most probably be found? The paragraph following this passage most probably discusses_,推理題分類,1 綜合推理判斷題：歸納分析能力 推斷作者態(tài)度與觀點(diǎn)：文章主題句和段落主題句，字里行間，上下文，措詞褒貶。 推斷語(yǔ)篇與段落主旨：基本原則以文章主旨或TS為基礎(chǔ)，不能無原則的任意猜測(cè) 2 細(xì)節(jié)推理判斷題：即某一細(xì)節(jié)的言外之意。原則- 身在其外，意在其中。不能脫離該細(xì)節(jié)上下文來想象、推理。,從原則上來講，態(tài)度題可以考查作者對(duì)一個(gè)中心話題的看法，也可以考查作者對(duì)某一具體細(xì)節(jié)的態(tài)度，但是從歷年考法來看，四級(jí)閱讀更加注重考查文章中心話題。所以，態(tài)度題經(jīng)?？梢酝ㄟ^文章主題來判斷作者的態(tài)度。如2003年6月考題， 原文首句：Its no secret that many children would be healthier and happier with adoptive parents than with the parents that nature dealt them. 題目：The authors attitude towards the judges ruling could be described as_. A) doubtful B) critical C) cautious D) supportive 全文首句可以體現(xiàn)文章討論的中心話題，它明確道出了作者的觀點(diǎn)：有時(shí)小孩與養(yǎng)父母在一起比與親生父母在一起更好。而原文中judges ruling的結(jié)果就是把小孩判給了養(yǎng)父，所以作者一定會(huì)持支持態(tài)度，故選D。,一、四級(jí)閱讀理解題型分類-態(tài)度題,一、四級(jí)閱讀理解題型分類-態(tài)度題,When apple growers talk about new varieties of apples, they dont mean something developed last month, last year, or even in the last decade. A. Apple growers havent developed any new varieties in recent decades. B. Some varieties of apples can be developed in a short time, but others take a long time. C. New varieties of apples take many years to develop.,(1) 判斷推測(cè)句中omnivorous一詞的大意 She has a wide interest and is an omnivorous reader. 根據(jù)句中她“興趣廣”這一上文和被修飾的reader一詞，可大概判斷omnivorous具有“興趣廣、什么書都喜歡讀”等含義。 (2) 根據(jù)前文，判斷下文 Laziness is a sin, everyone knows that. Nevertheless A) laziness can actually be helpful B) laziness is a sign of mental illness C) laziness is immoral and wasteful D) you must be careful when you see someone lazy 根據(jù)第一分句的語(yǔ)義傾向和Nevertheless一詞，我們可得出這樣的判斷，即下文要談的內(nèi)容必然與之相反，即談?wù)揕aziness也有其有利、肯定的一面，故A最有可能。,3 細(xì)節(jié)掌握題（detail questions),Which of the following is TRUE(or NOT TRUE)? Which of the following is NOT MENTIONED in paragraph X? According to the passage, all of following are true EXCEPT that _ Which of the following may lead to (cause)_ The author strongly argues for(or against)because_ The main reason for(or why)is that_ The author gives an example in para. X mainly to show that_,先看題干，再看原文，帶著題干個(gè)別的特有信息或者帶著題干的中心話題在原文定位。如“What did the handball player do when he was not allowed a time out to change his gloves? ”就可以結(jié)合handball player這個(gè)中心話題在原文找答案。 四級(jí)細(xì)節(jié)題干有時(shí)會(huì)有比較明顯的信息，如時(shí)間數(shù)字，專有名詞，中心名詞。如2005年1月考題：What was confirmed by the Boston University Medical Centers study?題干中Boston University Medical Center這個(gè)專有名詞可以讓考生迅速找到考到的原文內(nèi)容。如果用題干信息在原文找答案沒有結(jié)果，可以根據(jù)題目的先后順序來確定大概范圍(除個(gè)別例外，四級(jí)細(xì)節(jié)題大體上還是按照出題的先后順序找答案的)。,四級(jí)閱讀理解題型分類-細(xì)節(jié)題,三個(gè)建議,一、四級(jí)閱讀理解題型分類-細(xì)節(jié)題,In its typical feeding position, a sea otter (水獺）swims along on its back as it uses a rock to crack the shellfish on which it feeds. Then, tucking the rock into a pocket-like fold of skin under its arm (in which it also often keeps a supply of extra food), it will turn and dive to the bottom for more shellfish. Otters have been playing with rocks and shells, throwing them from one paw to another for hours at a time. Mother otters usually shelter their young on their chests. If they have to leave the pups for any length of time, mother otters may wrap them in the stand of a kelp plant to keep them from drifting away. Although an otter is large at birth-five to six pounds-it receives maternal care until it is three or four years old, by which time, like its parents, it can dive to depths of 100 feet or more.,1. What do sea otters do with shellfish? A. Eat them. B. Bury them. C. Feed them. D. Protect them. 2. Where do sea otters store food? A. In their paws. B. Under their tongues. C. In little pockets in their cheeks. D. In pouches on their bodies. 3. When do young sea otters usually become independent of their mothers? Soon after birth. B. After about 100 days. C. After five or six months. D. After three or four years.,4 詞匯意義題（語(yǔ)義題）,The word “”in line (para.)X most probably means _ In paragraph X, the word “” refers to (stands for). By saying “”(in line X, para. X), the author is referring to_ The word “”in para X can be best replaced by_ “it” (they) in line X most probably refers to_ Which of the following statements is closest in meaning to the sentence “” in para. X?,一、四級(jí)閱讀理解題型分類-詞匯題,Vocabulary in context questions,The planet Mercury is visible to the naked eye but is not the easiest planet to spot. Unclothed Unaided unarmed,語(yǔ)義題分類,1）同義判別題：生詞辨義上下文暗示或上下文logic關(guān)系來推測(cè) 2）語(yǔ)義轉(zhuǎn)述題：重新paraphrase解釋文章中的句子或短語(yǔ) 語(yǔ)句特點(diǎn)：a. 與theme or TS有關(guān)；b. 形式結(jié)構(gòu)上有一定難度；c. 在特定的context中有特定含義(e.g. The business of American is business.) 