張靜中學(xué)中考英語(yǔ)復(fù)習(xí)之閱讀理解.ppt

Welcome,張靜中學(xué)中考英語(yǔ)復(fù)習(xí)之閱讀理解,閱讀理解及其解題方法,閱讀理解能力的培養(yǎng)是中學(xué)英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)的一項(xiàng)重要任務(wù)，也是中考的一項(xiàng)重要內(nèi)容。中考閱讀理解題主要考查學(xué)生的語(yǔ)篇閱讀能力、分析和判斷力。要求學(xué)生能較快地通過閱讀理解短文大意，獲取其中的主要信息，能做出正確判斷，然后根據(jù)試題的要求從A, B, C, D四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選出最佳答案或回答出所提問題等等。要求閱讀速度為每分鐘40-50個(gè)詞。,閱讀理解的閱讀材料的選取一般遵循三個(gè)原則： 1. 閱讀文章不少于三篇，閱讀量在1，000單詞左右； 2. 題材廣泛，包括科普，社會(huì)，文化，政治，經(jīng)濟(jì)等； 3. 體裁多樣，包闊記敘文，說明文，應(yīng)用文等；,一、中考閱讀理解考查的主要內(nèi)容,1. 考查掌握所讀材料的主旨和大意的能力。 此類考查主旨和大意的題大多數(shù)針對(duì)段落（或短文）的主題，主題思想，標(biāo)題或目的，其主要提問方式是：,(1) Which is the best title of the passage? (2) Which of the following is this passage about? (3) In this passage the writer tries to tell us that_. (4) The passage tells us that_. (5) This passage mainly talks about_.,2. 考查把握文章的事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)的能力。 此類考查事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)的題目大多數(shù)是針對(duì)文章的細(xì)節(jié)設(shè)計(jì)的，其主要提問方式是：,(1) Which of the following is right? (2) Which of the following is not mentioned? (3) Which of the following is Not True in the passage? (4) Choose the right order of this passage. (5) From this passage we know _.,3. 考查根據(jù)上下文猜測(cè)生詞的含義的能力。 此類猜測(cè)詞義的題目要求考生根據(jù)上下文確定某一特定的詞或短語(yǔ)的準(zhǔn)確含義。其主要提問方式是：,(1) The word “ ” in the passage probably means _. (2) The underlined word “It” in the passage refers to _. (3) In this story the underlined word “ ” means _. (4) Here “it” means_.,4. 考查對(duì)閱讀材料全篇的邏輯關(guān)系的理解，對(duì)文章各段，各句之間的邏輯關(guān)系的理解能力。 此類題目主要考查的是句與句之間，短語(yǔ)短之間的邏輯關(guān)系，其主要提問方式是：,Many visitors come to the writers city to _. (2) Air pollution is the most serious kind of pollution because _. (3) Why did the writer get off the train two stops before Vienna station?,5. 考查依據(jù)短文內(nèi)容和考生應(yīng)有的常識(shí)進(jìn)行推理和判 斷的能力。 此類題目文章中沒有明確的答案，需要考生再理解全文的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行推理和判斷。其主要提問方式是：,We can guess the writer of the letter may be a _. (2) We can infer from the text that _. (3) From the letters weve learned that its very _ to know something about American social customs. (4) From the story we can guess _. (5) What would be happy if ?,6. 考查推斷作者意圖和態(tài)度的能力。 其主要提問方式是：,(1) How did the writer feel at Vienna station? (2) The writer writes this text to _. (3) The writer believes that _. (4) The writer suggests that _.,二、閱讀理解題的方法和技巧,1如何獲取段落的主旨和大意？ 最有效的辦法是找出主題句。一篇文章（或一段文章）通常都是圍繞一個(gè)中心意思展開的。而這個(gè)中心意思往往由一個(gè)句子來概括。這個(gè)能概括文章或段落中心意思的句子叫做主題句。因此，理解一個(gè)段落 或一篇文章的中心意思首先要學(xué)會(huì)尋找主題句。在一篇短文或一個(gè)段落中，大部分主題句的情況有三種：,（1）主題句在段首或篇首。 主題句在段首或篇首的情況相當(dāng)普遍。一般新聞報(bào)道、說明文， 議論文大都采用先總述，后分述的敘事方法。,例如：2003年陜西省英語(yǔ)中考試題閱讀材料B的第一段： All living things on the earth need other living things to live. Nothing lives alone. Most animals must live in a group, and even a plant grows close together with others of the same kind. Sometimes one living thing kills another, one eats and the other is eaten. Each kind of life eats another kind of life in order to live, and together they form a food chain(食物鏈)。 Some food chains become broken up if one of the links disappears,59. Which of the following do you think is the best title for this passage? A. Animals B. Plants C. Food Chains D. Living Things,評(píng)析：找出主題句即第一句。這個(gè)句子概括了本段的中心意思，“地球上所有的生物要生存都離不開其它的生物”。后面講述了大量的事實(shí)，“大部分動(dòng)物必須成群的生活，甚至一種植物也要和其它同類的植物靠在一起生長(zhǎng)。有時(shí)一種生物殺死另一種生物，一種生物吃另一種生物，而另一種生物被吃”。在列舉了大量的事實(shí)之后，作者指出：如果這些食物鏈中的一個(gè)鏈環(huán)消失，所有的食物都會(huì)斷掉。所有這些事實(shí)都是圍繞第一個(gè)句子展開的。,根據(jù)主題句的意思，我們可以很容易判斷：,Food Chains,（2）主題句在段末或篇末。 用歸納法寫文章時(shí)，往往表述細(xì)節(jié)的句子在前，概述性的句子在后，并以此結(jié)尾。這種位于段末或篇末的主題句往往是對(duì)前面細(xì)節(jié)的總結(jié)，歸納或結(jié)論。例如2002年陜西省中考試題閱讀材料A的最后一段：,If you buy some well-made clothes, you can save money because they can last longer. They look good even after they have been washed many times. Sometimes some clothes cost more money, but it does not mean that they are always better made, or they always fit better. In other words, some less expensive clothes look and fit better than more expensive clothes.,評(píng)析：這段文章前面列舉了兩件事實(shí)：如果你買一些制作優(yōu)良的衣服，你會(huì)省錢，因?yàn)檫@些衣服能穿得時(shí)間長(zhǎng)一些。即使他們洗了很多次，仍然看起來很好。有時(shí)有些衣服花得前更多，但并不意味著這些衣服做得更好。最后一句話是對(duì)這兩個(gè)事實(shí)的概括：有些價(jià)錢便宜的衣服比價(jià)錢貴的衣服更好看，更合身。段末這個(gè)句子就是主題句。,（3）無主題句 有時(shí)，一篇文章里并沒有明顯的主題句。這時(shí)我們應(yīng)該怎樣來確定文章的主題或中心意思呢？其實(shí)這也不難。我們可以首先找出每一段的中心意思，各段的中心意思往往都是圍繞一個(gè)中心來展開的，或者說是來說明一個(gè)問題的。這個(gè)中心或這個(gè)問題就是這篇文章的主題或中心意思。請(qǐng)看2004年江西省中考試題閱讀理解A:,Killer bees started in Brazil 1957. A scientist in Sao Paulo wanted bees to make more honey（蜂蜜). So he put forty-six African bees with some Brazilian bees. The bees bred(繁殖) and made a new kind of bees. But the new bees were a mistake. They didnt want to make more honey. They wanted to attack. Then, by accident, twenty-six African bees escaped and bred with the Brazilian bees outside. Scientists could not control（控制) the problem. The bees increased fast. They went from Brazil to Venezuela. Then they went to Central America. Now they are in North America. They travel about 390 miles a year. Each group of bees grows four times a year. This means one million new groups every five years.,Why are people afraid of killer bees? People are afraid for two reasons. First, the bees sting（叮) many more times than usual bees. Killer bees can sting sixty times a minute nonstop for two hours. Second, killer bees attack in groups. Four hundred bee stings can kill a person. Already several hundred people are dead. Now killer bees are in Texas. In a few years they will reach all over the United States. People can do nothing but wait.,在這篇短文的后面就出了一道這樣的閱讀理解題： 59. The best title of the passage is _. A. How to make more honey B. Killer bees C. A foolish scientist D. How to feed killer bees,B,評(píng)析：這篇短文就沒有主題句，那末怎樣來確定它的中心意思呢？按照上面的說明，我們可以得出 每一段的大意：第一段講的是“killer bees”的產(chǎn)生。 第二段講的是“killer bees” 的急劇增加。 第三段講的是人們害怕“killer bees”的原因。 第四段講的是“killer bees”已經(jīng)殺死的人數(shù)和將來的 狀況。 從這幾段的大意可以看出這篇文章自始至終都是 圍繞“killer bees”這一中心展開的。換句話說，“killer bees”就是這篇文章的主題。,2如何根據(jù)上下文猜測(cè)詞義？ 猜測(cè)詞義也是一種英語(yǔ)閱讀能力。英語(yǔ)閱讀理解試題中有不少這樣的題目。任何一個(gè)實(shí)詞，只有在一定的上下文中才能表示一個(gè)確定的詞義。所謂上下文(context),正如英語(yǔ)辭典所解釋的，其作用就是幫助確定上下文中的詞、短語(yǔ)或句子的意義。據(jù)此，我們 可以盡可能地利用上下文來猜測(cè)詞義，即從已知推求未知，也就是用我們所熟悉的詞或短語(yǔ)來猜測(cè)我們不熟悉的詞的詞義。猜測(cè)詞義時(shí)，我們可以從三個(gè)方面來考慮：1）根據(jù)上下文已知部分進(jìn)行邏輯上的推理。2）運(yùn)用語(yǔ)法知識(shí)進(jìn)行語(yǔ)法分析。 3）依靠常識(shí)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)做出判斷。