3）語(yǔ)義指代題：this可指前或后；that指前,解題技巧,主旨題解題策略 找主題句（TS） 概括段落大意 確定文章主題 對(duì)比答案各項(xiàng)，找出答案 正確答案特點(diǎn)：與TS相似，簡(jiǎn)明，扼要，不過于籠統(tǒng)也不過于具體,Para. 1: Whether you are a smoker or a nonsmoker, you should take measures to protect your lungs. You can test your lung capacity by holding a lighted match about six inches from your face and trying to blow it out with your mouth wide open. If you cannot blow out the flame, arrange for a medical examination. Using a simple machine called a spirometer (spiro meter), a doctor can message the lungs strength and capacity. In other words, he can test how efficiently you breathe. When combined with a complete physical examination, the spirometer test may detect early signs of respiratory problems.,Which sentence expresses the main idea a.Necessity is the mother of invention. b.An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure. c.Dont count your chickens before theyre hatched. d.Join the unhooked generation.,細(xì)節(jié)題解題策略 1）瀏覽全篇 2）按試題順序查找 3）找關(guān)鍵詞，找線索 干擾項(xiàng)特點(diǎn)：句子與文章中的句子極為相似，此句多半是錯(cuò)的 正確項(xiàng)特點(diǎn)：對(duì)本文中的key word 進(jìn)行paraphrase。如 emphasis-stress,Example : Oral health care is, these days, a big, boom business. According to Ralph Nader, Americans spend some $5 billion on dental care each year. Yet, despite the tremendous amount of money, time and energy given over to oral health, dental literature indicates that about half the population in this country has lost all of its natural teeth by age 65. Nearly half of all people over age 20 wear a bridge (假牙上的齒橋)or denture (假牙), and more than 20 percent have complete upper and lower dentures. By age 50, one out of every two persons has gum disease.,The dental profession blames neglectful Americans themselves. About half the population, it claims, fails to visit the dentist regularly and some 30 million never do. Critics, on the other hand, slam the profession. It can be conservatively estimated that at least 15 percent of United States dentists are incompetent, dishonest, or both, say a former Pennsylvania Commissioner of Insurance. Some have set the figure as high as 50 percent.,1. The passage backs up which one of the following statements? By and large, dentists are honest professionals. Because of the large sums of money Americans spend on dental care their teeth are in excellent condition. Generally speaking, the result of poor dental care do not show up until very late in life. For the most part, dentists think that Americans should assume greater responsibility in maintaining the health of their teeth. 2. The author of this passage states that the average Americans_ visits his dentist at least once a year. still has the majority of his natural teeth at the age of 70. annually spends relatively little on health care. may very likely wear a bridge or denture by the age of 25.,推理判斷題解題策略 1）利用信息推測(cè) 2）對(duì)單個(gè)詞選擇項(xiàng)意義的理解(作者態(tài)度） 作者的觀點(diǎn)，態(tài)度，語(yǔ)氣題 The authors attitude towardcan best be described as somewhat The authors tone in the passage is that. The author of this passage thinks that The tone of the writer is The authors attitude is generally,example： U.S. demand for fuels is growing steadily, and could double by 1985. But domestic supply is lagging, our oil production has peaked and is declining, and natural gas is already scarce in some sections of the country. Coal is in severe environmental trouble, construction of nuclear power plants is behind schedule, and any real help from synthetic fuels is ten to fifteen years away. So over the next decade the burden will fall heavily on oil and natural gas. And the available reserves of both have been declining as demand rises. Ironically the resources are there, in the ground, but we arent finding and developing them nearly fast enough.,1. Supplying the nations growing energy needs will require a.drastic decrease of energy use. b.a different approach to finding new sources. c.a crash program to develop synthetic fuels. d.a drastic change in the nations life style. 2. Judging from your personal experience, which of the following criticisms seems fair? Too many Americans are_ a.overweight b. retired c. prosperous d. wasteful,語(yǔ)義題解題策略 利用詞匯意義：構(gòu)詞法;上下文（context) 利用句法結(jié)構(gòu)：詞性 利用篇章因素：上下文邏輯（discourse knowledge),Example: It is difficult to decide at what point worrying ceases to be “normal”, but it is clearly reasonable to worry. People get seriously ill, plans go awry, tube trains sometimes crash. In practice, anxiety is judged to be pathological (病態(tài)的)when it curtails (消弱)our ability to lead a normal existence. We can manage perfectly well without traveling in planes or lifts, and an evening out isnt spoiled by the fact that we are unable to leave the house without triple-c