,（1）根據(jù)上下文已知部分進(jìn)行邏輯上的推理猜測(cè)義： 例1：甘肅省2002年中考英語(yǔ)試題閱讀材料B: A bag is useful and the word “bag” is useful. It gives us some interesting phrases(短語(yǔ)). One is “ to let the cat out of the bag.” It is the same as “to tell a secret”. Now when someone lets out (泄漏)a secret, he “l(fā)ets the cat out of the bag.” 短文后面有一個(gè)理解題目： John “l(fā)ets the cat out of the bag” means he _. A. makes everyone know a secret B. the woman bout a cat C. buys a cat in the bag D. sells the cat in the bag,A,評(píng)析：在這篇文章里，“l(fā)et the cat out of the bag”雖然是一個(gè)新出現(xiàn)的短語(yǔ)，但緊接著后面就給出解釋It is the same as “to tell a secret”.,例2：2004年北京市海淀區(qū)中考試題閱讀材料 As they go around town, the police help people. Sometimes they find lost children. They take the children home. If the police see a fight, they put an end to it right away. Sometimes people will ask the police how to get to a place in town. The police can always tell the people which way to go. They know all the streets and roads well. 文章后面有這樣一道題： 53. In the text, “put an end to” means “_”. A. stop B. cut C. kill D. fly,A,評(píng)析： 根據(jù)文章所提供的情景，如果警察看到有人 在打架，他們肯定會(huì)去制止。因?yàn)橹浦勾蚣芏窔蔷?的職責(zé)。,例3：福州市2004年中考英語(yǔ)試題的閱讀材料 There is a place on our earth where hot water and steam come up under the ground. It is on a large island in the Pacific Ocean. The island is North Island in New Zealand. 文章后面有這樣一道題： What does the word “steam” mean in Chinese?A. 自來水 B. 大氣 C. 冰川 D. 蒸汽,D,評(píng)析：從語(yǔ)法上看，steam和hot water是并列關(guān)系，我們就以斷定這兩種東西是相關(guān)的，是同一類第物質(zhì)。在所給第四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中只有“蒸汽”有這種可能。,3如何確定細(xì)節(jié)和事實(shí)？ 在閱讀理解題目中，有相當(dāng)一部分是考查細(xì)節(jié)和事實(shí)的題目。這類題目相對(duì)容易一些。這些題目有兩個(gè)共同特點(diǎn)：（1）凡屬針對(duì)特定細(xì)節(jié)的考題，其正確答案大都可以在閱讀材料中找到對(duì)應(yīng)的文字部分作為驗(yàn)證。這一部分可能是一個(gè)詞或短語(yǔ)，也可能是一個(gè)句子或相關(guān)的若干句子，但句式、用詞和表達(dá)方式不同。（2）干擾項(xiàng)往往是主體思想與細(xì)節(jié)混雜，正確答案細(xì)節(jié)和非正確答案的細(xì)節(jié)混雜，甚至真假混雜。因此，要做好閱讀理解中的確定細(xì)節(jié)和事實(shí)的題目，一要在文章中找出相應(yīng)的信息點(diǎn)，二要排除干擾項(xiàng)。請(qǐng)看2003年陜西省中考英語(yǔ)試題閱讀理解題第48小題：,What do plants make food from? They make food from _. sunlight, water and things in the soil and air B. water, sunlight and things in the soil C. water and things in the soil and air D. water, sunlight and things in the soil,評(píng)析：這一小題考查的就是文章的細(xì)節(jié)和事實(shí)。這一細(xì)節(jié)和事實(shí)的表述在文章中可以直接找到： Plants are “factories”. They make food from sunlight, water and things in the soil and air.,4如何進(jìn)行推斷？ 所謂推斷，就是根據(jù)閱讀材料中所提供的信息， 推斷出未知的信息。即把有關(guān)的文字作為已知部分， 從中推斷出未知部分。據(jù)以推斷的有關(guān)文字可能是 詞或句子，也可能是若干句子，甚至是全文。 中考英語(yǔ)試題中的推斷題很多，包括的面也很大。 其類型主要有以下幾種：,（1）事實(shí)推斷：這種推斷常常針對(duì)某一個(gè)或幾個(gè)具體細(xì)節(jié)，是比較簡(jiǎn)單的推斷。進(jìn)行這種推斷，要首先在文章中找出據(jù)以推斷的有關(guān)文字，然后加以分析，尤其要悟出字里行間的意思。 請(qǐng)看2002年南京市中考英語(yǔ)試題閱讀理解第14小題,According to the passage, which of the following can you most possibly watch on TV? You often play football with your friends after school. B. Your teacher has got a cold. C. A tiger in the city zoo has run out and hasnt been caught. D. The bike in front of your house is lost. 在閱讀材料中，有這樣一段文字： Secondly, a news story has to be interesting and unusual. People dont want to read stories about everyday life. As a result, many stories are about some kind of danger and seem to be “bad” news.,C,評(píng)析： 根據(jù)這段文字，我們可以推斷：電視報(bào)道的新聞故事硬是有趣的和不平常的。,（2）邏輯推斷 這類題目往往是要求根據(jù)文章所提供 的背景，人物的表情，動(dòng)作和語(yǔ)言來推斷出人物的 態(tài)度或感覺。 （3）對(duì)作者的意圖和態(tài)度的推斷 這一類考題大都要求考生就作者對(duì)論述對(duì)象持什么樣 的態(tài)度做出推斷， 如作者對(duì)所陳述的觀點(diǎn)是贊同、反對(duì)，還是猶豫不定，對(duì)記述或描寫的人、物或事件是贊頌、同情、冷漠，還是厭惡。作者的這種思想傾向和感情色彩不一定直接表述出來，而往往隱含在字里行間。因此，進(jìn)行這種推斷時(shí)，我們既要依靠短文的主題思想作為推力的前提，又要注意作者的措辭，尤其是形容詞一類的修飾語(yǔ)。,Lets have a try,The undersea world is very beautiful. Now more and more people want to dive in the water to find the secrets there. Scuba diving is a new sport today. It can take you into a wonderful undersea world. You will find many strange animals in the sea. Some are as large as a school bus. Many sea animals give out light in the dark and some have sharp teeth. During the day, there is enough light. Here, under the sea, everything is blue and green. When fish swim nearby, you can catch them with your hands. When you have bottles of air on your back, you can stay in deep water for a long time. However, you cant dive too deep. And you must be very careful when you dive in deep water. The deep sea is not an easy place to live in. Its cold, and its dark, too. The deeper it is, the less sunlight there is.,At about 3,000 feet, there is no light at all. It is dark in the sea. Many fishes have no eyes. Some have big eyes. A few have eyes on one side. Besides (除了) the cold and darkness, deep-sea animals face a third danger - other animals. Animals eat! They must find food to eat. Many animals eat plants. However, some Animals eat meat. This means these sea animals have animals have two big jobs. They need to find animals as food, and they have to try not to become other animals meal.,Why do people want to dive in the sea? Because _. A. they want to catch fish B. they want to find the secrets of the undersea world C. the sea is deep D. there are all kinds of plants in the sea,2. In the daytime, when you dive in the sea, you _. A. can see everything green and blue B. cant be in danger C. can catch nothing D. cant see anything clearly 3. How many dangers will animals meet in the deep sea? A. One. B. Two. C. Three. D. Four. 4. When you do scuba diving, you can _. A. stay in deep water for a long time B. dive very, very deep C. live in deep water easily D. dive freely without any dangers 5. Which of the following is WRONG? A. One animals finds something to eat, and it may be eaten by others. B. At the depth of 3,000 feet under the sea, many animals can find their way by hearing and feeling. C. The deeper the sea is, the darker and colder it is. D. At the depth of 3,000 feet under the sea, all animals can find their way by seeing.,1. B。這是一道考查細(xì)節(jié)和事實(shí)的題目。文章開頭的第二句明確說明了這一點(diǎn)?！艾F(xiàn)在越來越多的人想潛水，為的是尋找海下世界的秘密”。 2. A。這是一道考查細(xì)節(jié)和事實(shí)的題目。文章第三段開頭就說明了這一事實(shí)?！癉uring the day, there is enough light. Here, under the sea, everything is blue and green.” 3. C。這是一道考查細(xì)節(jié)和事實(shí)的題目。文章的第5段說明了這一問題：Besides (除了) the cold and darkness, deep-sea animals face a third danger - other animals. 4. A。這是一道考查細(xì)節(jié)和事實(shí)的題目。文章的第三段有 這樣一句話：When you have bottles of air on your back, you can stay in deep water for a long time. 背著 空氣瓶潛水就是“scuba diving”。,5. D。這是一道考查細(xì)節(jié)和事實(shí)的題目。文章的第四段有這樣的敘述：At about 3,000 feet, there is no light at all. It is dark in the sea. Many fishes have no eyes.在3，000米的深處，一點(diǎn)光線都沒有，很多于都沒有眼睛，他們?cè)觞N能夠通過“看”來找到路呢？,Try